The case, one of four criminal indictments against Trump, is paused while the Georgia Court of Appeals decides whether to disqualify Fulton County district attorney Fani Willis.[1] A hearing on that matter is scheduled for December 2024.[2]
Four defendants pleaded guilty to some charges, agreed to cooperate with the prosecution, and received sentences including probation, fines, and making public apologies.[3] The date of trial for the remaining fifteen defendants (who pleaded not guilty)[4] is not yet set.
Defendants are variously charged with forty additional counts from other allegations, including: Trump and co-defendants plotted to create pro-Trump slates of fake electors; Trump called the Georgia secretary of state, Brad Raffensperger, asking him to "find 11,780 votes", which would have reversed his loss in the state by a single vote margin; and a small group of Trump allies in Coffee County illegally accessed voting systems attempting to find evidence of election fraud.
Following Trump's 2024 election to the presidency, it will have to be determined whether a state-level prosecutor can prosecute a sitting president and whether a state-level judge will hear the case.[8]
Weeks before the 2016 presidential election, Trump claimed through a series of tweets that widespread voter fraud was imminent, a sentiment echoed by his legal advisor, Rudy Giuliani.[9] Trump repeated the accusations throughout his presidency and into his 2020 reelection campaign; for months, he prepared arguments in the event of his loss, primarily relating to mail-in ballots.[10] As early as August 2020, he enlisted conservative activist and lawyer Cleta Mitchell to help overturn the election.[11] Two days before Election Day (November 3, 2020), he told reporters that he would be "going in with [his] lawyers" as soon as the election was over.[12]
On Election Day, preliminary surveys at polling places showed Trump in the lead as his supporters were more likely to turn out in person amid the COVID-19 pandemic, but his lead diminished as mail-in ballots were counted.[13] At the behest of Giuliani, Trump declared in a 2a.m. election night speech in the East Room that he had won the election and that the counts being reported were fraudulent.[14] As ballots were being counted, campaign data expert Matt Oczkowski bluntly informed Trump that he was going to lose the election. White House Counsel Pat Cipollone told him that invalidating the results of the election would be a "murder-suicide pact".[15] Under then-attorney general William Barr, the Department of Justice failed to find widespread voter fraud in the election.[16]
On December 3, 2020, a 7-hour hearing of the Georgia Senate Committee on the Judiciary heard Trump's legal team, including Rudy Giuliani and John Eastman, made false claims alleging fraud and misconduct in the state's election process, and that the Georgia legislature had the power to appoint electors for Trump.[19][20] A similar presentation was made to the Georgia House of Representatives Committee on Governmental Relations.
On December 7, Trump called Georgia House Speaker David Ralston asking him to convene a special session of the state legislature to overturn the Georgia election results.[21]
In late December 2020 and early January 2021, Jeffrey Clark, the Assistant Attorney General for the Environment and Natural Resources Division and acting for the DOJ Civil Division, drafted a letter to Georgia officials stating the DOJ had "identified significant concerns that may have impacted the outcome of the election in multiple States", urging the Georgia legislature to convene a special session for the "purpose of considering issues pertaining to the appointment of Presidential Electors". Clark presented the draft letter to acting attorney general Jeffrey Rosen and his deputy Richard Donoghue for their signatures; they rejected the proposal and the letter was never sent.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28]
Trump pressured Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger to change the state's election results during an hour-long conference call on January 2, 2021.[29] Trump told Raffensperger, "What I want to do is this. I just want to find, uh, 11,780 votes, which is one more than [the 11,779-vote margin of defeat] we have, because we won the state."[30]
On September 17, Trump wrote to Raffensperger, alleging that 43,000 ballots in DeKalb County had been mishandled and that Raffensperger should "start the process of decertifying the election, or whatever the correct legal remedy is, and announce the true winner." In the 2023 Georgia indictment, the 38th and 39th counts address this act.[31]
The plan to recruit false electors for Donald Trump and pressure public officials to accept them was spearheaded by Rudy Giuliani and John Eastman in support of the Trump campaign and with the awareness of Trump himself, although other campaign staff expressed doubts about the plan. The plan led to false documents being produced in seven states: Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Nevada, New Mexico, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.[32][33][34]
As is typical, the 16 potential electors for Trump in Georgia were chosen before the election. After Biden won the election, and days before the scheduled casting of electoral votes, the Republican electors received calls asking them to come to the Georgia State Capitol to cast "alternate" ballots, ostensibly in case Texas v. Pennsylvania was ruled in favor of Trump. However, that case was thrown out on December 11, 2020, three days before the electoral vote was to occur, a fact that was withheld from most of the fake electors by Giuliani and Kenneth Chesebro. Four members of the Republican electoral slate declined to participate, including former U.S. Senator Johnny Isakson, and were replaced.[35]
Georgia fake electors convened in a meeting room at the state Capitol at the same time the true electors were meeting in the state Senate chamber.[35] State senator Shawn Still verified fake electors' identities as they entered the room, but the meeting was reportedly open to the public, and video was posted that day.[36] Unlike some other states, the Georgia false certificate of ascertainment did not contain language specifying it was to be used only if the Trump campaign prevailed in litigation (one state case, Trump v. Raffensperger, was still pending at the time). The falsified documents were then sent to the U.S. Senate and the National Archives by Giuliani and Chesebro's team.[35]
Coffee County election equipment breach
In the weeks after the election, Trump and his associates publicly disparaged electronic voting company Dominion Voting Systems. In particular, they claimed that ballots were being altered in a process known as "adjudication", intended to resolve minor errors. Trump asserted that human operators could switch Trump-intended votes to Biden votes.[37]
On January 7, someone who had posed as a fake elector, and who had communicated with the Coffee County elections supervisor about election office access, escorted two Trump operatives into the office, which was captured on surveillance video. Allegedly assisted by employees of the data forensics firm SullivanStrickler, they copied data from voting equipment.[38] In a recorded phone conversation, Atlanta Trump supporter Scott Hall recalled that the team "scanned every freaking ballot", including equipment and that they had "imaged all the hard drives" used on Election Day.[39]The Washington Post reported in September 2023 that during the weeks following the 2020 election Hall had conversations with leaders of the Georgia Bureau of Investigation and the U.S. attorney for the Southern District of Georgia. Georgia prosecutors said Hall had a 63-minute phone conversation with Jeffrey Clark on January 2, 2021.[40]
The firm SullivanStrickler was subpoenaed by the special grand jury convened in this case in 2022.[42] The company has insisted it is "politically agnostic" and had simply accepted paid work as a third-party contractor for the Trump campaign.[43] During the investigation, the two Trump operatives admitted that Sidney Powell had sent them and that they had accessed a voting machine inside the building. Cathy Latham, one of the fake electors who had escorted them into the building, invoked the Fifth Amendment.[38]
Of the 18 co-defendants indicted on August 14, 2023, four—Powell, Hampton, Latham, and Hall—are charged in the Coffee County breach.[44]
Harassment of Fulton County election workers
After the election, Trump and Giuliani amplified a video that was taken out of context, and used the footage to make baseless claims that Ruby Freeman and her daughter Wandrea "Shaye" Moss had committed election fraud. Giuliani accused them of "passing around USB ports as if they were vials of heroin or cocaine" and engaging in "surreptitious illegal activity", citing video footage that, according to Moss, actually showed the women with "a ginger mint".[45] The women and their family members were subjected to anti-Black racist smears and death threats and were warned by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) that they would not be safe in their home.
While the lawsuit was ongoing, Moss testified in a June 2022 public hearing before the U.S. House Select Committee on the January6 Attack. She said that, after Giuliani's remarks, she and her family were subjected to a barrage of racist threats, including "Be glad it's 2020 and not 1920", in reference to lynching in the United States.[48] Freeman also testified: "There is nowhere I feel safe. Nowhere. Do you know how it feels to have the president of the United States target you?"[49][50] Moss said that the false accusations against her had impacted her well-being "in a major way—in every way—all because of lies".[51]
Giuliani admitted to the court that his statements about Freeman and Moss had been "defamatory per se" yet denied causing them "any damages".[52] For failing to turn over subpoenaed evidence in the case, the judge sanctioned him, ordered him to pay over $230,000 of Freeman and Moss's attorney's fees,[53][54][55][56] and entered a default judgment against him.[57] Following a trial on December 11–15, 2023, the federal jury ordered Giuliani to pay $148million to Freeman and Moss, including $75million in punitive damages.[58][59] Several months later, he lost his bid to dismiss the judgment.[60] Although he filed for bankruptcy,[61] a bankruptcy court judge said in July 2024 that he was no longer entitled to bankruptcy protection given his lack of transparency with the court.[62] Giuliani and his creditors revised their agreement.[63]
Indictment
An Euler diagram of categories of charges faced by each defendantThe indictment document
A grand jury indicted Trump and 18 other defendants on August 14, 2023.[64][65] The indictment mentions 30 unindicted co-conspirators.[lower-alpha 2][67]
Charges
The original criminal charges fell into several clusters:
Impersonating a public officer, forgery in the first degree, filing false documents and attempt to commit this, and false statements and writings in documents. These charges relate to fake electors purporting to be true electors and creating and distributing two false documents: the certificate of ascertainment and its cover letter. There is also one charge for a filing in the federal case Trump v. Kemp. Fake electors and the federal case filers were charged with the underlying crimes, while others were charged with conspiracy to commit them. (The filing false documents charges were dismissed by the judge in September 2024.[70])
Influencing witnesses and attempts to commit this, and conspiracy to commit solicitation of false statements and writings. These charges relate to an attempt to harass and influence Fulton County election worker Ruby Freeman.
However, on March 13, 2024, Judge McAfee quashed all six of these charges. He said that their "lack of detail" failed to "give the Defendants enough information to prepare their defenses intelligently" but that prosecutors could seek a new indictment on those charges if they presented more detail.[71][72]
The 19 defendants named in the indictment are listed in the following tables. Conspiracy charge counts are in italics. Attempt charge counts are underlined. Charges dismissed before trial are stricken through. Latham is listed separately in two of the tables, but her total includes charges from both tables together.[73][74]
Of these defendants, Hall, Powell, Chesebro, and Ellis have pleaded guilty in return for some charges being dropped.
There is overlap with the co-conspirators mentioned in the federal indictment of Trump issued two weeks earlier. In the federal indictment, Giuliani was listed as co-conspirator No. #1, Eastman was #2, Powell was #3, Clark was #4, and Chesebro was #5. All five of these people, though not charged in the federal prosecution, are charged as co-defendants in the Georgia prosecution.[lower-alpha 3]
Of the 16 fake Georgia electors, three fake electors are named as defendants in the present indictment, four have been identified with a specific unindicted co-conspirator description, and nine are not conclusively tied to a specific unindicted co-conspirator description.[75][76][79][80]
Initial proceedings
Surrender and booking
After the grand jury issued arrest warrants for all 19 defendants per normal procedure, Willis provided the co-defendants an opportunity to voluntarily surrender by noon on August25.[73] All did so,[81] and all but Floyd were immediately released on bond.[82] The defendants surrendered to Fulton County Jail on these dates:
August25: Roman, Clark, Still, Hampton, Cheeley,[89] Kutti,[90] and Lee[81]
Trump agreed to a $200,000 bond on August21. His pre-negotiated release conditions include only using attorneys to discuss the case with co-defendants or witnesses and not intimidating co-defendants, unindicted co-conspirators, or witnesses on social media.[91][92] When he surrendered, he used a bail bondsman to post his bail.[93]Trump's mug shot was taken,[94] a procedure not required in his previous indictments.[95] Trump self-reported to authorities a height of 6ft 3in (191cm) and a weight of 215 pounds (98kg); four months earlier, he told New York authorities he was 6ft 2in (188cm) and 240 pounds (110kg).[96]
Floyd did not negotiate a bond agreement prior to his surrender and was instead booked, then jailed. While in jail, he refused a consent bond offered by Willis's office.[97] In a court hearing on August25, he was denied bond, being deemed a flight risk due to a pending case against him in Maryland for misdemeanor assault on an FBI agent. He told the court that he was unable to afford a lawyer and ineligible for a court-appointed one.[86][98] Floyd's bond was set at $100,000 on August29, and he was released the next day.[97][99][100]
Giuliani had his bond set at $150,000; Chesebro, Clark, Eastman, Ellis, Floyd, Meadows, and Powell at $100,000; Kutti, Latham, Lee, and Shafer at $75,000; Cheeley, Roman, and Smith at $50,000; and Hall, Hampton, and Still at $10,000.[lower-alpha 4][86][101]
Arraignments
The arraignment was scheduled for September 6, but all 19 defendants waived their right to appear for their arraignment and pleaded not guilty on the following dates:
On the morning of August 24, 2023, before Trump's planned surrender, paperwork was filed to have Steven Sadow take over from Drew Findling as Trump's lead counsel.[107][108]
On October 10, Willis argued that Chesebro's five memos should not be protected by attorney-client privilege (as his attorneys had requested)[109] since they did not contain advice about litigation but rather a political strategy for interrupting the transfer of power to Biden.[110]
Floyd tagged Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger and former Fulton County poll worker Ruby Freeman on social media and spoke on podcasts, apparently violating his bond agreement. On November 15, Willis asked Judge McAfee to revoke Floyd's bond and send him back to jail.[111] A week later, McAfee decided not to revoke the bond, although he agreed that Floyd had violated it. Instead, he asked the prosecution and defense to agree on how to revise the bond terms to more clearly address how to protect public safety.[112]
A pretrial hearing was held on December 1. Judge McAfee had previously set this as the deadline for any pre-trial motions by the co-defendants (Chesebro and Powell excluded).[113]
Attempts to dismiss charges
In an August 19 motion, Meadows asked for the case to be dismissed entirely, arguing that "[t]he State's prosecution of Mr.Meadows threatens the important federal interest in providing the President of the United States with close, confidential advice and assistance, firmly entranced [sic] in federal law for nearly 100 years." The motion also argues that Meadows is immune under the First Amendment, protecting political speech, and the Fourteenth Amendment, prohibiting charges arising from statutes that are "unconstitutionally vague". In addition, since the Georgia indictment charges Meadows for his actions in other states, the motion raises the possibility that any state could therefore prosecute him for his activities in Georgia, the implications of which "are staggering".[114]
In a filing dated September 11, Trump asked for several charges to be dismissed.[115]
Powell said the review of the voting system had been legal because Coffee County authorized it.[116] On October 5, McAfee denied Powell's motion to dismiss the charges; he said he had no authority to do that so close to her trial.[117]
On October 11, Chesebro and Powell's lawyers argued that their clients should not face the RICO charge.[118] Chesebro argued that the pro-Trump electors were indeed public officers under federal law, not merely impersonating public officers, and that he therefore could not have conspired in their impersonation. On October 17, Judge McAfee said he would not dismiss the charges. He said that, although Chesebro may disagree with "the state's legal interpretation", the charges were not "defective".[119][120]
On January 8, 2024, Trump asked for the criminal charges against him to be dismissed on the basis of "presidential immunity". The acts described in the indictment are "at the heart of his official responsibilities as President", his team said in the filing.[121][122]
On January 19, 2024, Floyd appeared for a hearing on his motions to dismiss charges.[123] On May 28, McAfee said that Floyd could continue his efforts to access over 500,000 ballots from Fulton County, which Floyd says he expects will provide evidence of voter fraud. Floyd is claiming that he was genuinely concerned about fraud and thus that the charges against him are invalid.[124]
On March 28, 2024, McAfee was scheduled to hear arguments from Trump's lawyers based on the First Amendment and from Shafer's lawyers based on their assertion that Shafer's conduct was legal.[125] On April 4, McAfee rejected Trump's claim that his statements are protected political speech.[126]
Attempts to remove to federal court
Five defendants asked the federal U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia to move their cases to federal court, called "removal". Though all charges would remain under Georgia state law, the consequences of removal would include widening the geographic range of the jury pool and prohibiting cameras in the courtroom.[127] District Court Judge Steve C. Jones presided over their hearings.[7] Jones denied requests from Meadows and Clark to delay their arrests, so they surrendered to the Georgia court in August 2023 before their removal requests were heard.[128][129][130] All five defendants' motions to remove were denied in September 2023.[7]
On August15, 2023, the day after the indictment, Meadows filed a motion to have his case removed to federal court. He argued that, under the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution, he is immune from state prosecution for anything he did while he served as White House Chief of Staff.[lower-alpha 5] Meadows' removal hearing was on August28.[131] On September8, Judge Jones rejected Meadows's request, finding he had not met even the "quite low" threshold for removal. Meadows immediately appealed the ruling to the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals and asked Jones for an emergency stay of his Georgia case while his appeal was pending.[132] On September12, Jones rejected Meadows's request to pause his case.[133] On December 15, Meadows had a removal hearing in the appeals court,[134] which on December 18 rejected Meadows' motion.[135] On January 2, 2024, Meadows asked for his removal request to be heard by all 12 judges on the 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals,[136] but on February 28, his request for a hearing was denied.[137] On July 26, his attorneys asked the U.S. Supreme Court to hear his removal request. They cited the Supreme Court's decision earlier that month in Trump v. United States which ruled that former presidents have some immunity.[138] The district attorney was told to respond by September 30 and requested an extension until October 3; Meadows may then reply.[139][140] The Supreme Court will decide on November 8 whether to hear Meadows's appeal.[141]
On August21, 2023, Clark also filed a motion to remove his case to federal court.[lower-alpha 6] Clark claimed the same protections from state prosecution as Meadows, as Clark was a Justice Department official at the time. His filing additionally argued that the entire case should be removed to federal court for all defendants.[142][143] Clark's removal hearing was on September18.[144] On September29, Jones rejected the motion.[7] On October9, Clark appealed.[145]
Defendants Shafer,[lower-alpha 7] Latham,[lower-alpha 8] and Still[lower-alpha 9] filed motions in August 2023 to remove the case to federal court.[146] They asserted in these filings that they had convened as alternate electors "at the direction of" Trump via his attorneys, making them federal officials.[147][148] At a hearing on September20, their lawyers argued that the Electoral Count Act of 1887 legally allowed the casting of contingent electoral ballots because a Georgia state court case was still pending past the specified safe harbor date, six days before the electoral vote date.[149][150] On September29, Jones rejected the motion, noting that federal law does not in fact explicitly create the position of contingent elector.[7] On October6, Shafer, Latham, and Still appealed.[145]
Though Trump had formally indicated he might seek removal to federal court,[151] he told the court on September28, 2023, the day before his deadline to seek removal, that he would not do so.[152]
Speedy trial and severance requests
On August 23, Chesebro requested a quick trial under Georgia's Speedy Trial Act.The judge set his trial for October 23, taking Willis's suggestion. (Willis additionally asked to try all 19 defendants speedily together on this date, but the judge did not immediately address her request.)[153][154] On August 25, Powell also requested a speedy trial.[155]
On September 6, a hearing, the first televised one in the case, was held to address their requests to sever their cases from each other and from the other defendants. (Powell asserted she had "no substantive connection" with any other defendant.)[156][157][158] Judge McAfee denied the Chesebro and Powell motions to sever from each other,[159] and Powell's trial was set for the same day as Chesebro's.[160] On September 29, special prosecutor Nathan Wade told McAfee that the DA's office would extend plea deals to Chesebro and Powell.[161] Powell accepted a deal on October 19.[162] Chesebro accepted a deal on October 20.[163]
Trump advised the court on August24 that he opposed a speedy trial,[164][165] and filed a motion to sever on August 31.[166] On November 27, Eastman asked to be tried before Trump.[167] Meadows has said he wants to be tried alone.[168]
Dismissal of solicitation and false documents charges
On March 13, 2024, Judge McAfee dismissed six charges including three against Trump. The dismissed charges dealt with soliciting public officers, including Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger and then-Georgia House Speaker David Ralson, to violate their oaths. The judge said the prosecution did not allege sufficient detail to "give the Defendants enough information to prepare their defenses intelligently". The judge noted that the deficiency was "easily remedied", but since Georgia standards for indictments are stricter than federal standards, the charges could not be clarified during a court proceeding, but would need a new grand jury indictment. The order leaves intact other charges.[69][71][169]
On September 12, 2024, McAfee dismissed a further three charges regarding filing false documents. Two of the charges were for filing the false electoral documents with the federal U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia, and the other was for a filing in the case Trump v. Kemp in the same court. McAfee ruled that because the documents were filed in a federal court, they could not be prosecuted under state laws.[70]
Proceedings on prosecutorial impropriety
"Nathan Wade" redirects here. For the English lawyer (1666–1718), see Nathaniel Wade.
Background
On January 8, 2024, Mike Roman's attorney filed with the court alleging that Fani Willis and Nathan Wade had a romantic relationship.[170][171][172] Willis had hired Wade as special prosecutor in the Trump case in November 2021.[173] The filing asserted that Willis went on vacations with Wade and so Willis profited from hiring him, which would be a conflict of interest. The filing requested that the charges against Roman be dropped. It also requested that Willis be disqualified from the case; Willis's office said it would motion to have this request dismissed.[170][171][172] On January 25, Trump joined Roman's effort by filing a similar complaint.[174]
Wade was concurrently involved with divorce proceedings from his wife, Joycelyn, which had also begun in November 2021. On January 8, 2024, Joycelyn's attorneys subpoenaed Willis to testify in the divorce case.[173] On January 19, Joycelyn filed in her divorce case that Nathan had purchased a 2022 trip for himself and Willis to Miami with a Royal Caribbean cruise and a 2023 trip to San Francisco and a Napa Valley hotel. Clara Bowman (reportedly Nathan's mother) came too.[175] On January 22, a judge in Cobb County Superior Court unsealed the records of the Wades' ongoing divorce.[176] The unsealed records had no reference to an alleged affair between Nathan and Willis.[177] On January 30, Nathan and Joycelyn Wade reached a temporary agreement on some of their issues.[178] Willis and Nathan had been scheduled to testify in the Wades' divorce, but their depositions were no longer needed.[173]
On January 14, Willis made her first public comments about the allegation, saying Wade is qualified for his role and is paid the same rate as the other two special prosecutors on the case.[179] According to The New York Times, Wade had little prior prosecutorial experience beyond being employed for about a year in the late 1990s by the Cobb County Solicitor's Office, which prosecutes misdemeanors and traffic citations.[180]
Hearing
On January 18, with Willis unwilling to recuse herself,[181] Judge McAfee scheduled a hearing on Roman's request to dismiss her from the case. On February 2, the court deadline for Willis to respond to the allegation,[182] she acknowledged she had been in a personal relationship with Wade since 2022 but said she had no financial or personal conflict of interest and that there were no grounds for her dismissal.[183] Willis and Wade were subpoenaed to testify at the February 15 hearing.[184]
Seventeen ethics experts, former prosecutors and defense attorneys filed a "friend of the court" brief with Judge McAfee on February 5. They found that, even if all of Roman's allegations were true, they would "not even come close" to requiring Willis be removed from the case, or that the charges be dropped.[185]
On February 12, McAfee said he would consider removing Willis from the case if he finds a financial conflict of interest. McAfee clarified that not all of Roman's complaints are relevant and that, at a February 15 hearing, he would consider details of the Willis–Wade relationship only in the context of whether the relationship led to financial benefit.[186]
At the first day of the hearing, Roman's lawyers questioned whether prosecutors had lied in their affidavit about when they began their romantic relationship.[187] On February 27, Wade's former law partner Terrence Bradley testified that he did not know when Wade and Willis's relationship began. Although Bradley had previously informed the defense team[188] that the relationship began in "late 2019," he testified that "I speculated on some things."[189] On March 4, Shafer's attorneys asked to subpoena Cindi Lee Yeager, a co-chief deputy district attorney for Cobb County, should McAfee reopen hearings.[190]
Ruling and aftermath
On March15, Judge Scott McAfee ruled that either Willis (along with her office) or Wade must leave the case, because their relationship brought about a "significant appearance of impropriety".[191][192] Willis committed a "tremendous lapse in judgment" and her "testimony during the evidentiary hearing" was "unprofessional", but "simply making bad choices – even repeatedly" does not establish an actual conflict of interest under Georgia law, stated McAfee.[191][193] As there was not enough evidence that Willis "acquired a personal stake in the prosecution, or that her financial arrangements had any impact on the case", an actual conflict of interest was not proven, ruled McAfee.[194] Later that day, Wade resigned from the case.[195][169]
After Wade resigned, satisfying McAfee's March15 ruling, Trump continued to seek Fani Willis's removal from the case as well. On March20, McAfee allowed Trump to turn to the Georgia Court of Appeals,[198] though McAfee clarified that Trump's appeal of this matter would not delay "the many other unrelated pending pretrial motions" that McAfee was addressing.[199]
On March29, Trump submitted the appeal.[200] On April8, Willis asked the court to reject it.[201]
On May8, the Georgia Court of Appeals said it would hear the appeal to dismiss Willis,[202] and on June 5, it paused the election racketeering case until it decides about Willis.[1] Oral arguments were tentatively set for October4 before judges E. Trenton Brown III, Benjamin A. Land, and Todd Markle,[203] then delayed to December 5.[2] While such cases usually rely on legal briefs, Trump's team asked the court to hear oral arguments.[204] A decision about Willis is not expected until 2025.[8]
It is unclear whether any other prosecutor (should Willis be removed) would want to take the case.[8]
Guilty pleas
Name
Date
Pleaded guilty to
Sentence
Scott Hall
September 29, 2023
Conspiracy to commit intentional interference with the performance of election duties (5 misdemeanor counts)
Five years of probation, $5,000 fine, 200 hours of community service, a public apology to the state of Georgia, and to testify truthfully in future trials.[3]
Sidney Powell
October 19, 2023
Conspiracy to commit intentional interference with the performance of election duties (6 misdemeanor counts)
Six years of probation, $6,000 fine, $2,700 restitution, a public apology to the state of Georgia, and to testify truthfully in future trials.[162][205][206]
Kenneth Chesebro
October 20, 2023
Conspiracy to commit filing false documents (1 felony count)
Five years of probation, $5,000 restitution, 100 hours of community service, a public apology to the state of Georgia, and to testify truthfully in future trials.[163]
Jenna Ellis
October 24, 2023
Aiding and abetting false statements and writings (1 felony count)
Five years of probation, $5,000 restitution, 100 hours of community service, a public apology to the state of Georgia, and to testify truthfully in future trials.[207]
Hall and Powell had each originally been charged with seven felonies related to the Coffee County election equipment breach.[208][209] These felony charges were dropped when they instead pleaded guilty to misdemeanors: Hall to five counts of conspiracy to commit intentional interference with the performance of election duties[106] and Powell to six counts of intentionally interfering with the performance of election duties.[162]
Chesebro had originally been charged with seven felonies related to electoral vote obstruction. He pleaded guilty to only one of these felonies: conspiracy to commit filing false documents.[210] At the hearing where he pleaded guilty, he admitted to conspiring with Trump and Giuliani.[211] He must turn over all evidence in his possession.[210]
All four agreed to testify truthfully regarding defendants; not speak to witnesses, defendants, or media; and submit to the court a letter apologizing to the state and people of Georgia.[212][213][214][215] Hall wrote a few paragraphs, but Powell and Chesebro each wrote only one sentence.[216] Ellis read her apology aloud to the judge.[217]
Powell worked closely with the Trump campaign's legal team during the post-election period, and thus many people anticipate that she has significant information about Trump and Giuliani.[218] She is required to testify about the defendants, yet she may be able to plead the Fifth in response to some questions to avoid self-incrimination. (Although she no longer faces charges in Georgia, she may eventually face federal charges; the federal indictment for election obstruction describes her as Co-conspirator No.3.)[219] Powell later promoted claims that Willis had "extorted" her into pleading guilty, despite having stated in a court filing that her plea had been made voluntarily, and continued to allege that the election was rigged.[220]
Roman, Cheeley, Hampton, and at least three other defendants rejected similar plea deals. As of October25,2023[update], Eastman had not been offered a deal;[221][222] on November 27, he asked for an extension on the deadline for deals. The Guardian reported that prosecutors did not intend to offer a deal to Trump, Giuliani, or Meadows.[167]
Proffer video leak
The four who pleaded guilty gave recorded interviews. Hampton's attorney, Jonathan Miller III, leaked these proffer videos to the media,[223][224] and parts of them were published on November 13:[215]
On September 29, Scott Hall complained he was never reimbursed for his charter flight to Coffee County on January 7, 2021, which he said he did "for shits and giggles" as a "political tourist" and a "water boy". He said the "brain trust" in the Coffee County breach included co-defendant Robert Cheeley, who had asked Hall (a bail bondsman) to help him locate Ruby Freeman.
On October 18, Sidney Powell told investigators that Giuliani, at a December 18, 2020, meeting in the Oval Office including Trump, had discussed accessing voting equipment. She said she still believed there was "machine fraud", though she also admitted she didn't know how the voting machines work, and that she personally would have considered using the military to seize voting machines if Trump had empowered her to do so by appointing her special counsel. She said Meadows told her the next morning: "You know, it's not going to happen." She said she called Trump for six minutes on December 24 "[p]robably to see how he was doing and to say I'm sorry" for losing the legal challenges. She maintained that she had nothing to do with the Coffee County breach.
On October 20, Kenneth Chesebro said he attended an Oval Office meeting on December 16, 2020, regarding Wisconsin, after which he briefed Trump on Arizona and told him the strategy he'd laid out in his November 18 memo. He said he played a role in sending the certificates for the Wisconsin slate of fake electors to Congress. He said he began communicating directly with John Eastman in late December and helped edit Eastman's December 23 memo. He said he flew to Capitol Hill on January 2, 2021, in case the Trump campaign invited him to participate in strategy meetings, which it did not.
On October 23, Jenna Ellis told investigators that Trump's deputy chief of staff, Dan Scavino, had told her in December 2020 that Trump would refuse to leave office. Ellis said: "And he said to me, you know, in a kind of excited tone, 'Well, we don't care, and we're not going to leave.'" She said that co-defendant Ray Smith had asked Preston Haliburton, a lawyer involved in Trump's election challenges in Georgia, to get security footage from an Atlanta center where ballots were counted; this footage contained the footage of Moss and Freeman.
The day after the videos were published, Willis renewed her request for a protective order over discovery materials, this time on an emergency basis. Her court filing alleged that the leak was "clearly intended to intimidate witnesses in this case".[225] Most defense attorneys agreed to allow some material to be marked "sensitive". Though Miller had argued that "the public needs to know" about the testimony (he said it helped his client's case), McAfee disagreed that it was appropriate "to start litigating the case before we actually get inside of a courtroom".[223] On November 16, McAfee issued the protective order.[226]
Trials
Hall, Powell, Chesebro, and Ellis will not be tried because they have pleaded guilty.
The trial for the 15 remaining defendants will not be scheduled until the court decides whether to remove Fani Willis from the case.[227] Oral arguments regarding Fani Willis will be held December 5, 2024.[2]
On November 5, 2024, Trump was elected president. Fani Willis (if she remains on the case) may decide not to bring the case to trial against Trump as a sitting president.[228] Nonetheless, there is no requirement that a president's trial must be delayed until their presidency is over.[229]
On July 1, 2024, the Supreme Court ruled that, for acts considered "official", former presidents are immune from criminal prosecution. Further, evidence of these official acts cannot be used to prosecute them for other acts.[230][231][232] This will affect the Georgia prosecution in various ways. For example, Trump's interviews with Justice Department attorneys (including co-defendant Jeffrey Clark) can no longer be introduced as evidence in the Georgia trial.[233] This would also complicate the prosecution's case against Jeffrey Clark, a problem that will compound if Trump (as he was considering doing) names Clark attorney general in a second Trump administration.[234]
Date and duration
On August 16, 2023, Willis motioned for all defendants to be tried together beginning March 4, 2024. The filing said that the schedule had been chosen so as not to conflict with Trump's already-scheduled court dates in other matters, "but also to protect the State of Georgia's and the public's interest in a prompt resolution of the charges". The requested trial date was nearly two months into the 2024 Republican Party presidential primary season, and one day before Super Tuesday. Former U.S. Attorney for Georgia Michael J. Moore expressed doubt that the motions and discovery process would be completed so quickly, and that Willis actually believed the case would be ready by March. "I think it's just a PR move", he said.[235]
In early September, while discussing whether all defendants could be tried together on the expedited date given to Chesebro and Powell, prosecutors estimated that a 19-defendant proceeding would involve a lengthy jury selection followed by a four-month trial that called 150 witnesses. Judge McAfee responded that he expected such a trial would take longer[236] and later confirmed that the other defendants would not share Chesebro and Powell's trial date.[237][160]
Chesebro and Powell had been scheduled to be tried on October 23,[120] and Judge McAfee had ordered that hundreds of potential jurors should appear beginning on October20,[238] but both defendants pleaded guilty shortly before juror selection began.[214]
In November 2023, Willis proposed starting the trial on August 5, 2024, expecting that it might continue into early 2025; she anticipated that "defendant Trump's other criminal trials" might delay his case but acknowledged that other defendants have a right to a "speedy trial".[239] Specifically, Trump was expected to (and did) appeal his federal election-obstruction trial, which at the time was scheduled for March 2024. It was further expected that this appeal of the federal case might delay trials in New York and Florida, set for March and May respectively;[240] those cases were delayed, though for other reasons. The New York trial was only briefly delayed and concluded on May 30.
In January 2024, because Shawn Still was serving in the Georgia General Assembly, he was given extra time for pretrial filings.[241] He filed six motions and had a hearing in May.[242]
Procedures and potential witnesses
Unlike the proceedings in Trump's other three indictments where photography was not permitted, the Georgia proceedings will be livestreamed on YouTube and journalists will be allowed to use their phones in the courtroom.[243][244] However, the juries will remain anonymous at least until the end of trial[245] and will have security.[243]
The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported in December 2023 that the prosecution's nearly 200-person witness list included former vice president Mike Pence, former attorney general Bill Barr, former acting attorney general Jeffrey Rosen and his deputy Richard Donoghue, congressman Scott Perry and former Trump advisor Steve Bannon.[249]
Reactions
U.S. House Republicans opened an investigation into Willis hours before Trump surrendered for arrest. Congressman Jim Jordan wrote her asking if she had coordinated with the Smith special counsel investigation or used federal money in her investigation. Jordan demanded Willis provide documents and communications by September 7.[250][251] Willis wrote to Jordan on September 7 that his letter contained "inaccurate information and misleading statements", alleging he was seeking to "obstruct a Georgia criminal proceeding and to advance outrageous misrepresentations" without constitutional authority, for his personal political gain.[252]
Some Georgia Republican legislators, notably state senator Colton Moore, proposed convening a special legislative session to consider impeaching Willis. Such a move would require consent of Democrats, and Republican governor Brian Kemp said he opposed it to prevent "political theater that only inflames the emotions of the moment" and "some grifter scam" to raise campaign contributions for Moore.[253]
In May 2023, Georgia Republicans enacted a law that created a commission empowered to discipline or remove state prosecutors who were alleged to have violated their duties. As he signed the bill creating the commission, Governor Kemp said it would curb "far-left prosecutors" who are "making our communities less safe". Days after the Willis indictments, state senator Chad Dixon announced he would file a complaint against Willis when the commission commenced in October, alleging she had weaponized the justice system against political opponents with an "unabashed goal to become some sort of leftist celebrity".[254][255] Hours after the commission became effective on October 1, eight Republican Georgia senators filed a complaint seeking to have Willis sanctioned for her alleged "improperly cherry-picked cases to further her personal political agenda".[256]
On September 14, 2023, one of the defendants, Jenna Ellis, said she would not support Trump for office again because he does not accept responsibility for his wrongdoings.[257]
On September 15, 2023, a three-judge panel ruled that the charges against Shawn Still would not automatically deprive him of his state senate seat.[258]
Notes
↑ Penrose and Logan were investigated but not indicted by special prosecutor D. J. Hilson in Michigan.
David James Shafer is an American politician who is a former chairman of the Georgia Republican Party. From 2002 to 2019, Shafer was a Republican member of the Georgia State Senate from Senate District 48, a suburban district located north of Atlanta that includes portions of Fulton County and Gwinnett County.
John Charles Eastman is an American lawyer and academic. Due to his efforts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election, attempting to keep then-president Donald Trump in office and obstruct the certification of Joe Biden's victory, he has been criminally indicted, ordered inactive by the State Bar of California, and recommended for disbarment. Eastman has lost eligibility to practice law in California state courts, pending his appeal of the state bar judge's ruling that recommended him for disbarment. Eastman is also named as a co-conspirator in the federal indictment brought against Trump over his attempts to subvert the 2020 election results and prevent the certification of Biden's election.
William Burton Jones is an American politician and businessman who has served as the 13th lieutenant governor of Georgia since 2023. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a member of the Georgia State Senate from January 2013 to January 2023, representing the 25th District.
Michael A. Roman is an American Republican political operative and opposition researcher. He was director of election day operations for Donald Trump's 2020 presidential campaign, and was subsequently involved in efforts to overturn the results of the 2020 election. He previously worked on Trump's 2016 campaign and served in Trump's White House in 2017 and 2018. Prior to joining the Trump campaign, he ran an in-house intelligence unit for the Koch brothers.
Jenna Lynn Ellis is an American conservative lawyer who was a member of Donald Trump's 2020 re-election campaign's legal team. She is a former deputy district attorney in Weld County, Colorado. During the Trump presidency, she presented herself as a "constitutional law attorney" during cable news appearances, though The New York Times reported that her background did not reflect such expertise and The Wall Street Journal reported that she had no history in any federal cases.
In direct response to election changes related to the COVID-19 pandemic and 2020 United States presidential election in Georgia; the Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign launched numerous civil lawsuits contesting the election processes of Georgia. All of these were either dismissed or dropped.
On January 2, 2021, during an hour-long conference call, then-U.S. President Donald Trump pressured Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger to "find 11,780 votes" and overturn the state's election results from the 2020 presidential election. Trump had been unequivocally defeated by Joe Biden in the election, but refused to accept the outcome, and made a months-long effort to overturn the results. Prior to the call to Raffensperger, Trump and his campaign spoke repeatedly to state and local officials in at least three states in which he had lost, urging them to recount votes, throw out some ballots, or replace the Democratic slate of electors with a Republican slate. Trump's call with Raffensperger was released by The Washington Post and other media outlets the next day, after Trump made a statement about the call on Twitter.
Fani Taifa Willis is an American attorney. She is the district attorney of Fulton County, Georgia, which contains most of Atlanta, serving since 2021. She is the first woman to hold the office. Willis investigated the 2020 presidential election in Georgia, which resulted in indictments against Donald Trump and 18 alleged co-conspirators on charges of racketeering and other crimes. Willis also investigated and apprehended rapper Young Thug and members of his YSL record label on charges of racketeering and gang-related crimes in violation of Georgia's RICO Act.
Kenneth John Chesebro ( CHEZ-broh; born June 5, 1961 is an American attorney known as the architect of the Trump fake electors plot that conspired to overturn the 2020 U.S. presidential election.
The Trump fake electors plot was a significant part of attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election made by Donald Trump and his associates. After the results of the 2020 United States presidential election determined U.S. president Donald Trump had lost, a scheme was devised by him, his associates, and Republican Party officials in seven states to subvert the election by creating and submitting fraudulent certificates of ascertainment to falsely claim Trump had won the electoral college vote in those states. The intent of the scheme was to pass the fraudulent certificates to then-vice president Mike Pence in the hope he would count them, rather than the authentic certificates, and thus overturn Joe Biden's victory. This scheme was defended by a fringe legal theory developed by Trump attorneys Kenneth Chesebro and John Eastman, detailed in the Eastman memos, which claimed a vice president has the constitutional discretion to swap official electors with an alternate slate during the certification process, thus changing the outcome of the electoral college vote and the overall winner of the presidential race. The scheme came to be known as the Pence Card. By June 2024, dozens of Republican state officials and Trump associates had been indicted in four states for their alleged involvement. The federal Smith special counsel investigation is investigating Trump's role in the events. According to testimony Trump was aware of the fake electors scheme, and knew that Eastman's plan for Pence to obstruct the certification of electoral votes was a violation of the Electoral Count Act.
An ongoing special counsel investigation was opened by U.S. Attorney General Merrick Garland on November 18, 2022, to continue two investigations initiated by the Justice Department (DOJ) regarding former U.S. President Donald Trump. Garland appointed Jack Smith, a longtime federal prosecutor, to lead the independent investigations. Smith was tasked with investigating Trump's role in the January 6 United States Capitol attack and Trump's mishandling of government records, including classified documents.
In February 2021, Fulton County, Georgia, district attorney Fani Willis launched a criminal investigation into alleged efforts by then-president Donald Trump and his allies to overturn the certified 2020 election victory of Democratic candidate Joe Biden and award the state's electoral college votes to Trump. A special grand jury recommended indictments in January 2023, followed by a grand jury that indicted Trump and 18 allies in August 2023. The charges include conspiracy, racketeering and other felonies.
United States of America v. Donald J. Trump is a pending federal criminal case against Donald Trump, the president of the United States from 2017 to 2021, regarding his alleged participation in attempts to overturn the 2020 U.S. presidential election, including his involvement in the January6 Capitol attack.
Scott F. McAfee is an American judge serving on the Fulton County Superior Court in Georgia since 2023. Judge McAfee was the Georgia inspector general from 2021 to 2023. Prior to his current appointment, Judge McAfee served as a senior assistant district attorney in Fulton County and an assistant United States Attorney for the Northern District of Georgia.
Harrison William Prescott Floyd III is a military veteran and politician. He was a senior campaign staffer on former President Trump's 2020 re-election campaign and is one of the 19 defendants indicted in 2023 in Fulton County, Georgia.
People of the State of Michigan v. Berden et al. is a state criminal prosecution concerning the Trump fake electors plot in Michigan. The sixteen defendants are accused of producing and attempting to use a false certificate of ascertainment containing electoral votes for Donald Trump, who had lost the 2020 U.S. presidential election in Michigan. The defendants were indicted in July 2023 on criminal charges of forgery, uttering, and conspiracy, all felonies.
State of Arizona v. Kelli Ward, et al. is a state criminal prosecution concerning the Trump fake electors plot in Arizona.
State of Wisconsin v. Kenneth Chesebro, et al. is a state criminal prosecution concerning the Trump fake electors plot in Wisconsin. The three defendants, Kenneth J. Chesebro,Michael A. Roman, and James R. Troupis, were lawyers and political aides to Donald Trump's 2020 presidential campaign involved in planning and producing fraudulent electoral vote paperwork as part of a plot to replace or nullify the official electoral votes of the state of Wisconsin in the 2020 presidential election. The three defendants are each charged with a single count of conspiracy to utter forged official documents as legitimate.
James Roberts Troupis is an American lawyer and Republican political operative from Dane County, Wisconsin. He was an attorney for Donald Trump's 2020 presidential campaign, and was involved in the efforts to overturn the election results. He was also involved in the plot to produce fraudulent electoral votes to challenge the legitimate electoral votes at the January 6 certification. As a result of his involvement in the fraudulent elector plot, he has been charged with conspiracy to utter as legitimate a forged document.
↑ Holmes, Kristen; Murray, Sara (August 24, 2023). "Trump replaces top Georgia lawyer ahead of surrender". CNN Politics. Retrieved August 24, 2023. Drew Findling, the lawyer who has led Trump's defense in Georgia, is being replaced by Steven Sadow. ... Sadow filed paperwork Thursday morning to formally represent the former president in the case. ... Trump's other Georgia attorney, Jennifer Little, is expected to stay on the legal team and work with Sadow.
1 2 Gardner, Amy; Bailey, Holly (January 18, 2024). "Judge in Trump Georgia case orders hearing on Fani Willis misconduct claims". Washington Post. ISSN0190-8286. Retrieved January 18, 2024. ...a scheduled Jan. 31 hearing in Cobb County Superior Court over a motion to unseal records in Wade's divorce case. Merchant has said she believes records in that case will substantiate her allegations of wrongdoing by Willis and Wade.
↑ Stanley-Becker, Isaac; Gardner, Amy; Dawsey, Josh (October 22, 2023). "Sidney Powell was Trump's biggest 'fighter.' Now she's a big threat". Washington Post. ISSN0190-8286. Retrieved October 22, 2023. As part of her plea, she [Powell] was required to write a letter of apology to the people of Georgia — a terse handwritten note on a legal pad that she submitted to prosecutors Thursday that indicated she was sorry for her actions in Coffee County, according to a person familiar with the message who spoke on the condition of anonymity because of the matter's sensitivity.
↑ Hallerman, Tamar; Wickert, David (October 24, 2023). "Disavowing Trump, a tearful Jenna Ellis pleads guilty in Fulton election probe". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. ISSN1539-7459. Archived from the original on January 12, 2024. Retrieved December 14, 2023. 'I look back on this whole experience with deep remorse,' she said. ... Ellis, 38, also took the unusual step of addressing Fulton Superior Court Judge Scott McAfee, who is presiding over the case, from behind the defense table. With tears streaming down her face, Ellis said, 'if I knew then what I know now, I would have declined to represent Donald Trump in these post-election challenges.'
Bowden, Mark; Teague, Matthew (2022). The Steal: The Attempt to Overturn the 2020 Election and the People Who Stopped It. New York City: Grove Press. ISBN978-0-802-15996-0. OCLC1290886071.
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