Arusha Region

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Arusha Region
Mkoa wa Arusha (Swahili)
Region
Arusha City view.jpg
Lesser Flamingoes in the Ngorongoro Crater (2405442606).jpg
Lengai from Natron.jpg
Nickname(s): 
Cradle of Humankind; Land of Volcanoes; The Craters Region
Tanzania Arusha location map.svg
Location in Tanzania
Coordinates: 3°23′12.84″S36°40′58.8″E / 3.3869000°S 36.683000°E / -3.3869000; 36.683000
CountryFlag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania
ZoneNorthern
Named for Arusha people
Capital Arusha City
Districts
List
Government
 • Regional CommissionerJohn Mongella
Area
 • Total
37,576 km2 (14,508 sq mi)
 • Land33,809 km2 (13,054 sq mi)
 • Water707 km2 (273 sq mi)
 • Rank 9th of 31
Highest elevation
(Socialist Peak, Mount Meru)
4,562 m (14,967 ft)
Population
 (2022)
 • Total
2,356,255
 • Rank 11th of 31
 • Density63/km2 (160/sq mi)
Demonym Arushan
Ethnic groups
 • Settler Swahili & Maasai
 • Native Chaga
Time zone UTC+3 (EAT)
Postcode
23xxx
Area code 027
ISO 3166 code TZ-01
HDI (2021)0.568 [1]
medium · 9th of 25
Website Official website
SymbolsofTanzania
Bird
Masked Lovebird (Agapornis personata) -Auckland Zoo.jpg
Yellow-collard lovebird
Butterfly
Colotis danae annae m.JPG
Colotis danae
Fish
Alcolapia alcalica.jpg
Natron tilapia
Mammal
Lion d'Afrique.jpg
Lion
Tree
Vachellia (ex Acacia) tortilis.jpg
Umbrella thorn
Mineral Gregoryite

Arusha Region (Swahili : Mkoa wa Arusha) is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions and is located in the northeast of the country. The region's capital and largest city is the city of Arusha. The region is bordered by Kajiado County and Narok County in Kenya to the north, the Kilimanjaro Region to the east, the Manyara and Singida Regions to the south, and the Mara and Simiyu regions to the west. Arusha Region is home to Ngorongoro Conservation Area, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The region is comparable in size to the combined land and water areas of the state of Maryland in the United States. [2]

Contents

Arusha Region is a tourist destination in Africa and is the hub of the northern Tanzania safari circuit. The national parks and nature reserves in this region include Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Arusha National Park, the Loliondo Game Controlled Area, and part of Lake Manyara National Park. Remains of 600-year-old stone structures are found at Engaruka, just off the dirt road between Mto wa Mbu and Lake Natron. With a HDI of 0.721, Arusha is among the most developed regions of Tanzania being Tanzania's top 3 most resourceful region. [3]

Etymology

The "Arusha" Region is named after the Arusha People, a Bantu ethnic group that originally migrated from Arusha Chini in Kilimanjaro Region around 400 years ago. [4]

History

Prehistory

Arusha Region is home to Laetoli and Olduvai Gorge national archaeological sites both locations with discoveries of prehistoric hominids. [5]

First Communities

The first communities in southwestern Arusha Region's Arusha District, Arusha Rural District and Meru District, were the now extinct Koningo people, an ancient hunter-gatherer group that lived around the slopes of Mount Meru for centuries.

The second community to settle in the region is the Meru People, whom immigrated there from the Usambara Mountains in Tanga Region. [6] They settled on the southeastern slopes of the mountain and started to farm the land. The third wave of settlers were the Arusha people a subgroup of the Pare people migrated from Arusha Chini in Kilimanjaro Region. Some Parakuyo Masai in the west, who were the last group to immigrate to Arusha Region in the 1830s, assimilated into the Arusha community and influenced the Arusha into adopting the Masai language. [7]

In the 1880s a pandemic of rinderpest killed thousands of cattle and forced a large section of the Masai people in the west and integrated into Arusha agriculturally based society. In southeastern portion of the region in Karatu District and southern Ngorongoro District is the ancestral home to the Hadzabe People, who are the only surviving hunter gather communities left in the country.

Moreover, most of the Ngorongoro District, Monduli District and Longido District of the present area of Arusha Region are home to the Maasai, who immigrated from South Sudan, started moving southward around the 16th century CE toward Kenya, and finally reached the northwestern Arusha Region in the 1830s. [8] The Masai were the last precolonial community to settle in the present-day Arusha Region.

Colonial period

Prior to German arrival in 1895, the years between the 1880s to 1900, Arusha Region was plagued by rinderpest, Smallpox, droughts and famine that came after the devastating plagues.

The first German to visit Arusha territory was Kurt Johannes, and he was antagonistic towards the Arusha people and on occasion he survived an attack that cost the lives of two German missionaries in 1895. On 19 October 1896 he went to visit Chief Matunda and was attacked by Arusha warriors. Johannes survived the attack and returned to his post in Moshi and organised Chagga warriors for a retaliatory attack and defeated the WaArusha on 31 October 1896. [9]

Johannes then decided to conduct the scorched earth doctrine on the WaArusha people, leading to a famine and collapse of Arusha society. In 1899, Johannes forced the defeated Arusha warriors to build the German Boma next to today's Arusha Region Headquarters. The Arusha Region was under German military rule and in 1902, one hundred Afrikaners fleeing the Boer War in South Africa, are resettled in Arusha by German authorities, with each family given 1,000 hectares of land. [10]

For various reasons, many of the white settlers moved to Kenyan highlands or back to South Africa in a few years before the advent of World War I. During the great war, the British capture Arusha Region from the Germans in 1916. [11] They expelled all the Germans and confiscated their farms and redistributed the farms to Greek and British settlers.

The Meru and Arusha's Chagga wives were repatriated back to Kilimanjaro. The British started growing coffee in 1920. The administrative region of Arusha existed in 1922 [12] while mainland Tanzania was a British mandate under the League of Nations and known as Tanganyika. In 1948, the area was in the Northern Province, and [13] shortly afterwards, the British appointed the first WaArusha community leader Chief Simeon Laiseri in 1948.

Post-Independence period

In 1966, under the newly independent Tanzanian government, Arusha was given its own regional status. [12] In 2002, Manyara Region was created and was split from Arusha Region. Portions of the former Arusha Region districts of Kiteto, Babati, Mbulu, Hanang, and a tiny piece of Monduli were incorporated into the Manyara Region. Arusha was the largest region in Tanzania from 1966 to 2002. [14]

Geography

The Great Rift Valley runs through the middle of the region north-to-south. Oldonyo Lengai (Mountain of God in the Maasai language) is an active volcano to the north of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. Altitudes throughout the region vary widely, but much of it ranges from 900 to 1,600 metres (3,000 to 5,200 ft) in elevation. [15]

Mountains

Mount Meru, the second highest mountain in Tanzania after Mount Kilimanjaro, peaks at 4,655 metres (15,272 ft). Arusha Region has the highest number of craters and extinct volcanoes in Tanzania. [15] Other prominent peaks and mountains include the Monduli Mountains, Mount Loolmalasin, Mount Lolkisale, Mount Longido, Gelai Volcano, and the Olduvai Gorge.

Lakes

Arusha region is home to a number of lakes, the largest lake in the region being Lake Eyasi. Other prominent lakes in the region are Lake Duluti, Momela Lakes, Lake Manyara, Lake Masek, Lake Empakaai, Lake Magadi, Lake Ndutu and Lake Natron. Most of the lakes in the region are alkaline in nature.

Administrative divisions

Districts

Arusha Region is divided into one city and six districts, each administered by a council. [16]

Districts of Arusha Region
MapDistrictCapitalPopulation
(2012)		Area
(km2)
Arusha in Tanzania.svg Arusha City Arusha 416,44293
Arusha Rural District * Sokon II 323,1981,547.6 [17]
Karatu District Karatu Town 230,1663,300
Longido District Longido 123,1537,782
Meru District ** Usa River 268,1441,268.2 [18]
Monduli District Monduli 158,9296,419
Ngorongoro District Loliondo 174,27814,036
TotalArusha1,694,31034,526

Notes:

* - representing the west portion of the former Arumeru District
** - representing the east portion of the former Arumeru District

National parks, national monuments, and other sites

Western Arusha Region, Tanzania. Arusha Region, Tanzania-3.jpg
Western Arusha Region, Tanzania.
Giraffes Arusha National Park, Arusha Region, Tanzania. Giraffes Arusha Tanzania.jpg
Giraffes Arusha National Park, Arusha Region, Tanzania.
Colobus guereza Mantelaffen at Arusha National Park, Arusha Region. Colobus guereza Mantelaffen.JPG
Colobus guereza Mantelaffen at Arusha National Park, Arusha Region.
Arusha Declaration Monument Uhuru Monument Aug 2011.jpg
Arusha Declaration Monument
  1. Arusha National Park
  2. Empakaai Crater
  3. Engaruka
  4. Great Rift Valley
  5. Lake Manyara National Park (part)
  6. Mount Longido Forest Reserve
  7. Mount Meru Forest Reserve
  8. Ngorongoro Conservation Area
  9. Ngurdoto Crater
  10. Oldonyo Lengai
  11. Olduvai Gorge
  12. Uhuru Monument

Demographics

According to the 2012 national census, the Arusha Region had a population of 1,694,310. [19]

The region is inhabited by various ethnolinguistic groups and communities. Among these are the Iraqw, Arusha, Maasai, Wameru, Sonjo, Chagga, Pare, and Nguu. [20]

Culture and cuisine

Nyama Choma, the northern Tanzanian barbecue, is a popular dish among some communities in the Arusha Region, particularly the Maasai. [21]

Arusha cuisine ArushaLunch.jpg
Arusha cuisine

Transportation

Roads

The A-23 Arusha-Himo road runs east–west and enters the region near Kilimanjaro International Airport. It connects Arusha with Moshi and then Himo at the Kenyan border. This roads ends at its junction with the A-104 road in the center of Arusha.

Lake Duluti Lake Duluti.jpg
Lake Duluti

The A-104 runs northward, to the west of Mount Meru, from Arusha to Longido and Namanga at the Kenyan border before continuing to Nairobi. The A-104 also runs westward past Monduli to its junction at Makuyuni with the B-144 road that leads to Mto wa Mbu and the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. After that, the A-104 curves southward to the east of Lake Manyara and continues on to Babati and Dodoma.

Most overland travel is done by bus from the city of Arusha. Within the city and smaller towns, privately owned and operated dala-dalas (mini-buses) are used.

The region is landlocked, and there are no navigable rivers. The larger lakes in the Rift Valley are not used for transportation. The region is home to Lake Eyasi, Lake Natron, Lake Duluti, Lake Empakaai, and the Momella lakes.

Airports

Arusha Airport circa 2012. Arusha-Airport-2012.JPG
Arusha Airport circa 2012.

Arusha Region is served by the Kilimanjaro International Airport located in Hai District of Kilimanjaro Region. Its twelve international carriers are:

  1. Airkenya Express
  2. Air Uganda
  3. Condor
  4. Edelweiss Air
  5. Ethiopian Airlines
  6. Kenya Airways
  7. KLM
  8. Precision Air
  9. Qatar Airways
  10. RwandAir
  11. Safarilink Aviation
  12. Turkish Airlines

The smaller Arusha Airport (Kisongo Airport) serves small, medium and personal planes mainly to popular tourist areas such as Serengeti National Park, Seronera, Ndutu, Zanzibar etc. Planes using Kisongo Airport include:

  1. AMREF
  2. Auric Air
  3. Coastal Air
  4. Flying Doctors
  5. Grumeti Air
  6. Other personal planes.
  7. Precision Air
  8. TFC

Notable persons from Arusha Region

Regional commissioners

The chief administrative officer of the region is the regional commissioner. Below is a table showing the regional commissioners serving the Arusha Region from 1962 to present: [22]

Name of Regional CommissionerFromToComments
Dorcus Maduma 19621962first after independence
Peter Walwa 19621963
Samuel Chamshama 19631964first after union with Zanzibar
John Mhaville 19641964second term
Wazir Juma 19641968
Aaron Mwakangata 19681973
Abdulanur Suleiman 19731978
Peter Siyovelwa 19781981
John Mhaville 19811982
Charles Kileo 19831985
Christopher Liundi 19851987
Augustine Mwingira 19871990
Anatoly Tarimo 19901992
Ahmed Kiwanuka 19921995
Daniel Ole Njoolay 19952003longest serving commissioner
Mohammed Babu 20032006
Abbas Kandoro 20062006less than six months
Samuel Ndomba 20062007 [23]
Isidore Leka Shirima 20072011 [24]
Magesa Stanslaus Mulongo 20112014 [25] [26]
Lilian Steven Okama 20142016
Mrisho Gambo 20162020 [27]
Idd Hassan Kimanta2020 [28]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of Tanzania</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kilimanjaro International Airport</span> Airport in located in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania

Kilimanjaro International Airport (KIA) is an international airport located in Hai District, Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. The airport serves the cities of Arusha and Moshi. The airport handled 802,731 passengers in 2014 and mainly serves regional flights as well as a few long-haul services due to its importance as a leisure destination. It is the largest airport in northern Tanzania, by size and passenger volume.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arusha</span> City of Arusha Region in Tanzania

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Manyara</span> Alkaline lake in Arusha Region, Tanzania

Lake Manyara also known as Lake Moya among the Iraqw people is a lake located in Monduli District of Arusha Region, Tanzania and is the seventh-largest lake of Tanzania by surface area, at 470-square-kilometre (180 sq mi). It is a shallow, alkaline lake in the Natron-Manyara-Balangida branch of the East African Rift. The northwest quadrant of the lake is included within Lake Manyara National Park and it is part of the Lake Manyara Biosphere Reserve, established in 1981 by UNESCO as part of its Man and the Biosphere Programme.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chaga people</span> Ethnic group from Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania

The Chagga are a Nilotic ethnic group from Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania and Arusha Region of Tanzania. They are the third-largest ethnic group in Tanzania. They historically lived in sovereign Chagga states on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro in both Kilimanjaro Region and eastern Arusha Region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ngorongoro Conservation Area</span> Protected area and a World Heritage Site in Arusha Region, Tanzania

Ngorongoro Conservation Area is a protected area and a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Ngorongoro District, 180 km (110 mi) west of Arusha City in Arusha Region, within the Crater Highlands geological area of northeastern Tanzania. The area is named after Ngorongoro Crater, a large volcanic caldera within the area. The Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority administers the conservation area, an arm of the Tanzanian government, and its boundaries follow the boundary of the Ngorongoro District in Arusha Region. The western portion of the park abuts the Serengeti National Park, and the area comprising the two parks and Kenya's Maasai Mara game reserve is home to Great Migration, a massive annual migration of millions of wildebeest, zebras, gazelles, and other animals. The conservation area also contains Olduvai Gorge, one of the most important paleoanthropological sites in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kilimanjaro Region</span> Region of Tanzania

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monduli District, Arusha</span> District of Arusha Region, Tanzania

'Monduli District is one of seven districts of the Arusha Region of Tanzania. It is bordered to the north by Longido District, to the east by Arusha Rural District, to the south by the Manyara Region and to the west by Ngorongoro District and Karatu District. The District covers an area of 6,993 km2 (2,700 sq mi). The town of Monduli is the administrative seat of the district. According to the 2002 Tanzania National Census, the population of the Monduli District was 185,237. By 2012, the population of the district was 158,929. By 2022, the population had grown to 227,585.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ngorongoro District, Arusha</span> District of Arusha Region, Tanzania

Ngorongoro District is one of seven districts in western Arusha Region of Tanzania. The district is bordered to the north by Kenya, to the east by Monduli District, the northeast by Longido District, and to the south by the Karatu District. The western border is the Serengeti District in Mara Region. Ngorongoro District is home to the Ngorongoro Crater and was named after it. It covers an area of 14,036 km2 (5,419 sq mi). The district is comparable in size to the land area of Timor Leste. The administrative seat is the town of Loliondo. The district is home to the Ngorongoro Conservation Area which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The district is also home to the third tallest mountain in the country, Mount Loolmalasin. According to the 2002 Tanzania National Census, the population of the Ngorongoro Region was 129,776. By 2012, the population of the district was 174,278. By 2022, the population had grown to 273,549.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Simanjiro District, Manyara</span> District in Manyara Region, Tanzania

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iraqw people</span> Cushitic ethnic group from Arusha and Manyara Regions of Tanzania

The Iraqw people are a Cushitic ethnic group inhabiting the northern Tanzanian regions. They dwell in southwestern Arusha and Manyara regions of Tanzania, near the Rift Valley. The Iraqw people then settled in the southeast of Ngorongoro Crater in northern Karatu District, Arusha Region, where the majority of them still reside. In the Manyara region, the Iraqw are a major ethnic group, specifically in Mbulu District, Babati District and Hanang District.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arusha people</span> Tanzanian ethnic group

The Arusha people are a Bantu ethnic and indigenous group based in the western slopes of mount Meru in Arusha District of Arusha Region in Tanzania. The Maasai regard the Arusha people as related as they were once a part of the immigrant Maasai whom arrived in Arusha in the late 18th century from Kenya. The Arusha people are not to be confused by Arusha residents who are a mix of people of different ethnic backgrounds that are born and reside within the borders of the Arusha Region.

Mto wa Mbu is an administrative ward and town in the Monduli district of the Arusha Region of Tanzania. According to the 2012 census, the ward had a total population of 11,405. The name Mto wa Mbu means " The river of Mosquitoes " in the Swahili Language.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wildlife of Tanzania</span>

Tanzania contains some 20 percent of the species of Africa's large mammal population, found across its reserves, conservation areas, marine parks, and 17 national parks, spread over an area of more than 42,000 square kilometres (16,000 sq mi) and forming approximately 38 percent of the country's territory. Wildlife resources of Tanzania are described as "without parallel in Africa" and "the prime game viewing country". Serengeti National Park, the country's second largest national park area at 14,763 square kilometres (5,700 sq mi), is located in northern Tanzania and is famous for its extensive migratory herds of wildebeests and zebra while also having the reputation as one of the great natural wonders of the world. The Ngorongoro Conservation Area, established in 1959, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and inhabited by the Maasai people. Its Ngorongoro Crater is the largest intact caldera in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Longido District, Arusha</span> District of Arusha Region, Tanzania

Longido District is one of seven districts of the Arusha Region of Tanzania. The district is bordered to the east by the Ngorongoro District, to the south west by the Monduli District and southeast by the Arusha Rural District and Meru District. To the far east by Siha District of Kilimanjaro Region and the north by Kenya. It covers an area of 7,885 km2 (3,044 sq mi). The district is comparable in size to the land area of Puerto Rico.Longido District was created in 2007 from Monduli District. Mount Longido, Gelai and Kitumbeine volcano are all located within the boundaries of the district. The administrative seat is the town of Longido. According to the 2022 census, the population of the district was 175,915. Longido District is known as Arusha's gem district, as it is home to Anyolite and Rubies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arusha District Council, Arusha</span> District of Arusha in Arusha Region, Tanzania

Arusha District or Arusha District Council is one of the seven districts of the Arusha Region of Tanzania. The district is bordered to the north by Longido District, to the east by Meru District, to the south by Kilimanjaro Region, and to the west by Monduli District. the district surrounds Arusha City on all three sides. The district covers an area of 1,547.6 km2 (597.5 sq mi). The district is comparable in size to the land area of Guadeloupe. The district capital is located in Sokon II. According to the 2022 Tanzania National Census, the population of Arusha District was 449,518.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tarangire Ecosystem</span>

The TarangireEcosystem is a geographical region in northern Tanzania, Africa. It extends between 2.5 and 5.5 degrees south latitudes and between 35.5 and 37 degrees east longitudes.

References

  1. ↑ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 2020-02-26.
  2. ↑ 32,131 km2 (12,406 sq mi) for Maryland at "Land and Water Area of States and Other Entities" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
    34,506 km2 (13,323 sq mi) for Arusha.
  3. ↑ Economic Transformation for Human Development Archived 2015-07-05 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ↑ "Arusha Migration". Archived from the original on 2007-12-21. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  5. ↑ "Laetoli Footprint Trails". Archived from the original on 2021-11-08. Retrieved 2021-11-08.
  6. ↑ "Meru and Machame Migrations to Arusha Region". Archived from the original on 2007-12-21. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  7. ↑ Peer, Peters (2003). Armies of the nineteenth century: East Africa. Foundry.
  8. ↑ "Maasai Origins". Archived from the original on 2021-05-01. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  9. ↑ "German Invasion of Arusha". Archived from the original on 2007-12-21. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  10. ↑ "Boers in Arusha". Archived from the original on 2007-10-22. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  11. ↑ "British capture Arusha". Archived from the original on 2007-10-22. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  12. 1 2 ""Regions of Tanzania", Statoids". Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2013-01-22.
  13. ↑ ""Demographic Yearbook", Statistical Office, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, Seventh Issue, page 153, New York, 1955" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-05-03. Retrieved 2013-01-22.
  14. ↑ "PROFILE OF ARUSHA REGION". Archived from the original on 2020-07-30. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  15. 1 2 "Weather of Ngorongoro Conservation Area - ngorongoro weather". Ngorongoro Crater Tanzania. 2019-08-13. Archived from the original on 2022-07-07. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  16. ↑ "Arusha Region - Councils". Arusha Region Office, Tanzania. Archived from the original on 16 October 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
  17. ↑ "Arusha District Council". Arusha Region Office, Tanzania. Archived from the original on 16 October 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
  18. ↑ "Meru District Council". Arusha Region Office, Tanzania. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
  19. ↑ Population Distribution by Administrative Units, United Republic of Tanzania, 2013, page 1 Archived May 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  20. ↑ ""Arusha Region Socio-Economic Profile", United Republic of Tanzania, joint publication of the Planning Commission Dar es Salaam and Regional Commissioner's Office Arusha, April 1998, page 3" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-05-13. Retrieved 2013-07-29.
  21. ↑ "Ngorongoro Conservation Area". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 2020-07-04. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  22. ↑ Nkwame, Valentine Marc (9–15 December 2006). "Njoolay longest serving RC in Arusha: 17 RCs have served Arusha in 45 years". The Arusha Times. No. 449. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  23. ↑ Col. Samuel Ndomba was reassigned to military duties in Dar es Salaam. Selasini, Edward (1–7 September 2007). "Zanzibar legislators visit Wazee Club". The Arusha Times. No. 484. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  24. ↑ Staff reporter (1–7 September 2007). "Shirima at the helm of Arusha Region". The Arusha Times. No. 484. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  25. ↑ Arusha Times Correspondent (17 December 2011 – 13 January 2012). "RC guarantees order and tranquility". The Arusha Times. No. 695. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2012.{{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  26. ↑ "Kitabu cha Mawasiliano Serikalini, Tanzania Government Directory, 2012, page 154". Archived from the original on 2013-01-25. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
  27. ↑ Melleor, Grace. "MRISHO GAMBO ATENGULIWA KUWA MKUU WA MKOA". startv.co.tz. Archived from the original on 2020-08-18. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  28. ↑ "Orodha ya Wakuu wa Mikoa | Arusha Regional". www.arusha.go.tz. Archived from the original on 2020-08-12. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
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