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Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi, is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages. Persian is a pluricentric language predominantly spoken and used officially within Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan in three mutually intelligible standard varieties, respectively Iranian Persian, Dari Persian, and Tajiki Persian. It is also spoken natively in the Tajik variety by a significant population within Uzbekistan, as well as within other regions with a Persianate history in the cultural sphere of Greater Iran. It is written officially within Iran and Afghanistan in the Persian alphabet, a derivative of the Arabic script, and within Tajikistan in the Tajik alphabet, a derivative of the Cyrillic script.
Dari, Dari Persian, or Eastern Persian is the variety of the Persian language spoken in Afghanistan. Dari Persian is the Afghan government's official term for the Persian language; it is known as Afghan Persian or Eastern Persian in many Western sources. The decision to rename the local variety of Persian in 1964 was more political than linguistic to support an Afghan state narrative. Dari Persian is most closely related to Tajiki Persian as spoken in Tajikistan and the two share many phonological and lexical similarities. Apart from a few basics of vocabulary, there is little difference between formal written Persian of Afghanistan and Iran; the languages are mutually intelligible. Dari Persian is the official language for approximately 35 million people in Afghanistan and it serves as the common language for inter-ethnic communication in the country.
Kurdish is a Northwestern Iranian language or group of languages spoken by Kurds in the region of Kurdistan, namely in southeast Turkey, northern Iraq, northwest Iran, and northern Syria. It is also spoken in northeast Iran, as well as in certain areas of Armenia and Azerbaijan.
Azerbaijani or Azeri, also referred to as Azeri Turkic or Azeri Turkish, is a Turkic language from the Oghuz sub-branch. It is spoken primarily by the Azerbaijani people, who live mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan, where the North Azerbaijani variety is spoken, while Iranian Azerbaijanis in the Azerbaijan region of Iran, speak the South Azerbaijani variety. Azerbaijani has official status in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Dagestan, but it does not have official status in Iran, where the majority of Iranian Azerbaijani people live. Azerbaijani is also spoken to lesser varying degrees in Azerbaijani communities of Georgia and Turkey and by diaspora communities, primarily in Europe and North America.
Judeo-Persian refers to both a group of Jewish dialects spoken by the Jews living in Iran and Judeo-Persian texts. As a collective term, Judeo-Persian refers to a number of Judeo-Iranian languages spoken by Jewish communities throughout the formerly extensive Persian Empire, including the Mountain and Bukharan Jewish communities.
Tajik, Tajik Persian, Tajiki Persian, also called Tajiki, is the variety of Persian spoken in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan by Tajiks. It is closely related to neighbouring Dari of Afghanistan with which it forms a continuum of mutually intelligible varieties of the Persian language. Several scholars consider Tajik as a dialectal variety of Persian rather than a language on its own. The popularity of this conception of Tajik as a variety of Persian was such that, during the period in which Tajik intellectuals were trying to establish Tajik as a language separate from Persian, prominent intellectual Sadriddin Ayni counterargued that Tajik was not a "bastardised dialect" of Persian. The issue of whether Tajik and Persian are to be considered two dialects of a single language or two discrete languages has political aspects to it.
Zaza is a Northwestern Iranian language spoken primarily in eastern Turkey by the Zaza Kurds, and in many cases identify as such. The language is a part of the Zaza–Gorani language group of the northwestern group of the Iranian branch. The glossonym Zaza originated as a pejorative. According to Ethnologue, Zaza is spoken by around three to four million people. Nevins, however, puts the number of Zaza speakers between two and three million. Ethnologue reports that Zaza is threatened as the language is decreasing due to losing speakers, and that many are shifting to Turkish.
Median was the language of the Medes. It is an extinct ancient Iranian language and classified as a distinct language belonging to the Northwestern Iranian subfamily, which includes many other more recently attested languages such as Kurdish, Old Azeri, Talysh, Gilaki, Mazandarani, Zaza–Gorani and Baluchi.
Fārsīwān is a contemporary designation for Persian speakers in Afghanistan and its diaspora elsewhere. More specifically, it was originally used to refer to a distinct group of farmers in Afghanistan and urban dwellers.
The Iranian languages, also called the Iranic languages, are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, predominantly in the Iranian Plateau.
Talysh is a Northwestern Iranian language spoken in the northern regions of the Iranian provinces of Gilan and Ardabil and the southern regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan by around 500,000-800,000 people. Talysh language is closely related to the Tati language. It includes many dialects usually divided into three main clusters: Northern, Central (Iran) and Southern (Iran). Talysh is partially, but not fully, intelligible with Persian. Talysh is classified as "vulnerable" by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.
New Persian, also known as Modern Persian is the current stage of the Persian language spoken since the 8th to 9th centuries until now in Greater Iran and surroundings. It is conventionally divided into three stages: Early New Persian, Classical Persian, and Contemporary Persian.
The Western Iranian languages or Western Iranic languages are a branch of the Iranian languages, attested from the time of Old Persian and Median.
Kuhmareyi is one of the languages of southwestern Fars. It is a cluster of disparate dialects; the one illustrated here is the Davani dialect of the village of Davan, 12 kilometers north of Kazerun city in southern Iran. Davani had an estimated 1,000 speakers in 2004.
The Abduyi dialect is a Northwestern Iranian language spoken in the village of Abdui, which can be reached from Kazerun city in Southern Iran via the old Shiraz-Kazerun road after 36 kilometers. The number of households in the village was approximately 120 in 2004. Most researchers identify the dialect as Kurdish.
The Old Kazeruni dialect is an extinct Southwestern Iranian language spoken in the city of Kazerun in Southern Iran.
Koroshi is a Balochi dialect. The speakers of Koroshi live in scattered pockets in Southern Iranian Fars province. The number of speakers was estimated to be 1000 in 2006. According to Ethnologue the dialect has 180 speakers within 40 to 50 families.
Korouni is a Southern Kurdish dialect of Fars and Kurdistan. Koruni is a Kurdish tribe of Kurdistan and Fars. Most of the tribe was transplanted from Kurdistan to Fars by Karim Khan Zand during the 1760s.
Iranian literature, or Iranic literature, refers to the literary traditions of the Iranian languages, developed predominantly in Iran and other regions in the Middle East and the Caucasus, eastern Asia Minor, and parts of western Central Asia and northwestern South Asia. These include works attested from as early as the 6th century BC. Modern Iranian literatures include Persian literature, Ossetian literature, Kurdish literature, Pashto literature, and Balochi literature, among others.
Fars territory or Ancient Persia in the southern part of Iran leading to the Persian Gulf, which has historical, continental, cultural and especially dialectal commonalities and includes the provinces of Khuzestan, Fars, Esfahan, Bushehr, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Hormozgan and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and the western part of Kerman Province, which is known as the origin of Persian language and inherited from Middle Persian. Which is still culturally and linguistically distinct to this day.
References
- ↑ Windfuhr, Gernot (15 December 1999). "FĀRS viii. Dialects". Encyclopaedia Iranica Online. New York: Columbia University. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
The Fārs dialects proper used to be locally referred to as Tājīkī in the sense of the Iranian-speaking settled, non-tribal populations...
- 1 2 SWindfuhr, Gernot. "FARROḴZĀD,FORŪḠ-ZAMĀN". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Columbia University. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 8 April 2009.
- 1 2 Salami, A., 1383 AP / 2004 AD. Ganjineye guyeššenâsiye Fârs (The treasury of the dialectology of Fars). First Volume, Academy of Persian Language and Literature. Archived 23 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 964-7531-32-X (in Persian)
- 1 2 Salami, A., 1384 AP / 2005 AD. Ganjineye guyeššenâsiye Fârs (The treasury of the dialectology of Fars). Second Volume, The academy of Persian language and literature. Archived 5 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 964-7531-39-7 (in Persian)
- 1 2 Salami, A., 1385 AP / 2006 AD. Ganjineye guyeššenâsiye Fârs (The treasury of the dialectology of Fars). Third Volume, The academy of Persian language and literature. Archived 26 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 964-7531-54-0 (in Persian)
- 1 2 Salami, A., 1386 AP / 2007 AD. Ganjineye guyeššenâsiye Fârs (The treasury of the dialectology of Fars). Fourth Volume, The academy of Persian language and literature. Archived 26 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978-964--7531-73-3 (in Persian)
- ↑ Payne, J.R. (1987). Bernard Comrie (ed.). The World's Major Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 514. ISBN 978-0-19-506511-4.