Bastide

Bastides are fortified ^[1] new towns built in medieval Languedoc, Gascony, Aquitaine, England and Wales ^{[2] [3]} during the 13th and 14th centuries, although some authorities count Mont-de-Marsan and Montauban, which was founded in 1144, ^[4] as the first bastides. ^[5]

Contents

• History
• Structural elements
• Central square
• Church
• Houses
• Streets
• City walls
• Structure and location
• See also
• Notes
• References
• Further reading
• External links

Some of the first bastides were built under Raymond VII of Toulouse to replace villages destroyed in the Albigensian Crusade. He encouraged the construction of others to colonize the wilderness, especially of southwest France. Almost 700 bastides were built between 1222 (Cordes-sur-Ciel, Tarn) and 1372 (La Bastide d'Anjou, Tarn). ^[6]

History

Bastides were developed in number under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1229), which permitted Raymond VII of Toulouse to build new towns in his shattered domains but not to fortify them. When the Capetian Alphonse of Poitiers inherited, under a marriage stipulated by the treaty, this "bastide founder of unparalleled energy" consolidated his regional control in part through the founding of bastides. ^[7] Landowners supported development of bastides to generate revenues from taxes on trade rather than tithes (taxes on production). Farmers who elected to move their families to bastides were no longer vassals of the local lord and became free men and the development of bastides contributed to the waning of feudalism.

The new inhabitants were encouraged to cultivate the land around the bastide, which, in turn, attracted trade in the form of merchants and markets. The lord taxed dwellings in the bastides and all trade in the market. The legal footing on which the bastides were set was that of paréage with the local ruling power, based on a formal written contractual agreement between the landholder and a count of Toulouse, a king of France, or a king of England. The landholder might be a cartel of local lords or the abbot of a local monastery.

Responsibilities and benefits were carefully framed in a charter, which delineated the franchises ('liberties') and coutumes ('customs') of the bastide. Feudal rights were invested in the sovereign, with the local lord retaining some duties as enforcer of local justice and intermediary between the new inhabitants— required to build houses within a specified time, often a year, and the representatives of the sovereign. ^[8] Residents were granted a houselot, a kitchen garden lot (casale), and a cultivable lot (arpent) on the periphery of the bastide's lands. The bastide hall and the church were often first constructed of wood. After the bastide was established, they were replaced by structures of stone.

Structural elements

Scholarly debate has taken place over the definition of a bastide. They are now generally described as any town planned and built as a unit, by one founder. ^[5] Most bastides were developed with a grid layout of intersecting streets, with wide thoroughfares that divide the town plan into insulae, or blocks, through which a narrow lane often runs. ^[9] They included a central market square surrounded by arcades (couverts) through which the axes of thoroughfares passed, with a covered weighing and measuring area. The market square often provided the module into which the bastide is subdivided. ^[10] The Roman model, the castrum with its grid plan and central forum, was inescapable in a region since Roman planning precedents survived in medieval cities such as Béziers, Narbonne, Toulouse, Orange and Arles. The region of the bastides had been one of the last outposts of Late Antiquity in the West. ^[11]

Central square

The main feature of all bastides is a central, open place, or square. It was used for markets, but also used for political and social gatherings. A typical square, (which was probably a model for other bastides), can be found in Montauban. Generally, there is just one square. Saint-Lys and Albias are different because they have two squares, one for the market and one square for the church. The square is also used to divide the city into quarters. Generally, it lies outside the main street (the axis) which carried the traffic. There are three possible layouts: Completely closed: The square does not touch any street. These are very rare; there is one example at Tournay with a size of 70 metres (230 ft) by 72 m (236 ft)). Single-axis: The single-axis design of the bastide makes all roads run in one direction and are parallel. Here and there, there are alleys cut between the roads. The square is placed between two roads. These squares are usually 50 m (164 ft) to 55 m (180 ft) on each side. Grid-layout; usually based on the square in Montauban. Generally the flattest place in the bastide was used for the square.

Houses

There were clear rules how houses could be built inside the bastide. The front of the houses, the façades, had to line up. Also, there had to be a small space between the houses. The different housing lots were all alike, 8 m (26 ft) by 24 m (79 ft) being a common size. There were only a limited number of lots. This varied between ten and several thousand (3,000 in Grenade-sur-Garonne)

City walls

When bastides were founded, most had no city walls or fortifications because it was a peaceful time in history, and walls were prohibited by the Treaty of Paris (1229). Fortifications were added later and were paid for through a special tax or carried out through a law that required the people of the city to help build the walls. A good example is Libourne. Ten years after the city was founded, the people asked for money to build city walls. Once they had received the money, they spent it on making their city prettier, rather than building walls.^{[ citation needed ]} At the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, many bastides that had no city walls were destroyed. Some of the others quickly built stone walls to protect the city.

Structure and location

Ease of tax collection was another reason for the grid layout, as the village was taxable module by module, and the organized central area. The bastides' forms resulted from "the friction engendered by interaction, expedience, pragmatism, legal compromise, and profit," Adrian Randolph observed in 1995. ^[12] More rarely, such planned cities were developed according to a circular plan. ^[13] Some bastides were not so geometrically planned: "The block geometry of the bastides was not a rigid framework into which a town was squeezed; it resembles more closely a net, thrown upon the site and adapting to its nuances," Randolph remarks. ^[14]

Most bastides were built in the Lot-et-Garonne, Dordogne, Gers and Haute-Garonne départements of France, because of the altitude and quality of the soil. Some were constructed in important defensive positions. The best-known today are probably Andorra la Vella and Carcassonne, but the most populated is Villeneuve-sur-Lot, the 'new town on the River Lot'.

See also

• This heritage has been emphasized in the tourism in the southern regions.
• Ring of Iron, a system of fortified settlements implemented in 13th century Wales.

Notes

Related Research Articles

Montauban is a commune in the southern French department of Tarn-et-Garonne. It is the capital of the department and lies 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Toulouse. Montauban is the most populated town in Tarn-et-Garonne, and the sixth most populated of Occitanie behind Toulouse, Montpellier, Nîmes, Perpignan and Béziers. In 2019, there were 61,372 inhabitants, called Montalbanais. The town has been classified Ville d’art et d’histoire since 2015.

The Province of Languedoc is a former province of France. Most of its territory is now contained in the modern-day region of Occitanie in Southern France. Its capital city was Toulouse. It had an area of approximately 42,700 square kilometers.

Tarn-et-Garonne is a department in the Occitania region in Southern France. It is traversed by the rivers Tarn and Garonne, from which it takes its name. The area was originally part of the former provinces of Quercy and Languedoc. The department was created in 1808 under Napoleon, with territory taken from the neighbouring Lot, Haute-Garonne, Lot-et-Garonne, Gers and Aveyron departments.

The Canal du Midi is a 240 km (150 mi) long canal in Southern France. Originally named the Canal Royal en Languedoc and renamed by French revolutionaries to Canal du Midi in 1789, the canal is considered one of the greatest construction works of the 17th century.

Midi-Pyrénées is a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region of Occitania. It was the largest region of Metropolitan France by area, larger than the Netherlands or Denmark.

Quercy is a former province of France located in the country's southwest, bounded on the north by Limousin, on the west by Périgord and Agenais, on the south by Gascony and Languedoc, and on the east by Rouergue and Auvergne.

Cordes-sur-Ciel is a commune in the Tarn department, region of Occitania, Southern France. The fortified town was built in 1222 by Raimond VII, the Count of Toulouse, who, though not a Cathar, tolerated what other Catholics considered heresy.

Revel is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

The Canal de Garonne, formerly known as Canal latéral à la Garonne, is a French canal dating from the mid-19th century that connects Toulouse to Castets-en-Dorthe. The remainder of the route to Bordeaux uses the river Garonne. It is the continuation of the Canal du Midi which connects the Mediterranean with Toulouse.

Valence d'Agen, is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France.

Beaumont-de-Lomagne is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France.

Lisle-sur-Tarn is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

Trie-sur-Baïse is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in south-western France. It is the administrative center in a canton comprising 22 villages. It is famous for its annual pig festival known as La Pourcailhade.

Caussade is a commune in the district of Montauban, located in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in the south of France.

Montech is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France.

Lauzerte is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France.

Molières is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France.

Montjoi is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France

Vianne is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Villeréal is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.

References

• Randolph, Adrian, "The Bastides of southwest France" The Art Bulletin77.2 (June 1995), pp. 290–307.

Further reading

• Bentley, James (1994). Fort Towns of France: The Bastides of the Dordogne and Aquitaine. Tauris Parke. ISBN   1-85043-608-8.
• Beresford, Maurice. (1967) New Towns of the Middle Ages. Town Plantation in England, Wales and Gascony. London.
• Boerefijn, Wim (2010) The foundation, planning and building of new towns in the 13th and 14th centuries in Europe. An architectural-historical research into urban form and its creation, PhD thesis University van Amsterdam. Esp. chapter 2: The bastides of southwest France ISBN   978-90-9025157-8.
• Boerefijn, Wim, 'New towns of the twelfth to fourteenth centuries and the grid plan', in: Sofia Greaves and Andrew Wallace-Hadrill (eds.), Rome and the Colonial City: Rethinking the Grid, Oxford and Philadelphia 2022, pp. 311-326.
• Lauret, Alain, Raymond Malebranche & Gilles Séraphin (1988) Bastides, villes nouvelles du moyen-age. Toulouse.

External links

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article " Bastide ".

• History of the Bastide Towns Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
• Bastides - mediaeval planned towns Where, when and why they were built.
• (in French) Musée des bastides, in Monflanquin, France
• (in French) Site du Centre d'études des bastides
• What is a bastide? - Short history in English centered around Cordes sur Ciel. Archived 2012-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
• About the bastides, John Reps Bastides Collection, Cornell University Library