'
The Canterbury Association was formed in 1848 in England by members of parliament, peers, and Anglican church leaders, to establish a colony in New Zealand. The settlement was to be called Canterbury, with its capital to be known as Christchurch. Organised emigration started in 1850 and the colony was established on the South Island. The First Four Ships took out settlers steeped in the region's history. The Association was not a financial success for the founding members and the organisation was wound up in 1855.
The Association, founded in London on 27 March 1848, was incorporated by Royal Charter on 13 November 1849. The prime movers were Edward Gibbon Wakefield and John Robert Godley. Wakefield was heavily involved in the New Zealand Company, which had already established four other colonies in New Zealand (Wellington, Nelson, Petre and Otago) by that time. Wakefield approached Godley to help him establish a colony sponsored by the Church of England. John Sumner (the Archbishop of Canterbury) served as the President of the Association's Committee of Management, and the Committee itself included several other bishops and clergy, as well as members of the peerage and Members of Parliament. [1] At its first meeting the Association decided upon names. The settlement was to be called "Canterbury" (presumably after the Archbishop of Canterbury), and the seat of the settlement was "Christchurch" (after the Oxford college Christ Church, at which Godley had studied).
The Association re-targeted its planned settlement from the Wairarapa to the Banks Peninsula hinterland, [2] where it arranged to buy land from the New Zealand Company for 10 shillings per acre (4,000 m2). The Association then sold the land to its colonists for £3 per acre, reserving the rest, the additional £2 10s, for use in "public objects such as emigration, roads, and Church and school endowments" (20 shillings = £1). The provision of funds for emigration allowed the Association to offer assisted passages to members of the working classes with desirable skills for the new colony. A poster advertising the assisted passages specifically mentions "Gardeners, Shep[herd]s, Farm Servants, Labourers and Country Mechanics". The religious nature of the colony shows in the same poster's requirement that the clergyman of their parish should vouch for applicants, and in the specific earmarking of some of the proceeds from land sales for church endowments. [3]
Godley (with his family) went out to New Zealand in early 1850 to oversee the preparations for the settlement (surveying, roads, accommodation, etc.) already undertaken by a large team of men under the direction of Captain Joseph Thomas. These preparations were advanced, but incomplete when the first ships of settlers arrived on 16 December 1850 – Godley halted them shortly after his arrival in April due to the mounting debts of the Association. Lord Lyttelton, Sir John Simeon, 3rd Baronet, Edward Gibbon Wakefield, and Lord Richard Cavendish guaranteed £15,000 to the Association, which saved it from financial collapse. [4]
In 1852, the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, which amongst other things established provincial councils. The Constitution contained specific provisions for the Canterbury Association; the first being that the new General Assembly (New Zealand Parliament) could not amend the legislation establishing the Canterbury Association, [5] the second being that the Canterbury Association could hand its powers to a newly established provincial government (the Canterbury Province). [6]
As a result, affairs of the Canterbury Association were wound up in 1855 and outstanding settlement lands were handed over to the Canterbury Province. [7]
Charlotte Jane and Randolph arrived in Lyttelton Harbour on 16 December 1850, Sir George Seymour the following day, and Cressy on 27 December, having set sail from England in September 1850. The British press dubbed the settlers on these first four ships "Canterbury Pilgrims." A further 24 shiploads of Canterbury Association settlers, making a total of approximately 3,500, arrived over the next two-and-a-half years. [1]
Sources vary about the exact number of emigrant ships that the Canterbury Association sent to New Zealand. Some ships stopped at intermediate ports, either for repairs or because they had passengers for those ports. Ports such as Nelson or Wellington were also Ports of Entry, so immigrants might be recorded as arriving at that port before trans-shipping to Lyttelton (known as Port Victoria) and Canterbury. Shipping intelligence reported in the local newspapers of the time reported the ship's arrival but did not usually identify the commissioning organisation, only the port of origin or intended destination, the ship's master or captain, tonnage, and the date of arrival or departure. Cargo might also be reported. This means the ships on a particular list may depend on the inclusion criteria. Overall, these 28 ships listed below appear to be emigrant ships of the Canterbury Association. (In order of arrival.) [1] [8]
No. | Name | Arrival | Notes and references |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Charlotte Jane | 16 December 1850 am | [1] [8] |
2 | Randolph | 16 December 1850 pm | [1] [8] |
3 | Sir George Seymour | 17 December 1850 | [1] [8] |
4 | Cressy | 27 December 1850 | [1] [8] |
5 | Castle Eden | 17 February 1851 | [1] [8] |
6 | Isabella Hercus ' | 1 March 1851 | [1] [8] |
7 | Travancore | 31 March 1851 | [1] [8] |
8 | Duke of Bronte | 6 June 1851 | [1] [8] |
9 | Steadfast | 9 June 1851 | [1] [8] |
10 | Labuan | 14 August 1851 | [1] [8] |
11 | Dominion | 18 August 1851 | [1] [8] |
12 | Bangalore | 21 August 1851 | [1] [8] |
13 | Duke of Portland | 26 September 1851 | first voyage [9] Other sources might disagree on date of arrival. [1] [8] |
14 | Lady Nugent | 18 September 1851 | [1] [8] |
15 | Midlothian | 8 October 1851 | [1] [8] |
16 | Canterbury | 21 October 1851 | [1] [8] |
17 | Sir George Pollock | 10 November 1851 | [1] [8] |
18 | Cornwall | 8 December 1851 | [1] [8] |
19 | Fatima | 27 December 1851 | [1] [8] |
20 | Columbus | 19 January 1852 | via Nelson and Wellington [10] Other sources might disagree on date of arrival. [1] |
21 | William Hyde | 5 February 1852 | [1] [8] |
22 | Stag | 17 May 1852 | [1] [8] |
23 | Samarang | 31 July 1852 | [1] [8] |
24 | Persia | 21 September 1852 | via Nelson and Wellington [11] [1] |
25 (13) | Duke of Portland | 21 October 1852 | second voyage [12] Other sources might disagree on date of arrival. [1] [8] |
26 | Minerva | 2 February 1853 | [1] [8] |
27 | Tasmania | 16 March 1853 | [1] [8] |
28 | Hampshire | 6 May 1853 | [1] [8] |
Randolph was a 664-ton ship-rigged merchant vessel constructed in 1849 in Sunderland. She was one of the First Four Ships that brought settlers to Christchurch, New Zealand.
Edward Jerningham Wakefield, known as Jerningham Wakefield, was the only son of Edward Gibbon Wakefield. As such, he was closely associated with his father's interest in colonisation. He worked for the New Zealand Company and later was a member of the Canterbury Association. He was active as a politician in New Zealand, both at national and provincial level, but became an alcoholic and died penniless in an old people's home.
James Edward FitzGerald was a New Zealand politician. According to some historians, he should be considered the country's first premier, although a more conventional view is that neither he nor his successor should properly be given that title. He was a notable campaigner for New Zealand self-governance. He was the first Superintendent of the Canterbury Province.
Dingley Askham Brittin (1823–1881) was an English solicitor. He spent three years in New Zealand as a runholder and during that time, he represented the Christchurch Country electorate in the New Zealand House of Representatives for one term.
The Bridle Path is a steep shared-use track that traverses the northern rim of the Lyttelton volcano connecting the port of Lyttelton with the city of Christchurch in the South Island of New Zealand. It is a popular walking and mountain biking route. The track ascends from the port itself to a height of 333 metres (1,093 ft) before descending again via Heathcote Valley to Christchurch. At the summit, next to the Summit Road, is a stone shelter with covered seats that is a 1940 New Zealand centennial memorial to the Pioneer Women of Canterbury. There are also seven commemorative stone seats placed along the Bridle Path; most of these were built for the 1950 Canterbury centenary celebrations.
Charlotte Jane was one of the First Four Ships in 1850 to carry emigrants from England to the new colony of Canterbury in New Zealand.
John Robert Godley was an Anglo-Irish statesman and bureaucrat. Godley is considered to be the founder of Canterbury, New Zealand, although he lived there for only two years.
Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō is a major inlet on the northwest side of Banks Peninsula, on the coast of Canterbury, New Zealand; the other major inlet is Akaroa Harbour, which enters from the southern side of the peninsula. Whakaraupō enters from the northern coast of the peninsula, heading in a predominantly westerly direction for approximately 15 km (9.3 mi) from its mouth to the aptly-named Head of the Bay near Teddington. The harbour sits in an eroded caldera of the ancient Banks Peninsula Volcano, the steep sides of which form the Port Hills on its northern shore.
The First Four Ships refers to the four sailing vessels chartered by the Canterbury Association which left Plymouth, England, in September 1850 to transport the first English settlers to new homes in Canterbury, New Zealand. The colonists or settlers who arrived on the first four ships are known as the Canterbury Pilgrims.
James Townsend was an English wine merchant, who in later life was a pioneer settler in New Zealand's South Island. He was also an amateur cricketer.
Crosbie Ward was a 19th-century member of parliament in New Zealand.
Isaac Thomas Cookson was a 19th-century Member of Parliament in Canterbury, New Zealand. He was a prominent merchant in early Canterbury.
Doctor William Chapman. He was born at Headlam Hall, Durham, the second son of John Chapman Esq. and his wife Mary Chapman of Alwent Hall in the County of Durham. As a young man, he went to London to train as a medical practitioner. At the age of 30 he married Sarah Lisgo of Durham and they had three sons and four daughters. At an early stage in his life he recognised the necessity for scenic reserves and recreational areas in London and he was appointed a Director of the Kew Botanical Gardens. Later he was instrumental in planting the willows along the Avon River in Christchurch, New Zealand. He was a member of the Royal College of Surgeons.
The Godley Statue is a bronze statue situated in Cathedral Square in Christchurch, New Zealand. It commemorates the "Founder of Canterbury" John Robert Godley. It was the first statue portraying a person in New Zealand. The statue fell off its plinth in the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake and time capsules were discovered inside the plinth. It was four years before the statue was returned to its position.
Charlotte Godley was a New Zealand letter-writer and community leader.
Captain Joseph Thomas (1803–?) was a British explorer and the chief surveyor for Lyttelton, Sumner and Christchurch in New Zealand. He took up surveying after service in the British army, gaining the rank of lieutenant. In the 1840s, he explored many parts of New Zealand and worked for the New Zealand Company. This gained him employment with the Canterbury Association, which sent him to New Zealand in 1848. Thomas' role was to find a suitable site for their proposed settlement, and what became the Canterbury region with Christchurch as its capital was the result of his efforts. He was dismissed in early 1851 over quarrels with John Robert Godley, the agent of the Canterbury Association, just after the first settlers had arrived in the colony. Thomas' life after 1853 is unknown. Having allowed for Hagley Park as a generous central city green space is regarded as his major achievement, and it is his lasting legacy.
Captain Charles Simeon was one of the members of the Canterbury Association who emigrated to Canterbury in New Zealand in 1851. The family spent four years in the colony and during this time, he held various important posts and positions. He returned to England in 1855. He was devoted to the Anglican church and three of his sons became priests, while two of his daughters married priests.
Henry John Le Cren was a New Zealand merchant. Born in London, he was an early settler in Lyttelton and traded both in the port town and central Christchurch. He moved to Timaru in 1858 and is regarded as one of the town's pioneers. Companies owned by him or his eldest son are predecessors to the New Zealand agricultural supply business PGG Wrightson.
Mary Townsend was an artist and an early English settler in Canterbury, New Zealand.
The Canterbury Pioneer Women's Memorial commemorates the pioneer women of Canterbury in New Zealand. After arrival by sea in Lyttelton Harbour, early settlers had to cross the Port Hills via the Bridle Path to reach Christchurch or the Canterbury Plains. The memorial was unveiled at the summit of the Bridle Path in 1940, 90 years after the First Four Ships had arrived in Lyttelton. The impetus for having a memorial was for Christchurch to have a contribution for the New Zealand centennial commemorating the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. Hence, the Canterbury Pioneer Women's Memorial commemorates two events that happened ten years apart.
[...] Lord Grey consented to instruct the Governor to procure for the Association about a million acres, at or near the Wairarapa Plains if possible. Meanwhile the Governor had acquired the land between Nelson and Otago for £2000, and it was in part of this district that the Canterbury settlement was eventually formed.
Arrived. ... September 26, ship Duke of Portland, 533 tons, Cubitt, from London 11th, and Portsmouth 18th June, with 13 Chief Cabin, 16 Intermediate, and 122 Steerage passengers. ... Imports ... In the Duke of Portland: 50 tons coals, 150 cases Geneva, 24 hhds beer, 5 brls oatmeal, 75 do. flour, 1 hhd refined sugar, 5 bags coffee, 24 barrels raisins, 5 barrels currants, 1 case tea, 1 bag coffee, 1 case currants, 2 qr casks brandy, 8 boxes soap, 1 case candles, 6 hhds 6 half do vinegar, order; and a number of cases of merchandise, &c.
Arrived. ... Jan. 19, barque Columbus, 468 tons, Holton, from London, via Nelson and Wellington. Passengers, Mr. and Mrs. Hornbrook and children, and 15 in the steerage. ...
Arrived. September 21, ship Persia, 669 tons, Broadfoot, from London, via Nelson and Wellington. Passengers, Hon. J. Stuart Wortley, Major and Mrs. O'Connell and family, Messrs. V."b. Rhodes Hutchinson, J. King, Sanders, Walker and Flyger. ... Imports. In the Persia, —part of original cargo from London.
October 21 ... Same day, ship Duke of Portland, 533 tons, Alexander, from London. Passengers, Mr. and Mrs. Croft, Captain and Mrs. Harvey, Rev. C. and Mrs. Mackie, Miss Ann Mackie, Miss Eliza Mackie, Mr. Charles N. Mackie, Master Mackie, Mr. and Mrs. Marsac, Miss Lister, Misses Hunter (2), Miss Stanton, Messrs. Whish, Fendall, Hooper, Quin, Abbott, and Stutfield. In the Second Cabin,—Mr. and Mrs. Swinbourne, Mr. and Mrs. Snelling, Mr. and Mrs. Fremlin and 2 children, Miss A. Roworth, Miss E. Smith, Miss Moss, Messrs. Bridger, E. Harman and Beechey, and 70 in the Steerage. ... Imports ... In the Duke of Portland,— 13 casks brandy, 70 hhds. 10 barrels beer, 25 boxes soap, 78 packages; 45 casks, 89 cases, 3 carts, and 3 pair wheels, and sundries, Order.