Brian Teacher

Last updated

Brian Teacher
Country (sports)Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States
Born (1954-12-23) December 23, 1954 (age 69)
San Diego, California
Height6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
Turned pro1973
Retired1986
PlaysRight-handed (one-handed backhand)
Prize money $1,426,514
Singles
Career record333–236
Career titles8
Highest rankingNo. 7 (October 5, 1981)
Grand Slam singles results
Australian Open W (1980)
French Open 3R (1978)
Wimbledon QF (1982)
US Open 4R (1978, 1980)
Doubles
Career record220–172
Career titles16
Highest rankingNo. 24 (August 9, 1983)

Brian David Teacher (born December 23, 1954) is an American former professional tennis player. He reached career-high rankings of world No. 7 in singles and world No. 5 in doubles, both in 1981. Teacher is best remembered for being a major singles champion, triumphing at the 1980 Australian Open. He won eight career singles titles and 16 doubles titles.

Contents

Following his playing career, he became a touring coach on both the ATP Tour and WTA Tour. He currently runs the Brian Teacher Tennis Academy in South Pasadena, California.

Early and personal life

Teacher was born in San Diego, California. [1] [2] [3] He attended Crawford High School in San Diego, graduating in 1972. [2] He later lived in Beverly Hills, California. [4]

In 1979, he married fellow Californian player Kathy May, also a top 10 tennis player. They subsequently divorced. [5] He later studied for his MBA at the USC Marshall School of Business. [6]

Tennis career

Junior, high school, and college

Teacher won a CIF singles title in 1972 while at Crawford High School. [7]

In 1972, he won the boys' 18 singles and doubles titles. [8] At the University of California-Los Angeles, where he studied economics, he won the Pacific-8 singles and doubles championship in 1974, was an All-American from 1973 to 1976, and was a member of the UCLA teams that won the NCAA championship in 1975 and 1976. [6]

Professional career

He reached the finals in the South Australian and New South Wales Opens in 1977. In 1978, at the Seiko World Super Tennis Tournament in Tokyo, Teacher upset UCLA graduates Jimmy Connors and Arthur Ashe before losing in the final to Björn Borg 6–3, 6–4. [9]

In 1980, he won the Australian Open, becoming the second Jewish player to win a men's Grand Slam Singles event (after Dick Savitt). [1] He won the final over Kim Warwick of Australia in straight sets. [10] [11] With his Grand Slam victory, Teacher is one of only five American male players in the Open era to have won a single Grand Slam event (along with Michael Chang, Vitas Gerulaitis, Andy Roddick, and Roscoe Tanner). Seven more Americans have more than one Slam (Stan Smith, Arthur Ashe, Jim Courier, Jimmy Connors, Andre Agassi, John McEnroe, and Pete Sampras).

His career-high world singles ranking was No. 7 and his world doubles ranking was No. 5, both in 1981. [1]

He won 8 career singles titles, and 16 doubles titles. [1]

Halls of fame

Teacher was inducted in 2001 into the Intercollegiate Tennis Association (ITA) Hall of Fame, [12] in 2008 into the San Diego Tennis Hall of Fame, [13] and he is also a member of the NCAA Tennis Hall of Fame and the Southern California Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. [14] In 2014 he was inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. [1] In 2015, Teacher was inducted into the Southern California Tennis Association Hall of Fame. [15]

Coach

Following his playing career, he became an ATP and WTA touring coach working with Andre Agassi and Greg Rusedski. [16] [17] Under his tutelage, Rusedski made a run from #85 in the world to the top ten and the U.S. Open finals. Teacher also coached world #1 doubles players Jim Grabb, Richey Reneberg, Daniel Nestor, and Max Mirnyi. [18] On the women's side, he coached WTA tour player Marissa Irvin. [19] He currently runs the Brian Teacher Tennis Academy in South Pasadena, California [20]

Grand Slam finals

Singles (1 win)

ResultYearChampionshipSurfaceOpponentScore
Win 1980 Australian Open Grass Flag of Australia (converted).svg Kim Warwick 7–5, 7–6(7–4), 6–3

Career finals

Singles (8 titles, 15 runners-up)

Legend
Grand Slam tournaments (1)
Tennis Masters Cup (0)
Grand Prix (7)
Titles by surface
Hard (2)
Grass (2)
Clay (0)
Carpet (4)
ResultW/LDateTournamentSurfaceOpponentScore
Loss0–1Sep 1976 Newport, U.S.Grass Flag of India.svg Vijay Amritraj 3–6, 6–4, 3–6, 1–6
Loss0–2Jan 1977 Adelaide, AustraliaGrass Flag of the United States.svg Victor Amaya 1–6, 4–6
Win1–2Apr 1977 Jackson, Mississippi, U.S.Carpet Flag of the United States.svg Bill Scanlon 6–3, 6–3
Loss1–3Dec 1977 Sydney Outdoor, AustraliaGrass Flag of the United States.svg Roscoe Tanner 3–6, 6–3, 3–6, 7–6, 4–6
Loss1–4Oct 1978 Tokyo Indoor, Japan Carpet Flag of Sweden.svg Björn Borg 3–6, 4–6
Win2–4Nov 1978 Taipei, Taiwan Carpet Flag of the United States.svg Tom Gorman 6–3, 6–3, 6–3
Win3–4Jul 1979 Newport, Rhode Island, U.S.Grass Flag of the United States.svg Stan Smith 1–6, 6–3, 6–4
Loss3–5Apr 1980 Los Angeles, U.S.Hard Flag of the United States.svg Gene Mayer 3–6, 2–6
Loss3–6Nov 1980 Hong Kong Hard Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Ivan Lendl 7–5, 6–7(2–7) , 3–6
Loss3–7Nov 1980 Taipei, Taiwan Carpet Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Ivan Lendl7–6, 3–6, 3–6, 6–7(5–7)
Loss3–8Nov 1980 Bangkok, Thailand Carpet Flag of India.svg Vijay Amritraj3–6, 5–7
Loss3–9Dec 1980Sydney Outdoor, AustraliaGrass Flag of the United States.svg Fritz Buehning 3–6, 7–6(7–5), 6–7(5–7)
Win4–9Dec 1980 Australian Open, Melbourne Grass Flag of Australia (converted).svg Kim Warwick 7–5, 7–6(7–4) , 6–3
Win5–9Aug 1981 Columbus, Ohio, U.S.Hard Flag of the United States.svg John Austin 6–3, 6–2
Loss5–10Sep 1981 San Francisco, U.S.Carpet Flag of the United States.svg Eliot Teltscher 3–6, 6–7(4–7)
Loss5–11Sep 1982 Maui, Hawaii, U.S.Hard Flag of Australia (converted).svg John Fitzgerald 2–6, 3–6
Win6–11Dec 1982 Dortmund WCT, West GermanyCarpet Flag of Poland.svg Wojciech Fibak 6–7, 6–4, 6–4, 2–6, 6–4
Win7–11Mar 1983 Munich WCT, West GermanyCarpet Flag of the United States.svg Mark Dickson 1–6, 6–4, 6–2, 6–3
Win8–11Aug 1983 Columbus, Ohio, U.S.Hard Flag of the United States.svg Bill Scanlon7–6, 6–4
Loss8–12Sep 1983 Dallas, Texas, U.S.Hard Flag of Ecuador.svg Andrés Gómez 7–6(7–2) , 1–6, 1–6
Loss8–13Jun 1984 Bristol, U.K. Grass Flag of the United States.svg Johan Kriek 7–6, 6–7, 4–6
Loss8–14Jul 1984 Gstaad, Switzerland Clay Flag of Sweden.svg Joakim Nyström 4–6, 2–6
Loss8–15Jul 1985 Livingston, U.S.Hard Flag of the United States.svg Brad Gilbert 6–4, 5–7, 0–6

Doubles (16 titles, 7 runners-up)

ResultNo.DateTournamentSurfacePartnerOpponentsScore
Win1.1976 Columbus, U.S.Hard Flag of the United States.svg William Brown Flag of the United States.svg Fred McNair
Flag of the United States.svg Sherwood Stewart 		6–3, 6–4
Loss1.1978 Miami, U.S.Clay Flag of Australia (converted).svg Bob Carmichael Flag of the United States.svg Tom Gullikson
Flag of the United States.svg Gene Mayer 		6–7, 3–6
Win2.1978 Manila, Philippines Clay Flag of the United States.svg Sherwood Stewart Flag of Australia (converted).svg Ross Case
Flag of Australia (converted).svg Chris Kachel 		6–3, 7–6
Loss2.1979 Washington Indoor, U.S.Carpet Flag of Australia (converted).svg Bob Carmichael Flag of the United States.svg Robert Lutz
Flag of the United States.svg Stan Smith 		4–6, 5–7, 6–3, 6–7
Loss3.1979 Stuttgart Indoor, West GermanyHard (i) Flag of Australia (converted).svg Bob Carmichael Flag of Poland.svg Wojciech Fibak
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Tom Okker 		3–6, 7–5, 6–7
Win3.1980 Washington-2, U.S.Carpet Flag of the United States.svg Ferdi Taygan Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg Kevin Curren
Flag of the United States.svg Steve Denton 		4–6, 6–3, 7–6
Loss4.1980 Rotterdam, NetherlandsCarpet Flag of the United States.svg Bill Scanlon Flag of India.svg Vijay Amritraj
Flag of the United States.svg Stan Smith		4–6, 3–6
Win4.1980 Los Angeles, U.S.Hard Flag of the United States.svg Butch Walts Flag of India.svg Anand Amritraj
Flag of the United States.svg John Austin 		6–2, 6–4
Win5.1980 Toronto, Canada Hard Flag of the United States.svg Bruce Manson Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Heinz Günthardt
Flag of the United States.svg Sandy Mayer 		6–3, 3–6, 6–4
Win6.1980 Cincinnati, U.S.Hard Flag of the United States.svg Bruce Manson Flag of Poland.svg Wojciech Fibak
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Ivan Lendl 		6–7, 7–5, 6–4
Loss5.1980 Hong Kong Hard Flag of the United States.svg Bruce Manson Flag of the United States.svg Peter Fleming
Flag of the United States.svg Ferdi Taygan 		5–7, 2–6
Win7.1980 Taipei, Taiwan Carpet Flag of the United States.svg Bruce Manson Flag of the United States.svg John Austin
Flag of the United States.svg Ferdi Taygan		6–4, 6–0
Win8.1980 Bangkok, Thailand Carpet Flag of the United States.svg Ferdi Taygan Flag of the Netherlands.svg Tom Okker
Flag of the United States.svg Dick Stockton 		7–6, 7–6
Win9.1981 La Quinta, U.S.Hard Flag of the United States.svg Bruce Manson Flag of the United States.svg Terry Moor
Flag of the United States.svg Eliot Teltscher 		7–6, 6–2
Win10.1981 Frankfurt, West GermanyCarpet Flag of the United States.svg Butch Walts Flag of the United States.svg Vitas Gerulaitis
Flag of the United States.svg John McEnroe 		7–5, 6–7, 7–5
Win11.1981 London/Queen's Club, U.K.Grass Flag of the United States.svg Pat DuPré Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg Kevin Curren
Flag of the United States.svg Steve Denton		3–6, 7–6, 11–9
Win12.1981Columbus, U.S.Hard Flag of the United States.svg Bruce Manson Flag of India.svg Anand Amritraj
Flag of India.svg Vijay Amritraj 		6–1, 6–1
Loss6.1982 Los Angeles, U.S.Hard Flag of the United States.svg Bruce Manson Flag of the United States.svg Sherwood Stewart
Flag of the United States.svg Ferdi Taygan		1–6, 7–6, 3–6
Win13.1982 Stuttgart Outdoor, West GermanyClay Flag of Australia (converted).svg Mark Edmondson Flag of Germany.svg Andreas Maurer
Flag of Germany.svg Wolfgang Popp 		6–3, 6–1
Win14.1982 San Francisco, U.S.Carpet Flag of the United States.svg Fritz Buehning Flag of the United States.svg Marty Davis
Flag of the United States.svg Chris Dunk 		6–7, 6–2, 7–5
Loss7.1983 Richmond, Virginia, U.S.Carpet Flag of the United States.svg Fritz Buehning Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Pavel Složil
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Tomáš Šmíd 		2–6, 4–6
Win15.1983Columbus, U.S.Hard Flag of the United States.svg Scott Davis Flag of India.svg Anand Amritraj
Flag of Australia (converted).svg John Fitzgerald 		6–1, 4–6, 7–6
Win16.1983 Johannesburg, South AfricaHard Flag of the United States.svg Steve Meister Flag of Ecuador.svg Andrés Gómez
Flag of the United States.svg Sherwood Stewart		6–7, 7–6, 6–2

Grand Slam tournament performance timeline

Key
W F SFQF#RRRQ#DNQANH
(W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record.
Tournament 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 SRW–LWin %
Australian Open AAAAA 1R 1R AA W A QF 3R A 3R NHA1 / 612–570.6
French Open AAAAA 2R 3R 2R AAAAAAAA0 / 34–357.1
Wimbledon AAAA 2R 1R 2R 4R 3R 2R QF 3R 1R 1R 2R Q2 0 / 1115–1157.7
US Open PR* 2R 3R 1R 1R 2R 4R 1R 4R 2R 2R 1R 1R 3R 1R A0 / 1514–1548.3
Win–loss0–11–12–10–11–22–56–34–311–22–29–33–30–23–31–20–01 / 3545–3457.0

Miscellaneous

See also

Notes

    Related Research Articles

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Pat Rafter</span> Australian tennis player

    Patrick Michael Rafter is an Australian former world No. 1 tennis player. He reached the top Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) singles ranking on 26 July 1999, holding it for one week. His career highlights include consecutive US Open titles in 1997 and 1998, consecutive runner-up appearances at Wimbledon in 2000 and 2001, winning the 1999 Australian Open men's doubles tournament alongside Jonas Björkman, and winning two singles and two doubles ATP Masters titles.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Gigi Fernández</span> American professional tennis player

    Beatriz "Gigi" Fernández is a Puerto Rican former professional tennis player. Fernández won 17 major doubles titles and two Olympic gold medals representing the United States, and reached the world No. 1 ranking in doubles. She reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 17 in 1991. Since retiring from the professional tour in 1997 at the age of 33, Fernández has been a tennis coach and entrepreneur. She now shares her knowledge of doubles with tennis enthusiasts throughout the US by conducting Master Doubles with Gigi Clinics and Doubles Boot Camps. Fernández is the first Puerto Rican to be inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Richey Reneberg</span> American tennis player

    Richey Reneberg is an American former professional tennis player.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Patrick McEnroe</span> American tennis player

    Patrick William McEnroe is an American former professional tennis player, broadcaster, and former captain of the United States Davis Cup team.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Brad Gilbert</span> American tennis player and coach (born 1961)

    Brad Gilbert is an American former professional tennis player, tennis coach, and tennis commentator and analyst for ESPN. During his career, he won 20 singles titles and achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 4 in 1990, and a career-high doubles ranking of world No. 18 four years prior. He won a bronze medal at the 1988 Olympics, and both a gold medal and a silver medal at the 1981 Maccabiah Games.

    Jim Grabb is an American former professional tennis player. In doubles, he won the 1989 French Open and the 1992 US Open. He was ranked the world No. 1 doubles player in both 1989 and 1993. His best singles ranking of world No. 24, he achieved in 1990.

    The 1999 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at Melbourne Park in Melbourne, Australia. It was the 87th edition of the Australian Open and was held from 18 through 31 January 1999. This was the first Grand Slam of the calendar year. Total attendance for the event reached 391,504.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Darren Cahill</span> Australian tennis player and coach (born 1965)

    Darren Cahill is an Australian tennis coach and former professional tennis player. In addition, Cahill is a tennis analyst for the Grand Slam events on the US sports network ESPN and a coach with the Adidas Player Development Program and at ProTennisCoach.com.

    Brian Edward Gottfried is a retired American tennis player who won 25 singles titles and 54 doubles titles during his professional career. He was the runner-up in singles at the 1977 French Open, won the 1975 and 1977 French Open Doubles as well as the 1976 Wimbledon Doubles. He achieved a career-high singles ranking on the ATP tour on June 19, 1977, when he became world No. 3, and a career-high doubles ranking on December 12, 1976, when he became world No. 2.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul Goldstein (tennis)</span> American tennis player

    Paul Herbert Goldstein is a retired tennis player from the United States, who turned professional in 1998. He announced his retirement from professional tennis in February 2008, as he was starting working with a clean energy company.

    Eliot Teltscher is a retired professional American tennis player. He won the 1983 French Open Mixed Doubles. His highest ranking in singles was No. 6 in the world and in doubles was No. 38 in the world.

    Lori McNeil is an American tennis coach and former top 10 player. McNeil was a singles semifinalist at the US Open in 1987 and Wimbledon in 1994, a women's doubles finalist at the Australian Open in 1987 with Zina Garrison and French Open mixed-doubles winner in 1988 with Jorge Lozano.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">2004 ATP Tour</span> Mens tennis circuit

    The 2004 ATP Tour was the global elite men's professional tennis circuit organised by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2004 tennis season. The ATP Tour is the elite tour for professional tennis organised by the ATP. The ATP Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the Tennis Masters Cup, the ATP Masters Series, the International Series Gold and the International Series tournaments.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">1993 ATP Tour</span> Mens tennis circuit

    The IBM Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Tour is the elite tour for professional men's tennis organized by the ATP tour. The IBM ATP Tour includes the Grand Slam tournaments, the ATP Championship Series, Single Week, the ATP Championship Series, the ATP World Series, the ATP World Team Cup, the Davis Cup, the ATP Tour World Championships and the Grand Slam Cup.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">1996 ATP Tour</span> Mens tennis circuit

    The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Tour is the elite tour for professional tennis organized by the ATP. The ATP Tour includes the Grand Slam tournaments, the ATP Super 9, the ATP Championship Series, the ATP World Series, the ATP World Team Cup, the Davis Cup, the ATP Tour World Championships and the Grand Slam Cup.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">2000 ATP Tour</span> Mens tennis circuit

    The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Tour is the elite professional tennis circuit organised by the ATP tour. The 2000 ATP Tour calendar comprises the Grand Slam tournaments, the tennis event at the 2000 Summer Olympics, the Tennis Masters Series, the ATP International Series Gold, the ATP International Series, the ATP World Team Cup, the Tennis Masters Cup and the ATP Tour World Doubles Championships. Also included in the 2000 calendar are the Davis Cup and the Hopman Cup, which do not distribute ranking points, and are both organised by the ITF.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">1977 Grand Prix (tennis)</span> A grand tennis tournament

    The 1977 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix was a professional tennis circuit administered by the International Lawn Tennis Federation which served as a forerunner to the current Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) World Tour and the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Tour. The circuit consisted of the four modern Grand Slam tournaments and open tournaments recognised by the ILTF. The Colgate-Palmolive Masters is included in this calendar but did not count towards the Grand Prix ranking. Colgate-Palmolive was the new tour sponsor, taking over from Commercial Union. Guillermo Vilas won the Grand Prix circuit, having accumulated the most points (2,047), and received the largest share from the bonus pool ($300,000). The top eight points ranked singles players as well as the top four doubles teams qualified for the season-ending Masters tournament

    Grant Doyle is a former professional tennis player from Australia. He is the CEO and owner of Advantage Doyle Tennis Academies.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">2020 ATP Tour</span> Mens tennis circuit

    The 2020 ATP Tour was the global elite men's professional tennis circuit organised by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2020 tennis season. The 2020 ATP Tour calendar was composed of the Grand Slam tournaments, the ATP Finals, the ATP Masters 1000, the ATP Cup, the ATP 500 series, the ATP 250 series, and the Davis Cup. Also included in the 2020 calendar were the tennis events at the Next Generation ATP Finals, and the Laver Cup, neither of which distributed ranking points. Several tournaments were suspended or postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, including the Summer Olympics in Tokyo. On 17 June 2020, ATP issued the revised calendar for Tour resumption.

    The 1992 Volvo San Francisco was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the San Francisco Civic Auditorium in San Francisco, California in the United States and was part of the World Series of the 1992 ATP Tour. It was the 104th edition of the tournament and was held from February 3 through February 9, 1992. Second-seeded Michael Chang won the singles title and earned $33,800 first-prize money. With the points that first-seeded runner-up Jim Courier earned at the tournament he became the new No. 1 ranked player in the world when the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) published their rankings on February 10, 1992.

    References

    1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Brian Teacher". www.jewishsports.net.
    2. 1 2 Robert Slater (2000). Great Jews in Sports
    3. ↑ Sandra Harwitt, The Greatest Jewish Tennis Players of All Time
    4. ↑ San Diego Magazine. San Diego Magazine Publishing Company. March 1981.
    5. ↑ "The Australian Open Champion Who Almost Wasn’t - Book Excerpt From 'The Greatest Jewish Tennis Players of All Time,'" World Tennis Magazine.
    6. 1 2 "Southern California Jewish Sports Hall of Fame Home". scjewishsportshof.com.
    7. ↑ "San Diego District Tennis Association: Brian Teacher (1954- )". Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
    8. ↑ Dan Magill, Magill: Teacher joins Californian Hall contingent, Athens Banner-Herald, May 19, 2001.
    9. ↑ "Brian David Teacher". Jews in Sports. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
    10. ↑ "Brian Teacher Wins Crown in Australia". The New York Times . AP. January 5, 1981.
    11. ↑ Douglas Perry (January 18, 2015). "Australian Open 2015: Four words that forged an unexpected Grand Slam champion - 'I want a divorce'". The Oregonian .
    12. ↑ "ITA Men's Hall of Fame". Archived from the original on July 3, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2009.
    13. ↑ "Archived Document". Archived from the original on November 4, 2011. Retrieved 2013-09-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
    14. ↑ https://www.scjewishsportshof.com/mambo/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=39&Itemid=57 [ permanent dead link ]
    15. ↑ Memorable SCTA Hall Of Fame Induction | Southern California Tennis News, Adult Tennis, Junior, Tennis, Community Tennis
    16. ↑ "Teacher tries to keep Rusedski focused on semi-final". The Independent. September 5, 1997.
    17. ↑ "Rusedski is served by a new teacher". The Independent. May 19, 1996.
    18. ↑ "Brian Teacher | ATP Tour | Tennis". ATP Tour.
    19. ↑ "Joplin Independent: World of tennis is introduced to young readers". www.joplinindependent.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
    20. ↑ "Brian Teacher Tennis Academy". www.brianteacher.com.
    21. 1 2 "Brian Teacher". Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
    22. ↑ "Brian Teacher". Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2016.


    This page is based on this Wikipedia article
    Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
    Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.