Euryale ferox

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Euryale ferox
Euryale ferox kz06.jpg
Flowering Euryale ferox cultivated in the Botanischer Garten Berlin-Dahlem
Euryale ferox.jpg
Botanical illustration of Euryale ferox from Curtis's Botanical Magazine (1812).
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Order: Nymphaeales
Family: Nymphaeaceae
Genus: Euryale
Salisb.
Species:
E. ferox
Binomial name
Euryale ferox
Synonyms [2]
  • Anneslea spinosa Andrews
  • Euryale ferox f. ussuriense Regel
  • Euryale indica Planch.
Surface-floating leaf of Euryale ferox Euryale ferox 1-OB9.jpg
Surface-floating leaf of Euryale ferox
Euryale ferox Salisb. seedling with scale bar (3 cm) on a white background Euryale ferox Salisb. seedling.jpg
Euryale ferox Salisb. seedling with scale bar (3 cm) on a white background
A pond of cultivated Euryale in northern India Makhanak Pokhari.jpg
A pond of cultivated Euryale in northern India

Euryale ferox, commonly known as prickly waterlily, [3] makhana, or Gorgon plant, is a species of water lily found in southern and eastern Asia, and the only extant member of the genus Euryale. The edible seeds, called fox nuts or makhana, are dried, [lower-alpha 1] and eaten predominantly in Asia.

Contents

Taxonomy

Euryale ferox is a member of the water lily family Nymphaeaceae. [2] The separate family Euryalaceae J.Agardh was proposed in 1858, a classification which has ultimately been rejected. [4] Unlike other water lilies, the pollen grains of Euryale have three nuclei. [5]

Etymology

The genus is named after a mythical Greek Gorgon, Euryale. [6] The specific epithet ferox means fierce or ferocious. [7]

Distribution

Euryaleferox is a perennial plant native to eastern Asia and southern Asia, and is found from northeast India [lower-alpha 2] to Korea and Japan, as well as parts of Pakistan and eastern Russia.

Recently, it has also been recorded in Serbia, Europe. It was probably dispersed to Serbia through migrating birds. [8]

Description

Euryale ferox grows in fresh water ponds, producing flowers with white inner petals and violet outer petals. The leaves are large, round and peltate, often more than a meter (3 feet) across, with a leaf stalk attached in the centre of the lower surface. The leaves are deep green; the leaf veins are purplish. The stems and leaves are covered in sharp prickles. It can be grown in shallow water or rich soil. It does not tolerate shade or cold. [9] [10]

Reproduction

Self pollination can occur in Euryale ferox. Pollen is known to be released prior to the opening of the flower. [11] The majority of Euryale ferox flowers are cleistogamous, not opening for cross-pollination, though some normally-opening (chasmogamous) flowers do occur. [12]

Genome

The chromosome count is n = 29. The genome size is 870.42 Mb. [13]

Uses

Cultivation

Fox nuts have traditionally been harvested by diving without breathing equipment to a depth of 8 feet (2.4 m) in freshwater ponds. This is arduous, with skin hazards from mud and the plant's thorns. In the 21st century, the National Research Centre for Makhana has pioneered the plant's cultivation in fields flooded to a depth of 1 foot (0.30 m) which makes production and harvesting easier. The area of land devoted to fox nut production has increased to 87,000 acres (35,000 ha) by 2022. The centre has developed a more productive variety, increasing farm income, and is designing a harvesting machine. [14]

Culinary

Makhana being lightly roasted, ready to eat Foxnut Makhana - Nawada District - Bihar - 1.jpg
Makhana being lightly roasted, ready to eat

The plant produces starchy white seeds that are edible. The plant is cultivated for its seeds [15] in lowland ponds in India, China, and Japan. The Chinese have cultivated the plant for centuries. [16] More than 96,000 hectares of Bihar, India, were set aside for cultivation of Euryale in 1990–1991. [6] The Indian state of Bihar produces 90% of the world's fox nuts. [15]

In the northern and western parts of India, Euryale ferox seeds are often roasted or fried, which causes them to pop like popcorn. [17] These are then eaten, often with a sprinkling of oil and spices. They are also used in other types of cooking, especially to make a porridge or pudding called kheer. [10]

Evidence from archaeobotany indicates that Euryale ferox was a frequently collected wild food source during the Neolithic period in the Yangtze region, with large numbers of finds coming from the sites of Kuahuqiao, Hemudu, and Tianluoshan. [18] The earliest recorded use of E. ferox was found in Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel, among artifacts of the Acheulean culture 750–790,000 years ago. [19]

The seeds are used in Cantonese soup. [20]

Traditional medicine

The seeds of foxnut are used in Ayurveda preparations and in traditional Chinese medicine. [15]

Conservation status

It is classified on the Red List of endangered plants in Japan and given the designation "vulnerable". [12] [21] It is classified as species of Least Concern (LC) by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [1] However, a population decline on the global scale has been reported. [12] It is considered to be Endangered in South Korea.

Notes

  1. ↑ Also called gorgon nut.
  2. ↑ Euryale is found in the Mithila region, specifically nine districts of Bihar (Madhubani, Darbhanga, Katihar, Sitamarhi, Purnea, Kishanganj, Araria, Saharsa and Supaul) and some hilly areas of Manipur.

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<i>Victoria</i> (plant) Genus of aquatic plants

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<i>Nymphaea nouchali <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> caerulea</i> Species of plant

Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea, is a water lily in the genus Nymphaea, a botanical variety of Nymphaea nouchali.

Qian shi may refer to:

<i>Nuphar lutea</i> Species of flowering plant

Nuphar lutea, the yellow water-lily, brandy-bottle, or spadderdock, is an aquatic plant of the family Nymphaeaceae, native to northern temperate and some subtropical regions of Europe, northwest Africa, and western Asia. This species was used as a food source and in medicinal practices from prehistoric times with potential research and medical applications going forward.

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<i>Nymphaea nouchali</i> Species of aquatic plant

Nymphaea nouchali, often known by its synonym Nymphaea stellata, or by common names blue lotus, star lotus, red water lily, dwarf aquarium lily, blue water lily, blue star water lily or manel flower, is a water lily of genus Nymphaea. It is native to southern and eastern parts of Asia, and is the national flower of Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. In Sanskrit it is called utpala. This species is usually considered to include the blue Egyptian lotus N. nouchali var. caerulea. In the past, taxonomic confusion has occurred, with the name Nymphaea nouchali incorrectly applied to Nymphaea pubescens.

<i>Nymphaea thermarum</i> Species of water lily

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Mithila Makhana is a special variety of aquatic fox nut cultivated in Mithila region of Bihar and Nepal. In Mithila, Makhana is also termed as Makhan. It is one of the three prestigious cultural identities of Mithila: Pond, Fish and Makhan "पग-पग पोखर, माछ, मखान ". It is also famous in Kojagara festival of Maithil Brahmins and Kaysath celebrated for newly married couples. Makhana contains protein and fiber, along with micronutrients like calcium, magnesium, iron, and phosphorus.

<i>Victoria boliviana</i> Species of plant

Victoria boliviana, or the Bolivian waterlily is a new species of water lily within the genus Victoria in the family Nymphaeaceae. It is the newest described species of the genus and its largest member in size and was officially identified in 2022. In January 2023, the species was awarded three Guinness World Record titles for world's largest waterlily species, world's largest waterlily leaf and world's largest undivided leaf, with the latter two specifically recognizing a specimen grown in 2012 at La Rinconada Gardens in Santa Cruz, Bolivia.

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<i>Nymphaea prolifera</i> Species of water lily

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References

  1. 1 2 Zhuang, X. 2011. Euryale ferox. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T168756A6535154. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T168756A6535154.en. Accessed on 03 August 2023.
  2. 1 2 "Euryale ferox Salisb". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 26 July 2023.
  3. ↑ Lee, Sangtae; Chang, Kae Sun, eds. (2015). English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. p. 466. ISBN   978-89-97450-98-5 . Retrieved 7 March 2019– via Korea Forest Service.
  4. ↑ Euryalaceae J.Agardh, 1858. (n.d.). GBIF | Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved August 6, 2023, from https://www.gbif.org/species/206275338
  5. ↑ Cronquist, Arthur (1981). An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants . New York: Columbia University Press. p.  111. ISBN   978-0-231-03880-5.
  6. 1 2 Lariushin, Boriss (2012). Solanaceae family. Boriss Lariushin. p. 17. ISBN   9781478191834.
  7. ↑ Datura ferox. (n.d.). New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved February 2, 2024, from https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/datura-ferox/
  8. ↑ Živković, M., Pejčić, L., Paskaš, N., Bajić, A., Šipoš, Š., Perić, R., & Novakovic, B. (02 2023). "First recent record of Prickly Waterlily (Euryale ferox) Salisb. (Nymphaeaceae) in freshwaters of Europe."
  9. ↑ "Euryale ferox Foxnut, Euryale PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
  10. 1 2 "Euryale ferox (Foxnut, Gorgon Plant, Makhana, Prickly Water Lily) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
  11. ↑ Povilus, R. A., Losada, J. M., & Friedman, W. E. (2015). "Floral biology and ovule and seed ontogeny of Nymphaea thermarum, a water lily at the brink of extinction with potential as a model system for basal angiosperms." Annals of Botany, 115(2), 211-226.
  12. 1 2 3 Imanishi, A., & Imanishi, J. (2014). "Seed dormancy and germination traits of an endangered aquatic plant species, Euryale ferox Salisb.(Nymphaeaceae)." Aquatic botany, 119, 80-83.
  13. ↑ Chen, Fei; Liu, Xing; Yu, Cuiwei; Chen, Yuchu; Tang, Haibao; Zhang, Liangsheng (2017). "Water lilies as emerging models for Darwin's abominable mystery" (PDF). Horticulture Research. 4 (1): 17051. Bibcode:2017HorR....417051C. doi:10.1038/hortres.2017.51. PMC   5626932 . PMID   28979789.
  14. ↑ Gupta, Priti (13 August 2024). "The 'superfood' taking over fields in northern India". BBC . Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  15. 1 2 3 Flora of China, "Euryale ferox"
  16. ↑ Mabberley, D. J. (1987). The Plant-book . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-34060-1.
  17. ↑ "Are popped lotus seeds the next popcorn?". Foodnavigator. 25 April 2018. Retrieved 2021-03-18.
  18. ↑ Fuller, D. Q.; Qin, L; Zheng, Y; Zhao, Z; Chen, X; Hosoya, LA; Sun, GP; et al. (2009). "The Domestication Process and Domestication Rate in Rice: Spikelet bases from the Lower Yangtze". Science. 323 (5921): 1607–1610. Bibcode:2009Sci...323.1607F. doi:10.1126/science.1166605. PMID   19299619. S2CID   21357179.
  19. ↑ Goren - Inbarand, N.; Melamed, Y.; Zohar, I.; Akhilesh, K.; Pappu, S. (2014-10-11). "Beneath Still Waters - Multistage Aquatic Exploitation of Euryale ferox (Salisb.) during the Acheulian". Internet Archaeology (37). doi: 10.11141/ia.37.1 . Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  20. ↑ Yujing Liu; et al. (2018). "Plants traditionally used to make Cantonese slow-cooked soup in China". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 14 (1): 4. doi: 10.1186/s13002-018-0206-y . PMC   5769313 . PMID   29334976.
  21. ↑ Kumar, N., Rani, S., Kuamr, G., Kumari, S., Singh, I. S., Gautam, S., & Choudhary, B. K. (2019). "Physiological and biochemical responses of Makhana (Euryale ferox) to gamma irradiation." Journal of Biological Physics, 45, 1-12.

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