Beechcraft T-6 Texan II

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T-6 Texan II
T-6A Texan II.jpg
A USAF T-6A Texan II flying from Randolph Air Force Base.
General information
Type Trainer aircraft
National originUnited States
Manufacturer Textron Aviation
StatusIn service
Primary users United States Air Force
Number built900 (August 2015)
History
Manufactured2000–present
Introduction date2001
First flight15 July 1998 [1]
Developed from Pilatus PC-9

The Beechcraft T-6 Texan II is a single-engine turboprop aircraft built by Textron Aviation. A trainer aircraft based on the Pilatus PC-9, the T-6 replaced the United States Air Force's Cessna T-37B Tweet and the United States Navy's T-34C Turbo Mentor during the 2010s.

Contents

The T-6A is used by the United States Air Force for basic pilot training and Combat Systems Officer (CSO) training, the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps for primary Naval Aviator training and primary and intermediate Naval Flight Officer (NFO) training, and by the Royal Canadian Air Force (CT-156 Harvard II designation), Greek Air Force, Israeli Air Force (with the "Efroni" nickname), and Iraqi Air Force for basic flight training. The T-6B is the primary trainer for U.S. student naval aviators (SNAs). The T-6C is used for training by the Mexican Air Force, Royal Air Force, Royal Moroccan Air Force, and the Royal New Zealand Air Force.

Design and development

The Model 3000/T-6 is a low-wing cantilever monoplane with enclosed tandem seating for two. It is powered by a single Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-68 turboprop engine in tractor configuration with an aluminum, 97-inch (8.1 ft; 2.5 m), four-blade, constant-speed, variable pitch, non-reversing, feathering propeller assembly and has retractable tricycle landing gear. The aircraft is fitted with Martin-Baker Mark 16 ejection seats and a canopy fracturing system.

The T-6 is a development of the Pilatus PC-9, modified by Beechcraft to enter the Joint Primary Aircraft Training System (JPATS) competition in the 1990s. [2] A similar arrangement between Pilatus and British Aerospace had also been in place for a Royal Air Force competition in the 1980s, although that competition selected the Short Tucano. The aircraft was designated under the 1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system and named for the decades-earlier T-6 Texan.

On 9 April 2007, the U.S. Department of Defense released their Selected Acquisition Reports, which reported that the T-6 JPATS program was one of only eight programs cited for Congressional notification for 25–50% cost overrun over initial estimates, which is referred to as a "Nunn-McCurdy Breach" after the Nunn-McCurdy Amendment. It is unusual for a program so far into full-rate production to experience significant enough cost overruns to trigger this congressional notification. [3]

Incidents

Operational history

United States

US Navy T-6B Texan IIs from Naval Air Station Whiting Field at Millington-Memphis Airport T6 Texan II Pensacola Navy.jpg
US Navy T-6B Texan IIs from Naval Air Station Whiting Field at Millington-Memphis Airport

The T-6A was introduced to Moody Air Force Base and Randolph Air Force Base in 2000–2001, and the Air Force awarded the full-rate T-6 production contract in December 2001. Laughlin Air Force Base began flying the T-6 in 2003 where it became the primary basic trainer, replacing the T-37. Vance Air Force Base completed transitioning from the T-37 to the T-6 in 2006. That year, Columbus Air Force Base began its transition, and retired its last T-37 in April 2008. The last active USAF T-37Bs were retired at Sheppard Air Force Base in the summer of 2009. [8]

An original, World War II-era T-6A Texan aircraft, right, with the new T-6 Texan II at Randolph AFB, Texas, in 2007 T-6s - a Texan II and a Texan too.JPG
An original, World War II-era T-6A Texan aircraft, right, with the new T-6 Texan II at Randolph AFB, Texas, in 2007

The Texan failed to qualify for the Light Attack/Armed Reconnaissance program, because the USAF mailed the exclusion notice to the wrong address, leaving the company with no time to protest the decision. [9] But the official mail failure gave Hawker-Beechcraft a further legal justification, as they had told the USAF they planned to file a legal challenge even before the official notice had been mailed and brought its considerable political influence to bear against the USAF decision against their candidate with one Kansas Congressman stating, "It is simply wrong for the Obama administration to hire a Brazilian company to handle national security when we have a qualified and competent American company that can do the job." [10] In 2013, Beechcraft again lost the bid. [11]

In August 2017, the Air Force conducted the "Light Attack Experiment" to evaluate potential light attack aircraft. Following this, it decided to continue experimenting with two non-developmental aircraft, the AT-6 Wolverine derivative of the T-6 Texan II and the Sierra Nevada/Embraer A-29 Super Tucano. Tests were scheduled to be conducted at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona between May and July 2018. The tests are intended "to experiment with maintenance, data networking and sensors...[to] gather the data needed for a rapid procurement", according to Secretary of the Air Force Heather Wilson. Experimentation will examine logistics requirements, weapons and sensor issues, and future interoperability with partner forces. [12]

During the last week of January 2018, a cluster of unexplained physiological events involving the T-6 occurred at Columbus, Vance, and Sheppard Air Force Bases. In response, the commander of Nineteenth Air Force, which is responsible for USAF pilot training, directed an "operational pause" in Texan II operations on 1 February 2018 to ensure aircrew safety. The pause was intended to enable the Air Force to "examine the root causes of the incidents, educate and listen to aircrew, develop and deliver mitigation solutions." The Air Force had established a general officer-led team to integrate and coordinate efforts across the Air Force to address aircrew unexplained physiological events earlier in 2018. [13]

In February 2018, the AT-6 Wolverine and the A-29 Super Tucano were named as the only two remaining aircraft in USAF's Light Attack/Armed Reconnaissance aircraft competition. [14]

In March 2020, the USAF placed a $70.2 million order for two AT-6E Wolverine aircraft. [15] The first Wolverine was delivered to the USAF in February 2021. [16] The Wolverines were operated by the 81st Fighter Squadron. [17] In June 2022, the two aircraft were returned to Beechcraft. [18] In July 2022, the Wolverine received Military Type Certification from the USAF. [19] In September 2023, the two Wolverines were transferred from storage at Beechcraft to the United States Naval Test Pilot School. [20]

Canada

The CT-156 Harvard II is a variant used for pilot instruction in the NATO Flying Training in Canada (NFTC), [21] located at 15 Wing, Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan. [22] They are leased to the Royal Canadian Air Force by the program's administrator, CAE. NFTC's Harvard II aircraft are almost identical in cockpit layout and performance to the American JPATS Texan IIs. Within NFTC, students fly the Harvard II in Phase 2 and 3 of the training program, and some will go on to fly the CT-155 Hawk jet trainer also used by NFTC for Phase 4 (Moose Jaw) and Phase 5 Fighter Lead-In Training (4 Wing, Cold Lake, Alberta). NFTC had 25 Harvard II aircraft owned and maintained by Bombardier, although one was lost following a non-fatal crash in 2014, and another in 2017. [23] CAE took over the program in 2015. [24]

Greece

Hellenic Air Force Daedalus Display Team T-6 Texan II at the 2015 Malta International Airshow MIAS 260915 HAF Texan II 03.jpg
Hellenic Air Force Daedalus Display Team T-6 Texan II at the 2015 Malta International Airshow

The Hellenic Air Force operates 25 T-6A and 20 T-6A NTA aircraft. [25]

Israel

On 9 June 2008, the Defense Security Cooperation Agency announced a possible FMS sale to Israel of 25 T-6As for the Israeli Air Force. [26] [27] In July 2009, Beechcraft delivered the first four of 20 T-6As under contract to the Israeli Air Force. [28]

Iraq

On 16 December 2009, the first four of 15 T-6A aircraft were delivered to Tikrit, Iraq under a $210 million contract. No AT-6 aircraft were included as was previously reported. [29] The last four T-6As reached Iraq on 9 November 2010. [30]

On 13 May 2014, the US State Department approved an order for 24 T-6C aircraft for use as trainers by the Iraqi Air Force. The sale was worth US$790 million and was part of a larger one billion dollar deal. [31]

Morocco

In October 2009, Hawker Beechcraft announced the sale of 24 T-6Cs for the Royal Moroccan Air Force. [32]

Mexico

On 9 January 2012, Mexico purchased six T-6C+ aircraft for the Mexican Air Force to begin replacing their Pilatus PC-7 trainers. [33] On 24 October 2013, Hawker Beechcraft announced a follow-on order of an additional six T-6C+ aircraft for the Mexican Air Force, bringing the total ordered to 12. [34] The Mexican Navy also ordered two T-6C+ Trainers in March 2014. [35]

New Zealand

A RNZAF Texan II Beechcraft T-6 Texan flying by.jpg
A RNZAF Texan II

The New Zealand Government announced the purchase of 11 T-6Cs for the Royal New Zealand Air Force for NZ$154 million, on 27 January 2014 to replace the PAC CT/4 Airtrainer, with all aircraft delivered by February 2015. The first training course using the type began early 2016. [36] [37] The T-6Cs are expected to remain in service with the RNZAF for 30 years. [37]

United Kingdom

On 24 October 2014, the UK Ministry of Defence announced its preferred bidder for the UK Military Flying Training System programme. Ascent's system will involve T-6C Texan IIs in the basic trainer role for both Royal Air Force and Royal Navy pilots. [38] [ full citation needed ] The contract for ten aircraft was signed by Affinity Flying Training Services and Beechcraft Defense on 4 February 2016. The T-6C trainers have replaced Shorts Tucano T1 aircraft. [39]

Argentina

In October 2017, the Argentine Air Force received the first four of 12 T-6C+ aircraft purchased from Textron Aviation [40] and a further two in June 2018. [41]

Tunisia

In October 2019, U.S. State Department approved the possible Foreign Military Sale of 12 T-6Cs to Tunisia at an estimated cost of $234 million (~$275 million in 2023), including related spares, ground support equipment, and support. The sale is intended to provide replacement for the aging trainer fleet of Tunisian Air Force and to train pilots for counter-terrorism and border security missions. [42]

Variants

Two RCAF CT-156 Harvard II at the Alliance Air Show in 2014. 20141026 RCAF CT-156 Alliance Air Show 2014-9.jpg
Two RCAF CT-156 Harvard II at the Alliance Air Show in 2014.
Model 3000
Company designation
T-6A Texan II
Standard version for the USAF, USN, and Hellenic Air Force (25).
T-6A NTA Texan II
Armed version of the T-6A for the HAF (20). T-6A NTA has the capability to carry rocket pods, gun pods, external fuel tanks, and bombs. NTA stands for New Trainer Aircraft. [43]
T-6B Texan II
Upgraded version of the T-6A with a digital glass cockpit that includes a Head-Up Display (HUD), six multi-function displays (MFD) and Hands on Throttle And Stick (HOTAS), [44] used at Naval Air Station Whiting Field, Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, and United States Naval Test Pilot School.
AT-6B Wolverine
Initial armed version of the T-6B for primary weapons training or light attack roles. It has the same digital cockpit, but upgraded to include datalink and integrated electro-optical sensors along with several weapons configurations. [43] [45] Engine power is increased to 1,600 shp (1193 kW) with the Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6-68D engine, and the structure is reinforced. [46] [47] [48] [49]
T-6C Texan II
Upgraded version of the T-6B with wing hard points, primarily designated for export sales. [50]
T-6D Texan II
Version based on T-6B and C for the US Army for operational support, testing, utility, and chase plane roles. [51]
AT-6E Wolverine
Production armed version of the T-6 for primary weapons training or light attack roles. Ordered by Thailand as the AT-6TH. [52] [53]
CT-156 Harvard II
Version of the T-6A for NFTC with the Canadian Forces. [22] Nearly identical to standard USAF and USN in terms of avionics, cockpit layout, and performance.

Operators

Beechcraft T-6 Texan II aircraft operators Beechcraft T-6 Texan II operators.png
Beechcraft T-6 Texan II aircraft operators
A Hellenic Air Force T-6A Texan II during CIAF in Brno Raytheon T-6A Texan II, Brno CIAF 2007 (Greek Air Force 01).jpg
A Hellenic Air Force T-6A Texan II during CIAF in Brno
An Iraqi Air Force T-6A Texan II Iraq Air Force T-6A.jpg
An Iraqi Air Force T-6A Texan II
A Royal Moroccan Air Force T-6C Texan II during Marrakech Air Show Royal Moroccan Air Force T-6.JPG
A Royal Moroccan Air Force T-6C Texan II during Marrakech Air Show
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece
Flag of Iraq.svg  Iraq
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico
Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand
Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam
An AT-6B at RIAT 2010 Raytheon AT-6B Texan II.jpg
An AT-6B at RIAT 2010

Specifications (T-6A)

A T-6 Texan II at Take to the Skies Airfest 2016 T-6 Texan Take to the Skies Airfest 2016.jpg
A T-6 Texan II at Take to the Skies Airfest 2016

Data from Global Security, [72] USAF, [73] EASA [74] and USN [75]

General characteristics

Performance

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. ↑ Bill Kinzig; Dave Bailey (2010). T-6A Texan II Systems Engineering Case Study (PDF) (Report). Center for Systems Engineering at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT/SY). p. 49. Retrieved 1 March 2023. First flight of the initial production aircraft occurred on July 15, 1998, at the contractor's field in Wichita.
  2. ↑ "T-6 is not a PC-9", Military (PDF), Hawker Beechcraft, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2008
  3. ↑ "Department of Defense Selected Acquisition Reports", Deagel, 2007, archived from the original on 12 July 2010, retrieved 8 March 2010
  4. ↑ Niles, Russ (15 May 2024). "Air Force Instructor Dies After Texan II's Ejection Seat Activates on Ground". FLYING Magazine. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
  5. ↑ Johnson, Kimberly (29 July 2022). "Military Training Aircraft Grounded Over Ejection Seat Concerns". FLYING Magazine. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
  6. ↑ Thompson, Jim. "Navy report shows no misconduct in fatal 2020 crash of NAS Whiting Field training aircraft". The Northwest Florida Daily News. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
  7. ↑ Losey, Stephen (3 May 2019). "Improperly assembled engine led to T-6 crash last year". Air Force Times. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
  8. ↑ USAF. "80th Flying Training Wing". Archived from the original on 10 January 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
  9. ↑ Trimble, Stephen. "Mail mix-up makes Hawker Beechcraft miss protest deadline for USAF contract; appeal filed in federal court." Archived 6 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Flight Global, 27 December 2011.
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  11. ↑ Tamir Eshel (28 February 2013). "USAF Determined on Super-Tucano for Afghanistan Even at Higher Cost". defense-update.com. Archived from the original on 25 April 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  12. ↑ No byline (2 February 2018). "Air Force announces next steps in light attack experimentation". Secretary of the Air Force Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018.
  13. ↑ No byline (1 February 2018). "19th Air Force commander directs T-6 operational pause". Air Education and Training Command Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 2 February 2018.
  14. ↑ Niles, Russ (3 February 2018). "Air Force Narrows Light Attack Field". AVweb. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  15. ↑ "Textron Aviation Defense announces $70.2m U.S. Air Force contract award for two Beechcraft AT-6 Wolverine aircraft, training and support services". Textron (Press release). 16 March 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  16. ↑ Air Force Life Cycle Management Center [@@AFLCMCofficial] (18 February 2021). "A new aircraft just entered the @usairforce fleet!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  17. ↑ "Moody Air Force Base receives two AT-6E Wolverine aircraft". Moody Air Force Base (Press release). 19 January 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  18. ↑ Jenkins, Andrea (28 June 2022). "Experiment culminates, enhances partnerships". Moody Air Force Base. 23rd Wing Public Affairs. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  19. ↑ "Textron Aviation Defense Beechcraft AT-6E Wolverine achieves Military Type Certification from the United States Air Force". Textron Aviation Defense (Press release). 25 July 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  20. 1 2 Kaminski, Tom (13 September 2023). "Ex-USAF AT-6E Wolverines join the US Naval Test Pilot School". Key.Aero. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  21. ↑ Bombardier Military Aerospace Training (November 2011). "NFTC The Concept". Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  22. 1 2 3 Department of National Defence Public Affairs (March 2007). "CT-156 Harvard II". Archived from the original on 4 July 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
  23. ↑ Department of National Defence Public Affairs (March 2007). "CT-156 Harvard II Specs". Archived from the original on 6 December 2010.
  24. ↑ "CAE takes over the NATO Flying Training in Canada program – Bombardier deal closed". Ottawa Citizen. 1 October 2015. Archived from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
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  26. ↑ "Israel Requests Delivery of 25 U.S. T-6A Texan II Trainers". Defense-update.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
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  28. ↑ Egozi, Arie. "Israel receives first four T-6A 'Efroni' trainers" Archived 17 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Flight International, 13 July 2009.
  29. ↑ "The Penny Drops: Iraq Chooses its Training & COIN Aircraft". Defense Industry Daily. 15 May 2014. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  30. ↑ Delalande, Arnaud (2016). Iraqi Air Power Reborn, The Iraqi air arms since 2004. Houston: Harpia Publishing. p. 34. ISBN   978-0-9854554-7-7.
  31. ↑ "US OKs Nearly $1 Billion Deal With Iraq". defensenews.com. 13 May 2014. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  32. 1 2 "Hawker Beechcraft sells 24 trainers to Morocco". kansas.com. Archived from the original on 14 October 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  33. ↑ "News & Press". Beechcraft Newsroom. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  34. 1 2 "Mexico's T-6C+ Turboprop Planes: SIVA's 1st Counterpart". Defenseindustrydaily.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  35. ↑ "Mexican Navy Places Initial Order for Beechcraft T-6C+ Trainers". Textron Aviation. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
  36. ↑ "New Zealand signs T-6C trainer deal". Flight International. 27 January 2014. Archived from the original on 30 January 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  37. 1 2 Coleman, Jonathan (27 January 2014). "New pilot training capability contract awarded". Media release. New Zealand Government. Archived from the original on 30 January 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  38. 1 2 Air-Britain News: NOV.1711. November 2014.{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  39. ↑ "Picture: T-6C arrival completes UK trainer fleet renewal" . Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  40. ↑ "Llegaron los aviones Texan que el Gobierno le compró a EE.UU". Clarín (in Spanish). 2 October 2017. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  41. 1 2 "Argentina receives further Texan IIs, assigns Tucanos to border patrol mission. - Jane's 360". www.janes.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
  42. ↑ Lake, Jon. "T-6C Texan II Sale Possible for Tunisia". Aviation International News. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
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