Hindustani declension

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Hindi-Urdu, also known as Hindustani, has three noun cases (nominative, oblique, and vocative) [1] [2] and five pronoun cases (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, and oblique). The oblique case in pronouns has three subdivisions: Regular, Ergative, and Genitive. There are eight case-marking postpositions in Hindi and out of those eight the ones which end in the vowel (the semblative and the genitive postpositions) also decline according to number, gender, and case.

Contents

Nouns

All the case declension paradigms for nouns are shown below.

CaseMasculineFeminine
ending in -āending in -i/īending in -u/ūending in -øending in -i/īending in -āending in -ø
BoyManKnifeTreeGirlMotherTrain
SingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPlural
Nominative लड़का لڑکا

laṛkā

लड़के لڑکے

laṛke

आदमी آدمی

ādmī

आदमी آدمی

ādmī

चाक़ू چاقو

cāqū

चाक़ू چاقو

cāqū

पेड़ پیڑ

peṛ

पेड़ پیڑ

peṛ

लड़की لڑکی

laṛkī

लड़कियाँ لڑکیاں

laṛkiyā̃

माता ماتا

mātā

माताएँ ماتایں

mātā

ट्रेन ٹرین

ṭren

ट्रेनें ٹرینیں

ṭren

Oblique लड़के لڑکے

laṛke

लड़कों لڑکوں

laṛkõ

आदमियों آدمیوں

ādmiyõ

चाक़ूओं چاقوؤں

cāq

पेड़ों پیڑوں

peṛõ

लड़कियों لڑکیوں

laṛkiyõ

माताओं ماتاؤں

mātāõ

ट्रेनों ٹرینوں

ṭrenõ

Vocative लड़को لڑکو

laṛko

आदमियो آدمیو

ādmiyo

चाक़ूओ چاقوؤ

cāquo

पेड़ो پیڑو

peṛo

लड़कियो لڑکیو

laṛkiyo

माताओ ماتاؤ

mātāo

ट्रेनो ٹرینو

ṭreno

Some masculine words ending in -ā (like pitā and kartā) retain 'ā' throughout their declension, only adding endings -õ and -o in oblique plural and vocative plural respectively.

Pronouns

The declension of all the pronouns of Hindi-Urdu are mentioned in the table below:

Personal Pronouns

CasePersonal
1st person2nd person
SingularPluralSingularPlural
IntimateFamiliarFormal
Nominative मैं میں

ma͠i

हम ہم

ham

तू تو

तुम تم

tum

आप آپ

āp

Dative मुझे مجھے

mujhe

हमें ہمیں

hamẽ

तुझे تجھے

tujhe

तुम्हें تمہیں/تمھیں

tumhẽ

Accusative
Oblique Regularमुझ مجھ

mujh

हम ہم

ham

तुझ تجھ

tujh

तुम ہم

tum

आप آپ

āp

Ergative मैं میں

ma͠i

तू تو

Emphaticमुझी مجھی

mujhī

हमीं ہمیں

hamī̃

तुझी تجھی

tujhī

तुम्हीं تمہیں/تمھیں

tumhī̃

Genitive मेरे میرے

mere

हमारे ہمارے

hamāre

तेरे تیرے

tere

तुम्हारे تمہارے/تمھارے

tumhāre

मेरी میری

merī

हमारी ہماری

hamārī

तेरी تیری

terī

तुम्हारी تمہاری/تمھاری

tumhārī

Demonstrative, Relative, Interrogative Pronouns

Case3rd person
DemonstrativeRelativeInterrogative
ProximalNon-proximalSingularPluralFormalSingularPluralFormal
SingularPluralFormalSingularPluralFormal
Nominative Written/Readयह یہ

yah

ये یے

ye

वह وہ

vah

वे وے

ve1

जो جو

jo

कौन, क्या کَون، کیا

kaun, kyā

Said colloquiallyये یے

ye

वो وو

vo

Dative इसे اِسے

ise

इन्हें اِنہیں/اِنھیں

inhẽ

उसे اُسے

use

उन्हें اُنہیں/اُنھیں

unhẽ

जिसे جسے

jise

जिन्हें جنھیں/جنہیں

jinhẽ

किसे کیسے

kise

किन्हें کنھیں/کنہیں

kinhẽ

Accusative
Oblique Regularइस اِس

is

इन اِن

in

उस اُس

us

उन اُن

un

जिस جس

jis

जिन جن

jin

किस کس

kis

किन کن

kin

Ergative इन्हों اِنہوں/اِنھوں

inhõ

उन्हों اُنہوں/اُنھوں

unhõ

जिन्हों جنہوں/جنھوں

jinhõ

किन्हों کنہوں/کنھوں

kinhõ

Emphaticइसी اِسی

isī

इन्हीं اِنہیں/اِنھیں

inhī̃

उसी اُسی

usī

उन्हीं اُنہیں/اُنھیں

unhī̃

किसी کسی

kisī

किन्हीं کنہیں/کنھیں

kinhī̃

1 Rarely used in Urdu.

Possessive Pronouns

PronounMasculineFeminine
NominativeOblique/VocativeNominativeOblique/Vocative
SingularPluralFormalSingularPluralFormalSingularPluralFormalSingularPluralFormal
1st PersonSingularमेरा میرا (merā)मेरे میرے (mere)मेरी میری (merī)
Pluralहमारा ہمارا (hamārā)हमारे ہمارے (hamāre)हमारी ہماری (hamārī)
2nd PersonIntimateतेरा تیرا (terā)तेरे تیرے (tere)तेरी تیری (terī)
Familiarतुम्हारा تمہارا/تمھارا (tumhārā)तुम्हारे تمہارے/تمھارے (tumhāre)तुम्हारी تمہاری/تمھاری (tumhārī)

Note: The formal 2nd person pronoun आप آپ (āp) does not have possessive pronoun forms, instead the genitive postposition का کا (kā) is used with the oblique case to form the possessive pronoun.

Postpositions

The case-marking postpositions of Hindi-Urdu are mentioned in the table below on the left, and the declensions of the genitive and semblative postpositions are on the right:

Case-markers
CaseCase MarkerExampleEnglishExampleEnglish
Ergative ने نے

ne

लड़के ने لڑکے نے

laṛke ne

boyउन्होंने انہوں نے

unhõne

they
Accusative को کو

ko

लड़के को لڑکے کو

laṛke ko

the boyउनको ان کو

unko/un ko

them
Dative to the boyto them
Instrumental से سے

se

लड़के से لڑکے سے

laṛke se

with the boyउनसे ان سے

unse/un se

with them
Ablative from the boyfrom them
Genitive का کا

लड़के का لڑکے کا

laṛke kā

boy'sउनका ان کا

unkā/un kā

their(s)
Inessive में میں

mẽ

लड़के में لڑکے میں

laṛke mẽ

in the boyउनमें ان میں

unmẽ/un mẽ

in them
Adessive पे/पर پے/پہ / پر

pe/par

लड़के पे لڑکے پہ

laṛke pe

on the boyउनपे ان پے

unpe/un pe

on them
Terminative तक تک

tak

लड़के तक لڑکے تک

laṛke tak

till the boyउनतक ان تک

untak/un tak

til them
Semblative सा سا

लड़के सा لڑکے سا

laṛke sā

boyishउनसा ان سا

unsā/un sā

like them
Case Genitive Postposition Semblative Postposition
MasculineFeminineMasculineFeminine
SingularPluralFormalSingularPluralFormalSingularPluralFormalSingularPluralFormal
Nominative का کا

kā

के کے

ke

की کی

kī

सा سا

sā

से سے

se

सी سی

sī

Oblique के کے

ke

से سے

se

Vocative

Verbs

In the table below, ø represents the verbal root and suffixes are added to the verb roots to construct different participles and other verbal forms.

ASPECTUAL PARTICIPLES [3] [4]
ParticiplesExample

bolnā / बोलना بوتلا / to say

SingularPluralSingularPlural
Habitual ø-tāø-tēबोलता بولتا

boltā

बोलते بولتے

boltē

ø-tīø-tī̃बोलती بولتی

boltī

बोलतीं بولتیں

boltī̃

Habitual

Adjectival

ø-tā huāø-tē huēबोलता हुआ بولتا ہوا

boltā huā

बोलते हुए بولتا ہوئے

boltē

ø-tī huīø-tī huī̃बोलती हुई بولتی ہوی

boltī huī

बोलती हुईं بولتی ہوئیں

boltī huī̃

Perfective ø-(y)āø-(y)ēबोला بولا

bolā

बोले بولے

bolē

ø-(y)īø-(y)ī̃बोली بولی

bolī

बोलीं بولیں

bolī̃

Perfective

Adjectival

ø-(y)ā huāø-(y)ē huēबोला हुआ بولا ہوا

bolā huā

बोले हुए بولے ہوۓ

bolē huē

ø-(y)ī huīø-(y)ī huī̃बोली हुई بولی ہوئ

bolī huī

बोली हुईं بولی ہوئیں

bolī huī̃

NON-ASPECTUAL PARTICIPLES [4] [5] [6] [7]
ParticiplesExample

bolnā / बोलना بولنا / to say

SingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPlural
Infinitive ø-nāø-nēबोलना بولنا

bolnā

बोलने بولنے

bolnē

ø-nīø-nī̃बोलनी بولنی

bolnī

बोलनीं بولنیں

bolnī̃

Prospective

&

Agentive

ø-nēvālāø-nēvālēबोलनेवाला بولنے والا

bolnēvālā

बोलनेवाले بولنے والے

bolnēvālē

ø-nēvālīø-nēvālī̃बोलनेवाली بولنے والی

bolnēvālī

बोलनेवालीं بولنے والیں

bolnēvālī̃

Oblique

Infinitive

ø-nēबोलने بولنے

bolnē

Conjunctiveø-kē, ø-karबोलके, बोलकर بول کے، بول کر

bolkē, bolkar

Progressiveø-tē-ø-tēबोलते-बोलते بولتے بولتے

boltē-boltē

See also

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References

  1. "Hindi Noun Cases". hindilanguage.info. 2012-04-19. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
  2. "Ergative Case-marking in Hindi". researchgate.net. Retrieved 2020-11-10.
  3. Tokaj, Jolanta (2016-06-01). "A comparative study of participles, converbs and absolute constructions in Hindi and Medieval Rajasthani". Lingua Posnaniensis. 58: 105–120. doi: 10.1515/linpo-2016-0007 . hdl: 10593/17971 .
  4. 1 2 Subbarao, K.; Arora, Harbir (2009-01-01). "The Conjunctive Participle in Dakkhini Hindi-Urdu: Making the Best of Both Worlds*". 70: 359–386.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. Montaut, Annie (2018-09-10), "On the nature of the Hindi infinitive: History as an answer to its syntactic behavior?", Trends in Hindi Linguistics, pp. 115–146, ISBN   978-3-11-061079-6 , retrieved 2020-07-03
  6. Campbell, George L. (1995). Compendium of the World's Languages. Great Britain: Routledge. pp. 225–229. ISBN   0-415-11392-X.
  7. Shapiro, Michael C. (2003). A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt Ltd. p. 116. ISBN   81-208-0508-9.