Gluttony

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Der Völler by Georg Emmanuel Opiz
A woodcut representing gluttony Gluttony.jpg
A woodcut representing gluttony

Gluttony (Latin : gula, derived from the Latin gluttire meaning "to gulp down or swallow") means over-indulgence and over-consumption of anything to the point of waste.

Contents

In Christianity, it is considered a sin if the excessive desire for food leads to a lack of control over one's relation with food or harms the body. [1] Some Christian denominations consider gluttony one of the seven deadly sins.

Etymology

In Deut 21:20 and Proverbs 23:21, it is זלל. [2] The Gesenius Entry [3] (lower left word) has indications of "squandering" and "profligacy" (waste).

In Matthew 11:19 and Luke 7:34, it is φαγος ("phagos" transliterated character for character), [4] The LSJ Entry [5] is tiny, and only refers to one external source, Zenobius Paroemiographus 1.73. The word could mean merely "an eater", since φαγω means "eat".

In religion

Judaism

Rambam, for example, prohibits excessive eating and drinking in Hilchot De'ot (e.g., halachot 1:4, 3:2, 5:1). [6] The Chofetz Chaim (Yisrael Meir Kagan) prohibits gluttony on the basis of Leviticus 19:26, in Sefer Ha-Mitzvot Ha-Katzar (Prohibition #106). [7]

Christianity

Gula - The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things, by Hieronymus Bosch Hieronymus Bosch 094.jpg
Gula – The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things , by Hieronymus Bosch

Church leaders from the ascetic Middle Ages took a more expansive view of gluttony:

St. Gregory the Great

Pope Gregory I (St. Gregory the Great), a doctor of the Church, described the following ways by which one can commit sin of gluttony, and corresponding biblical examples for each of them: [8] [9] [10]

1. Eating before the time of meals in order to satisfy the palate.

Biblical example: Jonathan eating a little honey, when his father Saul commanded no food to be taken before the evening. [11] (Note that this text is only approximately illustrative, as in this account, Jonathan did not know that Saul had forbidden eating.)

2. Seeking delicacies and better quality of food to gratify the "vile sense of taste."

Biblical example: When Israelites escaping from Egypt complained, "Who shall give us flesh to eat? We remember the fish which we did eat in Egypt freely; the cucumbers and the melons, and the leeks and the onions and the garlic," God rained fowls for them to eat but punished them 500 years later. [12]

3. Seeking to stimulate the palate with overly or elaborately prepared food (e.g. with luxurious sauces and seasonings).

Biblical example: Two sons of Eli the high priest made the sacrificial meat to be cooked in one manner rather than another. They were met with death. [13]

4. Exceeding the necessary quantity of food.

Biblical example: One of the sins of Sodom was "fullness of bread." [14]

5. Taking food with too much eagerness, even when eating the proper amount, and even if the food is not luxurious.

Biblical example: Esau selling his birthright for ordinary food of bread and pottage of lentils. His punishment was that of the "profane person . . . who, for a morsel of meat sold his birthright," : we learn that "he found no place for repentance, though he sought it carefully, with tears." [15]

The fifth way is worse than all others, said St. Gregory, because it shows attachment to pleasure most clearly. To recapitulate, St Gregory the Great said that one may succumb to the sin of gluttony by: 1. Time (when); 2. Quality; 3. Stimulants; 4. Quantity; 5. Eagerness. He asserts that the irregular desire is the sin, not the food: "For it is not the food, but the desire that is in fault". [16]

St. Thomas Aquinas

In his Summa Theologica (Part 2-2, Question 148, Article 4), St. Thomas Aquinas reiterated the list of five ways to commit gluttony: [17]

  • Laute – eating food that is too luxurious, exotic, or costly
  • Studiose – eating food that is excessive in quality (too daintily or elaborately prepared)
  • Nimis – eating food that is excessive in quantity (too much)
  • Praepropere – eating hastily (too soon or at an inappropriate time)
  • Ardenter – eating greedily (too eagerly)

St. Aquinas concludes that "gluttony denotes inordinate concupiscence in eating"; the first three ways are related to the food itself, while the last two related to the manner of eating. [17] He says that abstinence from food and drink overcome the sin of gluttony, [18] and the act of abstinence is fasting. [19] : A2  (see: Fasting and abstinence in the Roman Catholic Church) In general, fasting is useful to restrain concupiscence of the flesh. [19] : A6 

St. Alphonsus Liguori

St. Alphonsus Liguori wrote the following when explaining gluttony:

"Pope Innocent XI has condemned the proposition which asserts that it is not a sin to eat or to drink from the sole motive of satisfying the palate. However, it is not a fault to feel pleasure in eating: for it is, generally speaking, impossible to eat without experiencing the delight which food naturally produces. But it is a defect to eat, like beasts, through the sole motive of sensual gratification, and without any reasonable object. Hence, the most delicious meats may be eaten without sin, if the motive be good and worthy of a rational creature; and, in taking the coarsest food through attachment to pleasure, there may be a fault." [20]

Islam

An interpretation of the meaning of a part of a Qur'anic verse is as follows:

“and eat and drink but waste not by extravagance, certainly He (Allah) likes not Al‑Musrifoon (those who waste by extravagance)” [al-A’raaf 7:31]

The Sunnah encourages moderation in eating, and strongly criticizes extravagance.

The Prophet said: The son of Adam does not fill any vessel worse than his stomach. It is sufficient for the son of Adam to eat a few mouthfuls, to keep him going. If he must do that (fill his stomach), then let him fill one third with food, one third with drink and one third with air.” Narrated by al-Tirmidhi (2380); classed as saheeh (truthful) by al-Albaani in al-Silsilah al-Saheehah (2265).

In the Bible (King James version)

In arts

Callimachus the famous Greek poet states, "All that I have given to my stomach has disappeared, and I have retained all the fodder that I gave to my spirit." [21]

Popular quote "Eat to live, not live to eat" is commonly attributed to Socrates. [22] A quotation from Rhetorica ad Herennium IV.28 : "Esse oportet ut vivas; non vivere ut edas" [23] ("It is necessary to eat in order to live, not to live in order to eat") [24] is credited by the Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs to Cicero. [25]

See also

Further reading

Related Research Articles

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Let us fast an acceptable and very pleasing fast to the Lord. True fast is the estrangement from evil, temperance of tongue, abstinence from anger, separation from desires, slander, falsehood and perjury. Privation of these is true fasting.

The Koine Greek word, skándalon means either a 'trap-stick' or a 'stumbling block'. In the Bible, skándalon is used figuratively to mean either something that causes people to sin, or something that causes them to lose their faith in Jesus.

  1. A trap-stick: a stick holding open a baited trap; when a creature touches it, it releases the trap door to capture the prey. This figuratively refers to a person that entices someone into wrongdoing, getting them to thereby harm or destroy themselves. For example, Peter tempting Christ to refuse the crucifixion. Causing others to sin endangers their connection to God and potentially destroys their souls. If the victim thereby falls into mortal sin, the scandalous deed is considered to be likewise mortal sin.
  2. A stumbling stone or tripwire: anything that makes someone trip and fall. This figuratively means "something that causes someone to lose faith in Jesus".
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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asceticism in Judaism</span> Ascetic lifestyles in a Jewish context

Asceticism is a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from sensual pleasures, often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals. Asceticism has not been a dominant theme within Judaism, but minor-to-significant ascetic traditions have been a part of Jewish spirituality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alcohol in the Bible</span>

Alcoholic beverages appear in the Hebrew Bible, after Noah planted a vineyard and became inebriated. In the New Testament, Jesus miraculously made copious amounts of wine at the wedding at Cana. Wine is the most common alcoholic beverage mentioned in biblical literature, where it is a source of symbolism, and was an important part of daily life in biblical times. Additionally, the inhabitants of ancient Israel drank beer and wines made from fruits other than grapes, and references to these appear in scripture. However, the alcohol content of ancient alcoholic beverages was significantly lower than modern alcoholic beverages. The low alcohol content was due to the limitations of fermentation and the nonexistence of distillation methods in the ancient world. Rabbinic teachers wrote acceptance criteria on consumability of ancient alcoholic beverages after significant dilution with water, and prohibited undiluted wine.

Catholic theology of sexuality, like Catholic theology in general, is drawn from "natural law", canonical scripture, divine revelation, and sacred tradition, as interpreted authoritatively by the magisterium of the Catholic Church. Sexual morality evaluates sexual behavior according to standards laid out by Catholic moral theology, and often provides general principles by which Catholics can evaluate whether specific actions meet these standards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Aquinas</span> Italian Dominican theologian and philosopher (1225–1274)

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christian views on sin</span> Viewpoints of sin according to the Bible

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References

  1. ↑ Okholm, Dennis. "Rx for Gluttony". Christianity Today , Vol. 44, No. 10, September 11, 2000, p.62
  2. ↑ "Strong's Search: H2151". Newjerusalem.org. Retrieved 2014-08-27.
  3. ↑ "Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon by Friedrich Wilhelm Gesenius". Tyndalearchive.com. Retrieved 2014-08-27.
  4. ↑ "Strong's Search: G5314". Newjerusalem.org. Retrieved 2014-08-27.
  5. ↑ "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, φάγος". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2014-08-27.
  6. ↑ "Hilchot De'ot".
  7. ↑ "ספר המצות הקצר" (PDF).
  8. ↑ Shipley, Orby (1875). Shipley, Orby. A Theory About Sin, London (1875) pg. 268–278. ISBN   9781981450961 . Retrieved 2014-08-27.
  9. ↑ Susan E. Hill (2007). "The Ooze of Gluttony". In Richard Newhauser (ed.). The Seven Deadly Sins: From Communities to Individuals. BRILL. p. 64. ISBN   9789004157859.
  10. ↑ Lori Barcliff Baptista (2012). "Gluttony". In Carl A. Zimring, William L. Rathje (ed.). Encyclopedia of Consumption and Waste: The Social Science of Garbage. SAGE Publications. p. 324. ISBN   9781452266671.
  11. ↑ 1 Samuel 14:29
  12. ↑ Num 11:4
  13. ↑ 1 Samuel 4:11
  14. ↑ Ezekiel 16:49
  15. ↑ Gen 25:30
  16. ↑ St. Gregory the Great, Morals on the Book of Job, Book XXX, 60, Lectionary Central
  17. 1 2 St. Thomas Aquinas. "The Summa Theologica II-II.Q148.A4" (1920, Second and Revised ed.). New Advent.
  18. ↑ St. Thomas Aquinas, "Question 146. Abstinence", The Summa Theologica II-II, A2 (1920, Second and Revised ed.), New Advent
  19. 1 2 St. Thomas Aquinas, "Question 147. Fasting", The Summa Theologica II-II (1920, Second and Revised ed.), New Advent
  20. ↑ St. Alphonsus Liguori. The True Spouse of Jesus Christ; trans. from Italian. Dublin (1835), p. 282. 1835. p.  282 . Retrieved 2014-08-27– via Internet Archive. Innocent XI has condemned the proposition which asserts,.
  21. ↑ Jaucourt, Louis, chevalier de. "Gluttony." The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by Sean Takats. Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library, 2006. Web.
  22. ↑ George Alexander Kennedy (2008). The Art of Rhetoric in the Roman World. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 133. ISBN   9781556359798.
  23. ↑ M. Tullius Cicero (1773), Rhetoricorum (in Latin) (1773 ed.), J. Manfré (from Montserrat Abbey Library), p. 335
  24. ↑ Giambattista Vico (1996). Giorgio A. Pinton, Arthur W. Shippee (ed.). The Art of Rhetoric. Rodopi. p. 181. ISBN   9789051839289.
  25. ↑ Jennifer Speake, ed. (2015). Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. OUP Oxford. p. 89. ISBN   9780191059599.
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