Buddhist temples in Japan

Buddhist temples or monasteries are (along with Shinto shrines) the most numerous, famous, and important religious buildings in Japan. ^{[note 1]} The shogunates or leaders of Japan have made it a priority to update and rebuild Buddhist temples since the Momoyama period (late 16th century). ^[1] The Japanese word for a Buddhist monastery is tera (寺) (kun reading), and the same kanji also has the pronunciation ji (on reading), so temple names frequently end in -dera (voiced) or -ji. Another ending, -in (院), is normally used to refer to minor temples. Examples of temple names that have these suffixes are Kiyomizu-dera, Enryaku-ji and Kōtoku-in.

Contents

• Etymology
• Buddhist and Shinto structures
• Architecture
• General features
• Four great temples of the seventh century
• History
• Layout and geomantic positioning
• Common temple features
• Temple names 2
• Sangō 2
• Ingō
• Jigō
• Unofficial names
• Gallery
• See also
• Notes
• References
• Bibliography
• Further reading
• External links

Etymology

The Japanese word for a Buddhist temple, tera (寺), was anciently also written phonetically 天良, tera, and is cognate with the Modern Korean Chǒl from Middle Korean Tiel, the Jurchen Taira and the reconstructed Old Chinese ^*dɘiaʁ, all meaning "Buddhist monastery". ^[2] These words are apparently derived from the Aramaic word for "Monastery" dērā/ dairā/ dēr (from the root dwr "to live together"), rather than from the unrelated and later Indian word for monastery vihara , and may have been transmitted by the first Central Asian translators of Buddhist scriptures, such as An Shigao or Lokaksema. ^[2]

Buddhist and Shinto structures

In Japan, Buddhist temples co-exist with Shinto shrines and both share the basic features of Japanese traditional architecture. ^[3] Both torii and rōmon mark the entrance to a shrine, as well as to temples, although torii is associated with Shinto and rōmon with Buddhism. Some shrines, for example Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū, have a Buddhist-style main gate called sōmon . Many temples have a temizuya and komainu , like a shrine. Conversely, some shrines make use of incense or have a shōrō belltower. Others – for example, Tanzan Shrine in Nara – even have a pagoda. ^[4]

Similarities between temples and shrines are also functional. Like a shrine, a Buddhist temple is not primarily a place of worship: its most important buildings are used for the safekeeping of sacred objects (the honzon , equivalent to a shrine's shintai ) and are not accessible to worshipers. ^[3] Unlike a Christian church, a temple is also a monastery. There are specialized buildings for certain rites, but these are usually open only to a limited number of participants. Religious mass gatherings do not take place with regularity as with Christian religions and are in any event not held inside the temple. If many people are involved in a ceremony, it will assume a festive character and will be held outdoors. ^[3] The architectural elements of a Buddhist temple are meant to embody themes and teachings of Buddhism.

The reason for the great structural resemblances between the Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines lies in their common history. When Shintoism first encountered Buddhism it became more interpretive as it did not try to explain the universe as Buddhism sometimes tried to. ^[5] It is normal for a temple to have been also a shrine, and obvious architectural differences between the two are few, such that often only a specialist will notice them. ^[3] Many visitors to Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines go for similar reasons, such as prayer and for luck. ^[6] The two religions coexist due to increased popularity of religions and the birth of new religions.

Shrines enshrining local kami existed long before the arrival of Buddhism, but they consisted either of demarcated land areas with no building, or of temporary shrines, erected when needed. ^[7] With the arrival of Buddhism in Japan in the 6th century, shrines were subjected to its influence and adopted both the concept of permanent structures and the architecture of Buddhist temples. ^[7]

The successive development of shinbutsu-shūgō (syncretism of Buddhism and kami worship) and of the honji suijaku theory brought to the almost complete fusion of kami worship and Buddhism. ^[8] It became normal for shrines to be accompanied by temples in mixed complexes called jingū-ji (神宮寺, lit. shrine temple) or miyadera (宮寺, lit. shrine temple). ^{[note 2]} The opposite was also common: most temples had at least a small shrine dedicated to its tutelary kami and were therefore called jisha (寺社, temple shrines). The Meiji era eliminated most jingūji, but left jisha intact, such that even today most temples have at least one shrine, sometimes very large, on their premises, and the Buddhist goddess Benzaiten is often worshiped at Shinto shrines. ^{[note 3] [9]}

As a consequence, for centuries shrines and temples had a symbiotic relationship where each influenced the other. Shrines took from Buddhism its gates ( mon ), the use of a hall for lay worshipers, the use of vermilion-colored wood and more, while Chinese Buddhist architecture was adapted to Japanese tastes with more asymmetrical layouts, greater use of natural materials, and an adaptation of the monastery to the pre-existing natural environment. ^[10]

The clear separation between Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines, which today is the norm, emerges only as a result of the shinbutsu bunri ("separation of kami and Buddhas") law of 1868. This separation was mandated by law, and many shrine-temples were forced to become just shrines, among them famous ones like Usa Hachiman-gū and Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū.

Because mixing the two religions was now forbidden, jingūji had to give away some of their properties or dismantle some of their buildings, thus damaging the integrity of their cultural heritage and decreasing the historical and economic value of their properties. ^[11] For example, Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū's giant Niō (the two wooden wardens usually found at the sides of a temple's entrance), being objects of Buddhist worship and therefore illegal where they were, were sold to Jufuku-ji, where they still are. ^[12] The shrine-temple also had to destroy Buddhism-related buildings, for example its tahōtō , its midō and its shichidō garan . ^[11]

Architecture

General features

Buddhist architecture in Japan is not native, but imported from China and other Asian cultures over the centuries with such constancy that the building styles of all Six Dynasties are represented. Its history is, as a consequence, dominated by Chinese and other Asian techniques and styles (present even in Ise Shrine, held to be the quintessence of Japanese architecture) on one side, and by Japanese original variations on those themes on the other. ^[13]

Partly due also to the variety of climates in Japan and the millennium encompassed between the first cultural import and the last, the result is extremely heterogeneous, but several practically universal features can be found nonetheless. First of all is the choice of materials, always wood in various forms (planks, straw, tree bark, etc.) for almost all structures. Unlike both Western and some Chinese architecture, the use of stone is avoided except for certain specific uses, for example temple podia and pagoda foundations. ^[13]

The general structure is almost always the same: post and lintel support a large and gently curved roof, while the walls are paper-thin, often movable and in any case non-carrying. The post and lintel structure embodies the Axis Mundi of an iconic form of the Buddha that is typically represented in pagodas and Indian stupas. Arches and barrel roofs are completely absent. Gable and eave curves are gentler than in China and columnar entasis (convexity at the center) limited. ^[13]

The roof is the most visually impressive component, often constituting half the size of the whole edifice. ^[13] The slightly curved eaves extend far beyond the walls, covering verandas, and their weight must therefore be supported by complex bracket systems called tokyō . These oversize eaves give the interior a characteristic dimness, which contributes to the temple's atmosphere. The interior of the building normally consists of a single room at the center called moya , from which sometimes depart other less important spaces, for example corridors called hisashi.

Inner space divisions are fluid, and room size can be modified through the use of screens or movable paper walls. The large, single space offered by the main hall can therefore be altered according to the need. ^[13] The separation between inside and outside is itself in some measure not absolute as entire walls can be removed, opening the temple to visitors. Verandas appear to be part of the building to an outsider, but part of the external world to those in the temple. Structures are therefore made to a certain extent part of their environment. The use of construction modules keeps proportions between different parts of the edifice constant, preserving its overall harmony. ^[13] (On the subject of temple proportions, see also the article ken).

Even in cases as that of Nikkō Tōshō-gū, where every available space is heavily decorated, ornamentation tends to follow, and therefore emphasize rather than hide, basic structures. ^[13]

Being shared by both sacred and profane architecture, these architectonic features made it easy converting a lay building into a temple. This happened for example at Hōryū-ji, where a noblewoman's mansion was transformed into a religious building.

Buddhist architecture of the Heian period consisted of the re-emergence of national tastes. The temple Hojoji represents paradise and the pure land, which embodies elements of Pure Land Buddhism. The last formal temple was Motsuji. ^[5]

Muroji is a temple complex found below the mountain of Mount Muro. The area behind the temple is sacred and is off limits to visitors and pilgrims. The caves of Mount Muro are especially sacred. The famous Dragon Cave is the thought to house the Dragon King who protects the country. This is an example of how natural elements are sacred aspects of Buddhist temples. ^[14]

History

The architecture of Buddhist temples, as that of any structure, has changed and developed over the centuries. However, while the particular details may vary, the general themes and styles have strong similarities and common origins.

The already mentioned Hōryū-ji was one of the first Buddhist temples built in Japan. Its primary structures represent the style current in 6th century CE Sui dynasty China. The Kondō (Golden Hall) is a double-roofed structure, supported by thick, strong pillars, and giving a feeling of boldness and weight.

Most Buddhist temples in Japan belong to one of four main styles:

• Wayō – A style developed in art and architecture in Japan during the Heian period by the esoteric sects Tendai and Shingon on the basis of contemporary Chinese architecture. So called to distinguish it from imported Chinese styles, in architecture it was characterized by simplicity, refraining from ornamentation, use of natural timber and in general plain materials.
• Daibutsuyō – a Japanese religious architectural style that emerged in the late 12th or early 13th century on the basis of contemporary Chinese architecture. Introduced by priest Chōgen, this grandiose and monumental style was based on Song dynasty architecture and was the antithesis of the simple and traditional wayō style. The Nandaimon at Tōdai-ji and the Amida Hall at Jōdo-ji are the only extant examples of this style. ^{[16] [17]}
• Zenshūyō – A style that takes its name from its creators, the Buddhist Zen sect, and which emerged in the late 12th or early 13th century on the basis of contemporary Chinese architecture. The zenshūyō was originally called karayō (唐様, Chinese style) but, like the Daibutsu style, was renamed by Ōta Hirotarō, a 20th-century scholar. Its characteristics are earthen floors, decorative curved pent roofs ( mokoshi ) and pronouncedly curved main roofs, cusped windows ( katōmado ) and paneled doors. ^{[16] [18]} Typical of the style is also the main hall ( Butsuden ), which has just one story but seems to have two because it has a covered pent roof called mokoshi .
• Setchūyō – an architectural style born in Japan during the Muromachi period from the fusion of elements from three preceding styles, the wayō, the daibutsuyō and zen'yō. It is exemplified by the main hall at Kakurin-ji. ^{[18] [19]} The combination of wayō and daibutsuyō in particular became so frequent that sometimes it is classed separately by scholars under the name Shin-wayō (新和様, new wayō). ^[18]

Layout and geomantic positioning

Buddhist temple complexes consist of a number of structures arranged according to certain concepts or guidelines.

The arrangement of the major buildings ( garan haichi (伽藍配置)) changed over time. An early pattern had a gate, tower, kondō and kodō in a straight line from south to north. Corridors extended east and west from the flanks of the gate, then turned north, and finally joined north of the kōdo, forming a cloister around the pagoda and the major halls. This pattern, typified by Shitennō-ji in Osaka, came from China via Baekje; the Chinese style of Buddhist temples, though altered somewhat by China via Korean peninsula, ultimately was based on that of Chinese palaces, and this is evident in many of the basic design features that remain today in the temples of all three countries.

A Buddhist temple complex in Japan generally follows the pattern of a series of sacred spaces encircling a courtyard, and entered via a set of gates. These gates will typically have a pair of large guardian statues, called Niō .

In addition, many of the more important or powerful temples are built in locations that are favorable according to the precepts of Chinese geomancy. For example, Enryaku-ji, which sits atop Mount Hiei to the north-east of Kyoto, is said to defend the city from evil spirits by being placed in that direction. The arrangements of mountains and other geographic features in particular directions around the temple play important roles as well. This custom continued for a long time. Eight centuries after the founding of Enryaku-ji, the Tokugawa shogunate established Kan'ei-ji in a similar direction for the protection of their Edo Castle. Its mountain-name, Mount Tōei (東叡山 Tōei-zan), takes a character from Mount Hiei (比叡山 Hiei-zan), and can be interpreted as meaning "the Mount Hiei of the East."

Kamakura's Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū is now only a Shinto shrine but, before the Shinto and Buddhism Separation Order (神仏判然令) of 1868, its name was Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū-ji (鶴岡八幡宮寺, Tsurugaoka Hachiman Shrine Temple) and it was also a Buddhist temple, one of the oldest of the city. ^[20] The temple and the city were built with Feng Shui in mind. ^[21] The present location was carefully chosen as the most propitious after consulting a diviner because it had a mountain to the north (the Hokuzan (北山)), a river to the east (the Namerikawa) and a great road to the west (the Kotō Kaidō (古東街道)), and was open to the south (on Sagami Bay). ^[21] Each direction was protected by a god: Genbu guarded the north, Seiryū the east, Byakko the west and Suzaku the south. ^[21] The willows near the ponds and the catalpas next to the Museum of Modern Art represent respectively Seiryū and Byakko. ^[21]

Geomancy lost in importance during the Heian period as temple layout was adapted to the natural environment, disregarding feng shui.

In addition to geomantic considerations, Buddhist temples, like any other religious structures, need to be organized in order to best serve their various purposes. The most important space in any Buddhist temple complex is the sacred space where images of Buddhas and bodhisattvas are kept, and where important rituals are performed.

These areas are always separated from those accessible to the lay worshipers, though the distance between the two and the manner of their separation is quite varied. In many temples, there is little more than a wooden railing dividing the sacred space with that of the laypeople, but in many others there is a significant distance, perhaps a graveled courtyard, between the two.

Another structure or space of great importance accommodates the physical day-to-day needs of the clergy. Spaces for eating, sleeping and studying are essential, particularly in those temples that serve as monasteries.

According to a 13th-century text, ^[22] "a garan is a temple with a kon-dō (main hall), a tō (pagoda), a kō-dō (lecture hall), a shōrō (belfry), a jiki-dō (refectory), a sōbō (monks' living quarters), and a kyōzō (scriptures deposit, library)." ^[23] These are the seven listed as shichidō elements of a Nanto Rokushū (南都六宗, Nara six sects) ^[24] temple. ^[25]

A 15th-century text ^[26] describes how Zen school temples (Sōtō (曹洞), Rinzai (臨済)) ^[27] included a butsuden or butsu-dō (main hall), a hattō (lecture hall), a kuin (kitchen/office), a sō-dō (building dedicated to Zazen), a sanmon (main gate), a tōsu (toilet) and a yokushitsu (bath).

Common temple features

• Butsuden or Butsu-dō (仏殿・仏堂) – lit. "Hall of Buddha".
  • A Zen temple's main hall. Seems to have two stories, but has in fact only one and measures either 3×3 or 5×5 bays.
  • Any building enshrining the statue of Buddha or of a bodhisattva and dedicated to prayer. ^[25]
• chinjusha (鎮守社/鎮主社) – a small shrine built at a Buddhist temple and dedicated to its tutelary kami. ^[25]
• chōzuya (手水舎) – see temizuya.
• chūmon (中門) – in a temple, the gate after the naindaimon connected to a kairō. ^[25] See also mon.
• dō (堂) – Lit. hall. Suffix for the name of the buildings part of a temple. The prefix can be the name of a deity associated with it (e.g. Yakushi-dō, or Yakushi hall) or express the building's function within the temple's compound (e.g. hon-dō, or main hall). See also Butsu-dō, hō-dō, hon-dō, jiki-dō, kaisan-dō, kō-dō, kon-dō, kyō-dō, mandara-dō, miei-dō, mi-dō, sō-dō, Yakushi-dō and zen-dō.
• garan – see shichi-dō garan.
• hattō (法堂) – lit. "Dharma hall". A building dedicated to lectures by the chief priest on Buddhism's scriptures (the hō). ^[25]
• hōjō (方丈) – the living quarters of the head priest of a Zen temple. ^[28]
• Hokke-dō (法華堂) – lit. "Lotus Sūtra hall". In Tendai Buddhism, a hall whose layout allows walking around a statue for meditation. ^[28] The purpose of walking is to concentrate on the Hokekyō and seek the ultimate truth. ^[28]
• honbō (本坊) – residence of the jushoku, or head priest, of a temple. ^[28]
• kairō (回廊・廻廊) – a long and roofed portico-like passage connecting two buildings. ^[28]
• kaisan-dō (開山堂) – founder's hall, usually at a Zen temple. Building enshrining a statue, portrait or memorial tablet of the founder of either the temple or the sect it belongs to. Jōdo sect temples often call it miei-dō. ^[28]
• karamon (唐門) – generic term for a gate with an arched roof. ^[28] See also mon.
• karesansui (枯山水) – lit. dry landscape. A Japanese rock garden, often present in Zen temples, and sometimes found in temples of other sects too.
• katōmado (華頭窓) – a bell shaped window originally developed at Zen temples in China, but widely used by other Buddhist sects as well as in lay buildings.
• kon-dō (金堂) – lit. "golden hall", it is the main hall of a garan, housing the main object of worship. ^[28] Unlike a butsuden, it is a true two-story building (although the second story may sometimes be missing) measuring 9×7 bays. ^[28]
• konrō (軒廊) – covered corridor between two buildings
• korō or kurō (鼓楼) – tower housing a drum that marks the passing of time. It used to face the shōrō and lie next to the kō-dō, but now the drum is usually kept in the rōmon. ^[25]
• kuin* (庫院) – kitchen/office of a Zen garan. A building hosting the galleys, the kitchen, and the offices of a temple. ^[25] Usually situated in front and to the side of the butsuden, facing the sō-dō. Also called kuri.
• kuri (庫裏) – see kuin
• kyō-dō (経堂) – see kyōzō .
• kyōzō (経蔵) – lit. "scriptures deposit". Repository of sūtras and books about the temple's history. ^[28] Also called kyō–dō.
• miei-dō (御影堂) – lit. "image hall". Building housing an image of the temple's founder, equivalent to a Zen sect's kaisan-dō. ^[28]
• mi-dō (御堂) – a generic honorific term for a building which enshrines a sacred statue. ^[28]
• Miroku Nyorai (弥勒如来) – Japanese name of Maitreya.
• mon (門) – a temple's gate, which can be named after its position (nandaimon: lit. "great southern gate"), its structure ( nijūmon : "two storied gate"), a deity ( Niōmon : lit. "Nio gate"), or its use (onarimon: lit. "imperial visit gate", a gate reserved to the Emperor). The same gate can therefore be described using more than one term. For example, a Niōmon can at the same time be a nijūmon.
• nandaimon (南大門) – the main southern gate of a temple, in particular that at Nara's Tōdai-ji. ^[28] See also mon.
• nijūmon (二重門) – a two-storied gate with a roof surrounding the first floor. ^[28] See also mon.
• Niōmon (仁王門 or 二王門) – a two-storied or high gate guarded by two wooden guardians called Niō . ^[28] See also mon.
• noborirō (登廊) – a covered stairway at Nara's Hase-dera.
• pagoda  – see stupa and tō.
• rōmon (楼門) - a high gate with two floors, only one of which has usable space, surrounded by a balcony and topped by a roof. ^[28] Buddhist in origin, it is used also in Shinto shrines. ^[29]
• sai-dō (斎堂) – the refectory at a Zen temple or monastery. ^[25] See also jiki-dō.
• sandō (参道) - the approach leading from a torii to a shrine. The term is also used sometimes at Buddhist temples too.
• sanmon (三門 or 山門) – the gate in front of the butsuden. ^[28] The name is short for Sangedatsumon (三解脱門), lit. Gate of the three liberations. ^[28] Its three openings (kūmon (空門), musōmon (無相門) and muganmon (無願門)) symbolize the three gates to enlightenment. ^[28] Entering, one can free himself from three passions (貪 ton, or greed, 瞋 shin, or hatred, and 癡 chi, or "foolishness"). See also mon. Its size depends on the temple's rank. (See photos.)
• sanrō (山廊) – small buildings at the ends of a two-storied Zen gate containing the stairs to the second story.
• sekitō (石塔) – a stone pagoda (stupa). ^[25] See also tō
• shichidō garan (七堂伽藍) – a double compound term literally meaning "seven halls" (七堂) and "(temple) buildings" (伽藍). What is counted in the group of seven buildings, or shichidō, can vary greatly from temple to temple and from school to school. In practice, shichidō garan can also mean simply a large complex.
  • Nanto Rokushū and later non-Zen schools: The shichidō garan in this case includes a kon-dō, a tō, a kō-dō, a shōrō, a jiki-dō, a sōbō, and a kyōzō . ^[25]
  • Zen schools: A Zen shichidō garan includes a butsuden or butsu-dō, a hattō, a ku'in, a sō-dō, a sanmon, a tōsu and a yokushitsu. ^[25]
• shoin (書院) – originally a study and a place for lectures on the sutra within a temple, later the term came to mean just a study. ^[25]
• shōrō (鐘楼) – a temple's belfry, a building from which a bell is hung.
• sōbō (僧坊) – The monks' living quarters in a non-Zen garan
• sō-dō (僧堂) – Lit. "monk hall". A building dedicated to the practice of Zazen. ^[25] It used to be dedicated to all kinds of activities, from eating to sleeping, centered on zazen.
• sōmon (総門) – the gate at the entrance of a temple. ^[25] It precedes the bigger and more important sanmon. See also mon.
• sōrin (相輪) – a spire reaching up from the center of the roof of some temple halls, tiered like a pagoda.
• sotoba or sotōba (卒塔婆) – transliteration of the Sanskrit stupa.
  • A pagoda. Tower with an odd number of tiers (three, five, seven nine, or thirteen). See also stupa.
  • Strips of wood left behind tombs during annual ceremonies (tsuizen) symbolizing a stupa. ^[25] The upper part is segmented like a pagoda and carries Sanskrit inscriptions, sutras, and the kaimyō (posthumous name) of the deceased.

In present-day Japanese, sotoba usually has the latter meaning.

• stupa  – in origin a vessel for Buddha's relics, later also a receptacle for scriptures and other relics. Its shape changed in the Far East under the influence of the Chinese watchtower to form tower-like structures like the Tōbuttō, the gorintō , the hōkyōintō , the sekitō, the tō, or the much simpler wooden stick-style sotoba. ^[28]
• tatchū (塔頭 or 塔中)
  • In Zen temples, a building containing a pagoda enshrining the ashes of an important priest stands. ^[28]
  • Later, it became a subsidiary temple or a minor temple depending from a larger one. ^[28]
  • Finally, it became also subsidiary temple being the family temple (bodaiji) of an important family. ^[28]
• tahōtō (多宝塔) – a two-storied pagoda with a ground floor having a dome-shaped ceiling and a square pent roof, a round second floor and square roofs. ^[28]
• temizuya (手水舎) – a fountain near the entrance of a shrine and a temple where worshipers can cleanse their hands and mouths before worship. ^[28]
• tesaki (手先) – Term used to count the roof-supporting brackets (tokyō (斗きょう)) projecting from a temple's wall, usually composed of two steps (futatesaki (二手先))) or three (mitesaki 三津手先). ^[28]
• tokyō (斗きょう) – see tesaki.
• torii (鳥居)- the iconic Shinto gate at the entrance of a sacred area, usually, but not always, a shrine. Shrines of various size can be found next to, or inside temples.
• tōrō (灯籠) – a lantern at a shrine or Buddhist temple. Some of its forms are influenced by the gorintō.
• -tō (塔)
  • A pagoda, and an evolution of the stupa. After reaching China, the stupa evolved into a tower with an odd number of tiers (three, five, seven, nine, thirteen), excepted the tahōtō, which has two. ^[28]
  • The word is used together as a suffix of a numeral indicating the number of a pagoda's tiers (three tiers= san-jū-no-tō, five tiers= go-jū-no-tō, seven tiers = nana-jū-no-tō, etc.).
• tōsu or tōshi (東司) – a Zen monastery's toilet. ^[28]
• Yakushi-dō (薬師堂) – a building that enshrines a statue of Yakushi Nyorai. ^[28] *
• yokushitsu* (浴室) – a monastery's bathroom. ^[28]
• zen-dō (禅堂) – lit. "hall of Zen". ^[28] The building where monks practice zazen, and one of the main structures of a Zen garan. ^[28]

Temple names

A temple's name (jigō (寺号) or jimyō (寺名)) is usually made of three parts. The first is the sangō (山号, mountain name), the second is the ingō (院号, cloister name) and the third is the san'in-jigō (山院寺号, temple name). ^[30]

Gallery

• 
  Kōzan-ji's Butsuden in Shimonoseki
• 
  Motoyama-ji's chinjū-dō
• 
  Chōhō-ji's chinjū-dō
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  Chūmon at Hōryū-ji
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  Kennin-ji's hattō
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  Tōdai-ji's Hokke-dō
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  Jingo-ji's honbō
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  Tōfuku-ji's hon-dō
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  Engyō-ji's jiki-dō
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  Yakushi-ji's kairō
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  Tōfuku-ji's kaisan-dō
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  Hōgon-ji's karamon
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  Shitennō-ji's karesansui
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  A katōmado
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  Tōfuku-ji's sanmon is 5 ken wide.
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  Kō-dō at Tōshōdai-ji
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  Kon-dō at Tōshōdai-ji
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  A konrō
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  Miei-dō at Tō-ji
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  Nandaimon at Hōryū-ji
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  The noborirō at Nara's Hase-dera
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  Nijūmon at Kōmyō-ji in Ayabe.
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  Ishite-ji's niōmon
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  (East) Pagoda at Yakushi-ji in Nara
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  Enjō-ji's rōmon
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  Kiyomizu-dera's sandō
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  A high rank, five-bay sanmon at Chion-in. Note the sanrō.
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  A middle rank, three-bay sanmon at Myōtsū-ji
• 
  A low rank sanmon at Sozen-ji in Osaka
• 
  The sanrō of Tōfuku-ji's sanmon. (See also the sanmon's photo above.)
• 
  Eikan-dō Zenrin-ji's sōmon
• 
  Negoro-ji's large sōrin (metal spire) on top of a daitō (large tahōtō)
• 
  Saifuku-ji's shoin
• 
  Tōdai-ji's shōrō (an early type)
• 
  Saidai-ji's shōrō (a later type)
• 
  Kongō Sanmai-in's tahōtō (nijū-no-tō)
• 
  Ichijō-ji's three-tiered pagoda (sanjū-no-tō)
• 
  Zentsū-ji's five-tiered pagoda (gojū-no-tō)
• 
  Mii-dera's temizuya
• 
  Brackets (tokyō, futatesaki in this case) under the eaves of a sanmon's roof.
• 
  A torii on a temple's (Oyake-ji) sandō
• 
  Enryaku-ji's shaka-dō
• 
  Tōfuku-ji's tōsu
• 
  Jōdo-ji's yakushi-dō
• 
  Myōshin-ji's yokushitsu (the temple's baths)
• 
  Tōfuku-ji's zen-dō
• 
  Gate at Jōchibyō, the grave of Katō Kiyomasa at Honmyō-ji, Kumamoto
• 
  Rakan-ji's Sanmon in Nakatsu

See also

• Buddhism in Japan
• Buddhist architecture
• Buddhist art
• Glossary of Japanese Buddhism
• Japanese art
• List of Buddhist temples
• List of National Treasures of Japan (temples)
• Senjafuda
• Terakoya

Notes

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This is the glossary of Japanese Buddhism, including major terms the casual reader might find useful in understanding articles on the subject. Words followed by an asterisk (*) are illustrated by an image in one of the photo galleries. Within definitions, words set in boldface are defined elsewhere in the glossary.

Shichidō garan is a Japanese Buddhist term indicating the seven halls composing the ideal Buddhist temple compound. This compound word is composed of shichidō (七堂), literally meaning "seven halls", and garan (伽藍), meaning "temple". The term is often shortened to just garan. Which seven halls the term refers to varies, and 七堂 may be a misinterpretation of shitsudō (悉堂), meaning "complete temple". In practice, shichidō garan often simply means a large temple with many buildings.

A sanmon or sangedatsumon is the most important mon of a Japanese Zen Buddhist temple, and is part of the Zen shichidō garan, the group of buildings that forms the heart of a Zen Buddhist temple. It can be often found in temples of other denominations too. Most sanmon are 2- or 3-bay nijūmon, but the name by itself does not imply any specific architecture.

Main hall or Main Temple is the building within a Japanese Buddhist monastery compound (garan) which enshrines the main object of veneration. Because the various denominations deliberately use different terms, this single English term translates several Japanese words, among them butsuden, butsu-dō, kondō, konpon-chūdō, and hondō. Hondō is its exact Japanese equivalent, while the others are more specialized words used by particular sects or for edifices having a particular structure.

Japanese Buddhist architecture is the architecture of Buddhist temples in Japan, consisting of locally developed variants of architectural styles born in China. After Buddhism arrived from the continent via the Three Kingdoms of Korea in the 6th century, an effort was initially made to reproduce the original buildings as faithfully as possible, but gradually local versions of continental styles were developed both to meet Japanese tastes and to solve problems posed by local weather, which is more rainy and humid than in China. The first Buddhist sects were Nara's six Nanto Rokushū, followed during the Heian period by Kyoto's Shingon and Tendai. Later, during the Kamakura period, in Kamakura were born the Jōdo and the native Japanese sect Nichiren-shū. At roughly the same time, Zen Buddhism arrived from China, strongly influencing all other sects in many ways, including in architecture. The social composition of Buddhism's followers also changed radically with time. Beginning as an elite religion, it slowly spread from the nobility to warriors and merchants, and finally to the population at large. On the technical side, new woodworking tools like the framed pit saw and the plane allowed new architectural solutions.

Zenshūyō is a Japanese Buddhist architectural style derived from Chinese Song Dynasty architecture. Named after the Zen sect of Buddhism which brought it to Japan, it emerged in the late 12th or early 13th century. Together with Wayō and Daibutsuyō, it is one of the three most significant styles developed by Japanese Buddhism on the basis of Chinese models. Until World War II, this style was called karayō but, like the Daibutsuyō style, it was re-christened by Ōta Hirotarō, a 20th-century scholar. Its most typical features are a more or less linear layout of the garan, paneled doors hanging from hinges, intercolumnar tokyō, cusped windows, tail rafters, ornaments called kibana, and decorative pent roofs.

Pagodas in Japan are called tō, sometimes buttō or tōba, and derive historically from the Chinese pagoda, itself an interpretation of the Indian stupa. Like the stupa, pagodas were originally used as reliquaries, but in many cases ended up losing this function. Pagodas are quintessentially Buddhist and an important component of Japanese Buddhist temple compounds but, because until the Kami and Buddhas Separation Act of 1868, a Shinto shrine was normally also a Buddhist temple and vice versa, they are not rare at shrines either. The famous Itsukushima Shrine, for example, has one. After the Meiji Restoration the word tō, once used exclusively in a religious context, came to mean also "tower" in the western sense, as for example in Eiffel Tower.

Dō. It is very often used in Japanese Buddhism as a suffix in the name of some of the many buildings that can be part of a Japanese temple compound. The suffix can be the name of a deity associated with it or express the building's function within the temple's compound.

Kairō, bu (廡), sōrō or horō (歩廊) is the Japanese version of a cloister, a covered corridor originally built around the most sacred area of a Buddhist temple, a zone which contained the kondō and the tō. Nowadays it can be found also at Shinto shrines and at shinden-zukuri aristocratic residences.

In Japan, a chinjusha is a Shinto shrine which enshrines a tutelary kami; that is, a patron spirit that protects a given area, village, building or a Buddhist temple. The Imperial Palace has its own tutelary shrine dedicated to the 21 guardian gods of Ise Shrine. Tutelary shrines are usually very small, but there is a range in size, and the great Hiyoshi Taisha for example is Enryaku-ji's tutelary shrine. The tutelary shrine of a temple or the complex the two together form are sometimes called a temple-shrine. If a tutelary shrine is called chinju-dō, it is the tutelary shrine of a Buddhist temple. Even in that case, however, the shrine retains its distinctive architecture.

Until the Meiji period (1868–1912), the jingū-ji were places of worship composed of a Buddhist temple and a Shinto shrine, both dedicated to a local kami. These complexes were born when a temple was erected next to a shrine to help its kami with its karmic problems. At the time, kami were thought to be also subjected to karma, and therefore in need of a salvation only Buddhism could provide. Having first appeared during the Nara period (710–794), jingū-ji remained common for over a millennium until, with few exceptions, they were destroyed in compliance with the Kami and Buddhas Separation Act of 1868. Seiganto-ji is a Tendai temple part of the Kumano Sanzan Shinto shrine complex, and as such can be considered one of the few shrine-temples still extant.

References

Bibliography

• Fletcher, Sir Banister; Cruickshank, Dan (1996) [1896]. Sir Banister Fletcher's a history of architecture (20th illustrated ed.). Architectural Press. ISBN   0-7506-2267-9 . Retrieved 2009-11-11.
• Fujita Masaya, Koga Shūsaku, ed. (April 10, 1990). Nihon Kenchiku-shi (in Japanese) (September 30, 2008 ed.). Shōwa-dō. ISBN   4-8122-9805-9.
• "Dictionary of Japanese Architectural and Art Historical Terminology (JAANUS)". Japanese Art Net User System.
• Kamakura Shōkō Kaigijo (2008). Kamakura Kankō Bunka Kentei Kōshiki Tekisutobukku (in Japanese). Kamakura: Kamakura Shunshūsha. ISBN   978-4-7740-0386-3.
• Mutsu, Iso (June 1995). "Jufuku-ji". Kamakura: Fact and Legend. Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing. ISBN   0-8048-1968-8.
• Nishi, Kazuo; Hozumi, Kazuo (1996) [1983]. What is Japanese architecture? (illustrated ed.). Kodansha International. ISBN   4-7700-1992-0 . Retrieved 2009-11-11.
• Ōnuki, Akihiko (2008). Kamakura. Rekishi to Fushigi wo Aruku (in Japanese). Tokyo: Jitsugyō no Nihonsha. ISBN   978-4-408-59306-7.
• Sansom, George (1962). "Japan: A Short Cultural History." New York: Appleton-Century Crofts, Inc.
• Young, David; Young, Michiko (2007) [2004]. The art of Japanese architecture. Architecture and Interior Design (illustrated, revised ed.). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN   978-0-8048-3838-2 . Retrieved 2009-11-11.

Further reading

• Cluzel, Jean-Sébastien (October 2008). Architecture éternelle du Japon - De l'histoire aux mythes. Dijon: Editions Faton. ISBN   978-2-87844-107-9.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buddhist temples in Japan .

• Japanese Temples Guide to over 190 with pictures and map.
• Japanese temples of historical interest. With photos.
• Kyoto and Japanese Buddhism by Tokushi Yusho. Brief history of temples in Kyoto by a Japanese scholar (English Translation)