Bullet hit squib

Last updated

Demonstration of bullet hit squibs on a jacket showing the right squib detonating first, then the left. The squibs explode, followed by a puff of smoke and fake blood, and a laminar stream ensues. The jacket's bullet holes are pre-cut rather than weakened to allow for reuse in additional takes. Blood squib demonstration.jpg
Demonstration of bullet hit squibs on a jacket showing the right squib detonating first, then the left. The squibs explode, followed by a puff of smoke and fake blood, and a laminar stream ensues. The jacket's bullet holes are pre-cut rather than weakened to allow for reuse in additional takes.

A bullet hit squib or a blood squib is a practical, pyrotechnic special effect device mainly used to simulate the appearance of a person being shot and wounded in the film industry, stage performances [1] and even in first responder moulage training. [2] [3] [4] This is achieved by remotely detonating a small explosive, blowing open a pre-scored hole on the actor's clothing and bursting a fake blood packet, creating an aesthetic that filmmakers and audiences alike have become accustomed to associating with a gunshot wound. [5]

Contents

The device comprises a squib (a small, tablet-shaped, firecracker-like explosive) with an integrated igniter or glow wire, [6] a pack of simulant (often fake blood), a protective shield and padding attached to the actor's costume. It is connected to a battery and a remote, allowing the squib to be triggered by the actor or a crew member. [5]

The effect is usually carried out with clothing instead of on bare skin in order to conceal the device. While the portrayal is not necessarily accurate or is exaggerated compared to real-life [7] (in the main figure, bullet holes are blown outwards and blood projects through the fabric), it is nevertheless a useful tool to create a dramatic scene.

Historical context, usage and development

A puff of gray smoke blasts from a small squib hit explosive in actor, Thomas Mitchell's fake 'death' in Bataan (1943). Bullet hit squib Bataan 1943.png
A puff of gray smoke blasts from a small squib hit explosive in actor, Thomas Mitchell's fake 'death' in Bataan (1943).

From early to modern day use

Bullet hit squibs were first used in the film industry as early as 1943 in Bataan [8] and 1955 in Pokolenie , [9] with the latter using fake blood added in a condom and a squib, a technique still widely in use today. The use of squibs in filmmaking has become a widely accepted and well-established technique for creating convincing and realistic depictions of violence. This approach has been used in many classic films such as The Matrix (1999), Goodfellas (1990), and The Terminator (1984).

Despite advances in digital effects, practical squibs are still widely used due to their ability to produce authentic, in-camera effects that enhance the overall atmosphere and intensity of a scene. [10] While CGI can be employed to augment or replace squib effects in certain situations, the physicality and immediacy of practical squibs continue to make them a valuable tool in special effects for film and television.

The earliest patent related to the manufacturing and chemical composition of bullet hit squibs was submitted in 1991. [11] Since then, from the 2000s, a number of notable design or manufacturing features have been patented. Advancements include specific methods and chemical compositions to manufacture the squibs themselves, such as without heavy metals; [6] [12] [13] a wearable, reusable pneumatic system that eliminates the need for explosives by using compressed air to expel fake blood through a small outlet. [14] Another design incorporates traditional squibs but is pre-manufactured and nearly fully assembled, reducing on-set assembly time. [15] [16] This standardised design, however, limits customisation in terms of blood volume, spray pattern, etc.

Device and costume preparation and implementation

In film productions, multiple crew members, including pyrotechnicians [17] and costume designers, work together to create realistic blood squib effects. Pyrotechnicians are responsible for building the squibs, while costume designers prepare multiple identical outfits for the actors. [18] Collaboration among writers, directors, producers, and actors is essential for determining the number and placement of squibs, as well as costume design. Depending on the budget, productions may use between three and six, or even eight costumes to accommodate various takes, camera angles, out of sequence filming, dress rehearsals, backups and tests. [19] [20] [21] This can become costly, especially for low-budget filmmakers, leading to trade-offs between the number of character deaths, takes (i.e. costume duplicates), and the number of squibs (i.e. multiple hits) used.

Bullet hit squib device

The actual squib used in movies is a flat, disc-shaped explosive about 0.5–2 mm thick and weighing between 2–384 mg, [22] with the most common variants at 0.5 and 1.0 grain (33 to 65 mg) of high explosive. For comparison, a low explosive party popper is approximately 0.25 grains (15 mg), and a small firecracker is about 2.5 grains (150 mg). These squibs are used to create both entry and exit wounds, [23] often accompanied by 10-30 ml of fake blood, depending on the fabric's absorbency and the desired visual aesthetic.

The assembled blood squib device is designed with a low profile to minimise bulge through the costume. Fake blood is typically filled in a small balloon, packet, or condom placed on the squib, followed by a grooved protective plate and padding. [24] [19] The assembly is secured with duct tape, leaving a small front window for the simulant to burst through. Various simulants, such as fake blood, water (rehearsals), [25] glycerine (night scenes), [26] or dry substances like dust [27] and feathers (gunshot aesthetic on a down jacket), [28] are used depending on the desired effect. [5] Solid material can also be mixed with liquid simulants, such as cotton or meat, to provide solid texture to the visual effect. [5] A bullet hit squib assembly weighs approximately 50 g, measuring 100x50 mm in length and width and 25 mm thick. Aligning the bottom half of the blood packet with the squib produces an aerosolised burst followed by a stream of fake blood. [29]

Costume considerations for blood squib effects

Behind-the-scenes look of an actor wearing scrubs as the stunt costume for a movie with six blown open "bullet holes" and fake blood stains. Bullet hit squibs on wardrobe (scrubs, after).jpg
Behind-the-scenes look of an actor wearing scrubs as the stunt costume for a movie with six blown open "bullet holes" and fake blood stains.

Stage clothes modified for actors playing characters killed on screen are modified to conceal special effects equipment such as squibs and wiring. [5] When preparing these costumes, considerations include script and scene requirements, how easily squibs can be integrated, aesthetics, lighting conditions and budget constraints. As a result, they play an important role as a figurative canvas, portraying violence and death through bursts of blood, frayed bullet holes and the stains. [30] For gunshot wounds depicted on bare skin, prosthetics may be used instead. Several "distress doubles" or "stunt" costumes with pre-scored bullet holes are usually prepared for main characters to accommodate multiple takes and camera angles. These copies may be a size or two larger to cover for the additional equipment and padding. [21] Additionally, a "hero" costume is used for earlier scenes and close-ups without squibs.

Preparation and integration

Squibs are discreetly integrated into costumes to minimise visibility on screen. The fabric is weakened using techniques such as cutting, [17] sanding, [19] scoring, [31] grating [32] or plunging a scoring tool [33] producing a crosshatch pattern, [21] often required by health and safety legislation and loosely glued or taped back together. Small incisions in the fabric without actually cutting through it can reduce the visibility of scoring marks. [21] Squib placement is kept consistent across all stunt costumes. To ensure that the fake blood is propelled outwards, squibs are aligned with precut bullet holes and securely attached. They are connected to a wired or wireless trigger, power source, and sometimes a programmable controller for synchronisation. The electronics can be placed within the costume or off-camera. Test fires and rehearsals are performed to check for faults and to make adjustments to timing or the amount of fake blood as needed.

While most outfits can only be used once due to the destructive nature of squibs on the material, [34] jackets (e.g. waterproof, parka and down) and other durable clothing may be reused if the bullet holes are crosshatched in well-defined, clean-looking cuts. [21] These garments can be wiped clean and reset for additional takes. Other advantages include their ability to conceal devices, provide additional padding, support multiple squibs and be easily worn and removed, thereby minimising the risk of accidental premature rupturing. The main disadvantage of reusing jackets is that the reset requires more time between takes. Stronger fabrics may require more significant weakening or the use of a more powerful squib to ensure the bullet hole can be blown open, otherwise the squib may not rip up the fabric at all or in such a way that does not resemble a bullet hole. [21]

During filming

Depending on the availability of hero and stunt costumes, the scene's length and the actor's comfort, the prepared outfit may be worn just before the shot, throughout a scene, or even for the entire day. [35] However, it is advisable to minimise the time spent in the stunt costume to avoid accidental damage to the squibs, such as sitting against a chair with back squibs or spilling liquids that could affect the costume or the equipment.

Once a take is successful, the wardrobe department photographs the "aftermath" to maintain continuity and prepares for the next take, scene, or clean up, [36] [37] or saves them for reshoots. [21] In some cases, bullet holes may be enhanced for subsequent scenes. Costumes modified with squibs are not usually returned to the costume shop due to the irreversible damage caused by the pre-scoring on the fabric and the modifications inside.

Post-production

In post-production, techniques are often used to minimise the visibility of squibs and fabric scoring. Footage may be cut just before the squibs are triggered, or the use of digital editing tools such as reference frames and content-aware fill are also possible to some extent. [38] Additionally, sound design further enhances the impact of gunshot effects.

Production costs for bullet hit squibs

The making of bullet hit squib effects involves several expenses, including raw materials, labour, permits, and costumes. The primary component, squibs, generally cost between $20 to $60 each. [39] [40] Fully assembled devices – including fake blood, plastic packets, duct tape, wiring, and protective shields – can cost around $150. [41] Preparing approximately 100 squibs for a shoot can require 10–20 minutes per unit, [16] an entire day for assembly and another day for costume setup, typically overseen by specialised pyrotechnicians who manage setup, testing, and detonation during filming.

Costumes are another significant budget factor, especially with multiple outfits required to accommodate retakes. [21] For example, for a winter shootout scene, a character's jacket might cost around $500 each, with one reserved as the hero costume, three for the stunt, [21] one for testing, [19] and another for dress rehearsal, totalling an estimated wardrobe budget of $3,000. For a scene where six squibs are integrated across five costume duplicates, approximately 30 squibs would cost around $4,500, bringing the material costs alone for this stunt to approximately $7,500. In certain cases, selecting a more powerful squib (such as D80-1 instead of D80-¼ or D80-½) allows costumes to remain undamaged by omitting the pre-scoring step, enabling unused costumes to be retained by the actor or refunded after filming. [21]

Labour costs, including hiring technicians and obtaining location-based permits, further contribute to the budget. Rehearsals are often conducted to minimise reset duration between takes. The underlying cost of one take with ten squibs is approximately $7,000 to $40,000 on set, excluding director, cinematography and talent. [16]

Health and safety considerations

Safety protocols and permit requirements

The production company is responsible for ensuring safety when using firearms, explosives, and squibs on film sets. Special permits to notify local authorities are needed for squib use – specifying the number of takes, number of squibs per take, types of squibs and distance from talent. Only licensed technicians may handle explosives, and strict safety measures, including personal protective equipment, must be observed. Incidents, including misfires or injuries, are documented and response protocols in place. [42] [43] [44]

Technician qualification

The handling of squibs is restricted to trained professionals, usually those with a T2 pyrotechnics licence. [45] Squib device assembly, however, is often learnt on the job, leading to variations in production and safety methods among technicians. There have been reported cases of ad-hoc squib manufacturing, even in professional settings, causing injuries due to inconsistencies in construction or inadequate safety measures. [46]

Personal protective equipment and risk management

The actor shows and points at one of the blood squibs on his chest and checks that it is securely attached to the jacket. An actor shows a bullet hit squib embedded in his jacket 2.jpg
The actor shows and points at one of the blood squibs on his chest and checks that it is securely attached to the jacket.

Like conducting fireworks, shooting a scene with blood squibs starts with a thorough risk assessment to identify hazards, such as the squib placement on actors, environmental risks such as weather, location and crowd in a public space, and risk mitigation emergency protocols such as misfires, medical plan, PPEs and emergency stop mechanisms are in place.

To protect the actor from the blast of the squib, a lipped shield made of metal or dense plastic with soft padding is typically used as the base of the squib device. Prescoring the costume and consistent alignment of the squib and hole minimise the explosive force needed. [5]

During blocking, squibs are inspected to confirm they are still securely attached, and circuits are rechecked. Safety instructions and timing of squib explosions are informed to ensure the actor is comfortable with the stunt. [17] The actor is also required to wear personal protective equipment such as ear protection (and if possible eye protection), avoid looking at the squibs and keep arms away [35] [5] during the stunt. Additionally, safety protocols dictate that other cast and crew members maintain a minimum distance of 0.5 to 2.5 meters from the squibs, depending on the size of the charge. [47]

A two-step ignition process is often used, controlled by both the actor and the crew to prevent accidental triggering. It typically involves two separate actions to arm and fire the squib. For example, the first step might arm the device by connecting the power, while the second step would trigger the squib. This setup ensures the squibs are detonated only when both steps are intentionally completed. [21]

The squibs are typically detonated on a specific cue, such as a line in the script, a countdown, or a particular location in the scene by the actor or an off-camera crew. The actor reacts to the detonations to complete the shot. After each take, technicians check for potential misfires. Fake blood spilling on the ground can become a slip hazard. Careful manufacturing and strategic planning with multiple camera angles can reduce the need for repeated takes, minimising the actor's exposure to the squibs. A dedicated safety officer is often present to oversee the stunt and communicate between personnel. Any issues that occurred are documented, shared feedback and improvements for future setups are identified.

Lead exposure

On film sets, the use of blank ammunition and squibs can release harmful chemicals, including lead styphnate and lead azide, [22] posing significant health risks. Lead particles from squibs have been found to exceed EPA and occupational safety standards by more than 500 times in an enclosed space, potentially affecting actors, crew members, and stunt performers. [48] While some productions have moved to safer alternatives like pneumatics or digital effects, commonly used squibs, such as the D-60 and D-80 series made by De La Mare, still contain lead, contributing to ongoing health concerns in the industry. [48] Due to these associated risks and concerns, lead-free alternatives [49] with, for example, silver azide, are emerging, which also enables a "better picture" due to less smoke produced, faster detonation flash and higher detonation pressure. [6]

Alternative practical bullet hit devices

Compressed air bullet hits with multiple tubing and spray nozzles beneath the actor's t-shirt. Under his t-shirt lurks an array of squibs... which explode to create blood effects of being shot... looked awesome!.jpg
Compressed air bullet hits with multiple tubing and spray nozzles beneath the actor's t-shirt.

Filmmakers with limited budgets can create a similar effect without squibs by using a fishing line attached to a washer glued onto a blood pack, pulled through a precut hole. [50] Alternatively, rocket igniters or electric matches can be employed. [51] However, these methods lack the initial burst from squibs and typically produce only a stream of blood.

More advanced methods using pneumatics (compressed air) [52] emerged in the 2010s, offering safer options without needing pyrotechnicians, thereby reducing costs. However, they are bulkier, heavier, harder to control, and less reliable [53] and not preferred for multiple bullet hits. [27] Despite not using explosives, they may still be erroneously referred to as "squibs." Initially developed from garden sprayers in the early 2000s, [54] these devices have been refined, [55] [56] but the resulting effect is less convincing with a jet of blood spray instead of an aerosol burst, and rigid tubing is difficult to conceal. If the pneumatic system is worn by the actor, the outlets need to be precisely aligned with the garment, as they do not blow a hole through the costume. [57] Alternatively, if it is built into the costume itself, multiple systems are required for each setup.

Miscellaneous

The record for the most squibs ever set off on a person is held by Mike Daugherty in 2005, on whom 157 out of 160 squibs successfully detonated. [58] [59] Approximately 130,000 squibs are used each year in the filming industry. [16]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Special effect</span> Illusions or tricks to change appearance

Special effects are illusions or visual tricks used in the theatre, film, television, video game, amusement park and simulator industries to simulate the imagined events in a story or virtual world. It is sometimes abbreviated as SFX, but this may also refer to sound effects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fireworks</span> Low explosive pyrotechnic devices for entertainment

Fireworks are low explosive pyrotechnic devices used for aesthetic and entertainment purposes. They are most commonly used in fireworks displays, combining a large number of devices in an outdoor setting. Such displays are the focal point of many cultural and religious celebrations, though mismanagement could lead to fireworks accidents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyrotechnics</span> Science of creating combustibles and explosives for entertainment

Pyrotechnics is the science and craft of creating such things as fireworks, safety matches, oxygen candles, explosive bolts and other fasteners, parts of automotive airbags, as well as gas-pressure blasting in mining, quarrying, and demolition. This trade relies upon self-contained and self-sustained exothermic chemical reactions to make heat, light, gas, smoke and/or sound. The name comes from the Greek words pyr ("fire") and tekhnikos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stunt</span> Unusual and difficult physical feat

A stunt is an unusual, difficult, dramatic physical feat that may require a special skill, performed for artistic purposes usually for a public audience, as on television or in theaters or cinema. Stunts are a feature of many action films. Before computer-generated imagery special effects, these depictions were limited to the use of models, false perspective and other in-camera effects, unless the creator could find someone willing to carry them out, even such dangerous acts as jumping from car to car in motion or hanging from the edge of a skyscraper: the stunt performer or stunt double.

Squib may refer to:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stunt performer</span> Person who performs stunts

A stunt performer, often called a stuntman or stuntwoman and occasionally stuntperson or stunt-person, is a trained professional who performs daring acts, often as a career. Stunt performers usually appear in films or on television, as opposed to a daredevil, who performs for a live audience. When they take the place of another actor, they are known as stunt doubles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Practical effect</span> Real-world (non-visual) special effect for cinema

A practical effect is a special effect produced physically, without computer-generated imagery or other post-production techniques. In some contexts, "special effect" is used as a synonym of "practical effect", in contrast to "visual effects" which are created in post-production through photographic manipulation or computer generation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prop</span> Movable object used by actors on a stage or set

A prop, formally known as a (theatrical) property, is an object actors use on stage or screen during a performance or screen production. In practical terms, a prop is considered to be anything movable or portable on a stage or a set, distinct from the actors, scenery, costumes, and electrical equipment. This includes handheld items such as books, cups, weapons, and tools that actors interact with during a performance. Props help to create a realistic setting, convey information, or add to the storytelling by showing details about the characters or the environment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blank (cartridge)</span> Firearms filler device that produces an explosion but does not fire a projectile

A blank is a firearm cartridge that, when fired, does not shoot a projectile like a bullet or pellet, but generates a muzzle flash and an explosive sound like a normal gunshot would. Firearms may need to be modified to allow a blank to cycle the action, and the shooter experiences less recoil with a blank than with a live round. Blanks are often used in prop guns for shooting simulations that have no need for ballistic results, but still demand light and sound effects, such as in historical reenactments, special effects for theatre, movie and television productions, combat training, for signaling, and cowboy mounted shooting. Specialised blank cartridges are also used for their propellant force in fields as varied as construction, shooting sports, and fishing and general recreation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squib (explosive)</span> Small explosive device

A squib is a miniature explosive device used in a wide range of industries, from special effects to military applications. It resembles a tiny stick of dynamite, both in appearance and construction, but has considerably less explosive power. A squib consists of two electrical leads separated by a plug of insulating material; a small bridge wire or electrical resistance heater; and a bead of heat-sensitive chemical composition, in which the bridge wire is embedded. They can be used to generate mechanical force to shatter or propel various materials; and for pyrotechnic effects for film and live theatrics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flash powder</span> Pyrotechnic mixture

Flash powder is a pyrotechnic composition, a mixture of oxidizer and metallic fuel, which burns quickly (deflagrates) and produces a loud noise regardless of confinement. It is widely used in theatrical pyrotechnics and fireworks and was once used for flashes in photography.

Stopping power is the ability of a weapon – typically a ranged weapon such as a firearm – to cause a target to be incapacitated or immobilized. Stopping power contrasts with lethality in that it pertains only to a weapon's ability to make the target cease action, regardless of whether or not death ultimately occurs. Which ammunition cartridges have the greatest stopping power is a much-debated topic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyrotechnician</span> People responsible for the safe storage, handling, and functionality of pyrotechnic devices

Pyrotechnicians are people who are responsible for the safe storage, handling, and functioning of pyrotechnics and pyrotechnic devices. Although the term is generally used in reference to individuals who operate pyrotechnics in the entertainment industry, it can include all individuals who regularly handle explosives. However, individuals who handle more powerful materials for commercial, demolition, or military applications are generally referred to as explosive technicians.

<i>Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular!</i> Amusement show at Walt Disney World

Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular! is a live amusement show at Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida. Based on the popular and successful Indiana Jones film franchise, it includes various stunts and live reenacted scenes from the series's first film, Raiders of the Lost Ark. It is executive produced by George Lucas and directed by Jerry Rees, with stunt coordination by Glenn Randall.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squib load</span> Firearm malfunction

A squib load, also known as a squib round, pop and no kick, or just a squib, is a firearm malfunction in which a fired projectile does not have enough force behind it to exit the barrel, and thus becomes stuck. This type of malfunction can be extremely dangerous, as failing to notice that the projectile has become stuck in the barrel may result in another round being fired directly into the obstructed barrel, resulting in a catastrophic failure of the weapon's structural integrity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Theatrical blood</span> Substitute for blood in a theatrical or cinematic performance

Theatrical blood, stage blood or fake blood is anything used as a substitute for blood in a theatrical or cinematic performance. For example, in the special effects industry, when a director needs to simulate an actor being shot or cut, a wide variety of chemicals and natural products can be used. The most common is red food coloring, often inside small balloons coupled with explosive devices called squibs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bodily mutilation in film</span> Methods of simulated injury

Bodily mutilation in film refers to practical effects implemented on a film set during production, in contrast to special effects, which are applied in post-production. The primary objective is to visually depict physical trauma endured by a character, aiming to elicit emotional responses from the audience and foster empathy towards the character. Bodily mutilation is most usually portrayed in the context of horror, but is also used in other genres, such as medical dramas or war films. It is used primarily either to shock or fascinate the audience of a film, or to add a sense of realism. Improved special effects in recent decades have seen an increase in the prevalence of bodily mutilation in film.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Special effects supervisor</span>

A special effects supervisor, also referred to as a special effects director, special effects coordinator or SFX supervisor, is an individual who works on a commercial, theater, television or film set creating special effects. They are generally the department head who defers to the film's director and/or producers, and who is in charge of the entire special effects team. Special effects include anything that is manually or mechanically manipulated. This may include the use of mechanized props, special effects makeup, props, scenery, scale models, pyrotechnics and atmospheric effects: creating physical wind, rain, fog, snow, clouds etc.

"Bullet Points" is the fourth episode of the fourth season of the American television drama series Breaking Bad, and the 37th overall episode of the series. It originally aired on AMC in the United States on August 7, 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dead-character costume</span> Stage clothing distressed for stunts

Stage clothes specially designed or modified for actors portraying characters killed on screen or stage are used to depict gunshot or stab wounds, damage and the visual aftermath of violence. They are prepared by integrating special effect devices such as blood squibs or prosthetics. Despite the character being "killed" only once on-screen, multiple identical costumes are typically used for several takes and scenes to ensure consistency and continuity, as the irreversible damage caused by squibs or blood effects limit their reusability. They are sent to separate costume racks and disposed of afterwards, unlike other clothing articles that may return to the costume shop. These costumes serve as a metaphorical canvas to portray injury and death without the need for digital post-production effects and help filmmakers tell impactful, dramatic or even comedic stories.

References

  1. ↑ "FCFX". www.fantasycreationsfx.com. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
  2. ↑ Baily, Lance (17 June 2014). "Theatrical Blood Effects Part 4 – From MilitaryMoulage.com | HealthySimulation.com" . Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  3. ↑ Robinson, Barry M. "Casualty Simulation Techniques" (PDF). www.vdh.virginia.gov. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  4. ↑ "Active-Shooter and Active-Harmer Simulations | Emergency Safety Training". Monster Makeup FX. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rickitt, Richard (2007). Special Effects: The History and Technique. Billboard Books. ISBN   978-0-8230-8408-1.
  6. 1 2 3 US11359894B2,Nefzer, Gerd; Nefzer, Ulrich& Preußing, Marcus,"Bullet hit squib and method for manufacturing",issued 2022-06-14
  7. ↑ Hafertepen, Stephen C.; Davis, James W.; Townsend, Ricard N.; Sue, Lawrence P.; Kaups, Krista L.; Cagle, Kathleen M. (July 2015). "Myths and Misinformation About Gunshot Wounds may Adversely Affect Proper Treatment" (PDF). World Journal of Surgery. 39 (7): 1840–1847. doi:10.1007/s00268-015-3004-x. ISSN   0364-2313. PMID   25665679. S2CID   206947932.
  8. 1 2 Bender, Stuart Marshall (1 January 2014). "Blood Splats and Bodily Collapse: Reported Realism and the Perception of Violence in Combat Films and Video Games". Projections. 8 (2): 1–25. doi:10.3167/proj.2014.080202. hdl: 20.500.11937/3029 . ISSN   1934-9688.
  9. ↑ "Pokolenie". Gazeta Wyborcza. 2008. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012.
  10. ↑ Short, Dan; Badger, P. (1 June 2013). "The Chemistry behind Special Effects in Film and Television". The School Science Review. 94 (394): 70–75. S2CID   172780130.
  11. ↑ RU2009443C1,Гусев, В. В.; Людвигов, В. Ф.& Канашин, С. П.et al.,"Pyrotechnical device for bullet-hitting-obstacle simulation",issued 1994-03-15
  12. ↑ RU2462684C1,Локшин (RU), Глеб Владимирович&Локшин, Глеб Владимирович,"Pyrotechnic devices to simulate attack of projectile to target (versions)",issued 2012-09-27
  13. ↑ RU2402740C1,Локшин (RU), Глеб Владимирович&Локшин, Глеб Владимирович,"Device for imitation of bullet hitting against obstacle",issued 2010-10-27
  14. ↑ US20080070476A1,Warshaw, Waldo Ottoman,"Pneumatic blood-hit effect",issued 2008-03-20
  15. ↑ WO2015081447A1,TESTA, Martin Timothy,"Device for a special effect explosion or burst",issued 2015-06-11
  16. 1 2 3 4 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. "Direct Hit Rapid Reload".
  17. 1 2 3 Special effect pyrotechnics manual (Edition 3, 2014 ed.). [Ottawa]: Natural Resources Canada. 2014. ISBN   978-1-100-23070-2. OCLC   901995371.
  18. ↑ Nirode, Vanessa (16 March 2018). "The Afterlife of Movie Wardrobes". Racked. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Kawin, Bruce F. (1992). How movies work. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 358. ISBN   0-520-07696-6. OCLC   23976303.
  20. ↑ Irving, David K.; Rea, Peter W. (20 March 2013). Producing and Directing the Short Film and Video. CRC Press. p. 132. ISBN   978-1-136-04834-0.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Cole, Holly; Burke, Kristin (2005). Costuming for Film: The Art and the Craft. Silman-James Press. p. 153. ISBN   978-1-879505-80-3.
  22. 1 2 DE10164381B4,Köhler, Josef,"Low-signature and low-emission, pyrotechnic presentation body",issued 2005-06-23
  23. ↑ "Rapid Reload Bullet Hit SPFX Squib Kit BFH". Direct Hit FX. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  24. ↑ Grossman, Andrew. "Bleeding Realism Dry". Bright Lights Film Journal. p. 2.
  25. ↑ Duerr, Seth; Kirby, Jared (2021). Staging Shakespeare's Violence: My Cue to Fight: Domestic Fury. Pen and Sword History. p. 276. ISBN   978-1526762436.
  26. ↑ "Rapid Reload Direct Hit" . Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  27. 1 2 "HitFX Theatrical Squib & Bullet Hit Effects – Film & TV". www.bloodystuff.co.uk. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  28. ↑ Shields, Meg (25 July 2023). "A Brief, Bloody History of How Gunshot Squibs Work". Film School Rejects. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  29. ↑ Slow Motion Frontal Close-up of Stock Footage Video (100% Royalty-free) 1015632676 | Shutterstock, 29 August 2018, retrieved 20 October 2021
  30. ↑ "Analysis of the Role of Costume Design in Shaping the Characters of Film and Television". Frontiers in Art Research. 5 (6). 2023. doi:10.25236/FAR.2023.050611.
  31. ↑ "The Hit Kit – Bullet Hit Squib Kit for Professional Pyrotechnicians". Roger George Special Effects. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  32. ↑ "How to blow up a car (in the movies)". BBC News. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  33. ↑ "The Hit Kit Stippler - Fabric Punch". Roger George Special Effects. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  34. ↑ "Einschüsse - SFX Department Berlin Special Effects GmbH" (in German). Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  35. 1 2 Gill, Liz (2012). Running the Show: The Essential Guide to Being a First Assistant Director. Taylor & Francis. p. 72. ISBN   9780240821467.
  36. ↑ Brouwer, Alexandra; Wright, Thomas Lee (1990). Working in Hollywood. Crown Publishers. ISBN   978-0-517-57401-0.
  37. ↑ "Body Hits / Squibs". www.dsfx.dk. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  38. ↑ Gallina, Michelle. "Java Post Adds to its Invisible Effects Toolbox with Content-Aware Fill in Adobe After Effects". Adobe Blog. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  39. ↑ "Pricelist". Wells Fireworks. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  40. ↑ "Squib FL 1/2G – Hummig Effects Shop" (in German). Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  41. ↑ "Stunt Lab | Workshops at Shoreline Studios". Shoreline Studios. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  42. ↑ "Plan Your Shoot". City of Toronto. 7 August 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
  43. ↑ LOS ANGELES FIRE DEPARTMENT (March 2017). "SPECIAL EFFECTS PERMIT REQUEST" (PDF).
  44. ↑ "Dangerous Filming & SPFX Application" (PDF). October 2024.
  45. ↑ "What is the new CE Directive for pyrotechnics and the T1 and T2 categories? | Le Maitre UK". lemaitreltd.com. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
  46. ↑ Parker, Ryan (14 July 2017). "'RoboCop' Actor's X-Rated Death Wasn't Gory Enough For Paul Verhoeven". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
  47. ↑ Josef Köhler GmbH (May 2017). "Instructions for the use of pyrotechnic devices Film effect squibs (Bullet Hits) of the FL-, FL-G- and CL-G Series" (PDF).
  48. 1 2 "A toxic chemical lurks on film sets. Is it poisoning the crews?". Los Angeles Times. 10 May 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
  49. ↑ "Lead Free Squibs & Bullet Hits for the Film and Television Industry | Sterling Pyrotechnics". sterlingpyrotechnics.com. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
  50. ↑ Blood-Squirting Gunshot Effect : BFX, 12 June 2007, retrieved 10 October 2021
  51. ↑ "Dre's Page - Movies". www.postnukecomic.com. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  52. ↑ "Tolin FX" . Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  53. ↑ "The Little Squib that Couldn't Splatter Blood". The Black and Blue. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  54. ↑ Exposure.co.uk (20 July 2000). "Blood & Bullets for No-Budget movies". Archived from the original on 28 April 2001.
  55. ↑ Videos, KipkayKipkay. "Hollywood Gunshot Blood Effect!". Instructables. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  56. ↑ MEDIA, REFOCUSED. "How to Make DIY Squibs". REFOCUSED MEDIA. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  57. ↑ Inouye, Kevin (2014). The theatrical firearms handbook. Internet Archive. Burlington, MA : Focal Press. ISBN   978-0-415-73398-4.
  58. ↑ "Most explosives (squibs) on an individual". Guinness World Records. 11 April 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  59. ↑ Bullet Hit Guinness World Record, 20 February 2023, retrieved 6 April 2023
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.