APACHE II

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APACHE II
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APACHE II ("Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II") is a severity-of-disease classification system, [1] one of several ICU scoring systems. It is applied within 24 hours of admission of a patient to an intensive care unit (ICU): an integer score from 0 to 71 is computed based on several measurements; higher scores correspond to more severe disease and a higher risk of death. The first APACHE model was presented by Knaus et al. in 1981. [2]

Contents

Application

APACHE II was designed to measure the severity of disease for adult patients admitted to intensive care units. It has not been validated for use in children or young people aged under 16.

This scoring system is used in many ways which include:

  1. Some procedures or some medicine is only given to patients with a certain APACHE II score
  2. APACHE II score can be used to describe the morbidity of a patient when comparing the outcome with other patients.
  3. Predicted mortalities are averaged for groups of patients in order to specify the group's morbidity.

Even though newer scoring systems, such as APACHE III, have replaced APACHE II in many places, APACHE II continues to be used extensively because so much documentation is based on it.[ citation needed ]

Calculation

The point score is calculated from 12 admission physiologic variables comprising the Acute Physiology Score, the patient's age, and chronic health status:

A. Acute Physiology Score (measured within 24 hours of admission)
  1. AaDO2 or PaO2 (for FiO2≥0.5 or <0.5, respectively)
  2. body temperature (rectal)
  3. mean arterial pressure
  4. blood pH
  5. heart rate
  6. respiratory rate
  7. serum sodium
  8. serum potassium
  9. creatinine (Double point score for acute renal failure)
  10. hematocrit
  11. white blood cell count
  12. Glasgow Coma Scale (15 minus actual GCS)
B. Age points
AGE (yrs)Points
≤440
45-542
55-643
65-745
≥756
C. Chronic health points

If the patient has a history of severe organ system insufficiency (i.e. liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension, NYHA class IV heart failure, severe respiratory disease, dialysis dependent) or is immunocompromised (i.e. due to chemotherapy, radiation, high dose steroid therapy, or advanced leukemia, lymphoma or AIDS) assign points as follows:

a. for nonoperative or emergency postoperative patients: 5 points
b. for elective postoperative patients: 2 points

The method is optimized for manual calculation, by using integer values and limiting the number of options so that data fits on a single-sheet paper form.

The score is not recalculated during the stay. It is by definition an admission score. If a patient is discharged from the ICU and subsequently readmitted, a new APACHE II score is calculated.

In the original research paper that described the APACHE II score, patient prognosis (specifically, predicted mortality) was computed based on the patient's APACHE II score in combination with the principal diagnosis at admission. [1]

APACHE III

A method to compute a refined score known as APACHE III was published in 1991. [3]

The score was validated on the dataset from 17,440 adult medical/surgical intensive care unit (ICU) admissions at 40 US hospitals.

The prognostic system of APACHE III has two options:

Provides an initial risk classification of severely ill hospitalized patients in defined groups.
Adds additional variables to the APACHE III Score including the primary reason for ICU admission (from a reference list of 212 conditions classified according to etiology, major organ involved, and distinction between surgical/medical categories); age, sex, race and preexisting comorbidities; and location prior to ICU admission (operating room, recovery or emergency department, transfer or readmission from another hospital or ICU).

When possible, the time between the patient's arrival at the hospital and their ICU admission is recorded.

To evaluate the severity of disease 20 physiologic variables are measured, compared to 12 variables for APACHE II.

APACHE III scores range from 0 to 299. [3]

APACHE IV

APACHE IV, published in 2006, is the latest version. [4] The model was developed using data from 104 intensive care units (ICUs) in 45 U.S. hospitals and could be recommended to use in U.S. ICUs.

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE (1985). "APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system". Critical Care Medicine. 13 (10): 818–29. doi:10.1097/00003246-198510000-00009. PMID   3928249. (This is the first published description of the APACHE II scoring system)
  2. ↑ Knaus WA, Zimmerman JE, Wagner DP, Draper EA, Lawrence DE (1981). "APACHE-acute physiology and chronic health evaluation: a physiologically based classification system". Critical Care Medicine. 9 (8): 591–7. doi:10.1097/00003246-198108000-00008. PMID   7261642. S2CID   44301003.
  3. 1 2 Knaus WA, Wagner DP, Draper EA, Zimmerman JE, Bergner M, Bastos PG, Sirio CA, Murphy DJ, Lotring T, Damiano A, et al. (1991). "The APACHE III prognostic system. Risk prediction of hospital mortality for critically ill hospitalized adults". Chest. 100 (6): 1619–36. doi:10.1378/chest.100.6.1619. PMID   1959406. S2CID   1848227..
  4. ↑ Zimmerman JE, Kramer AA, McNair DS, Malila FM, et al. (2006). "Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) IV: hospital mortality assessment for today's critically ill patients". Critical Care Medicine. 34 (5): 1297–310. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000215112.84523.F0. PMID   16540951. S2CID   34985998..
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