3rd century BC

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Hannibal crosses the Alps during the Second Punic War Hannibal traverse le Rhone Henri Motte 1878.jpg
Hannibal crosses the Alps during the Second Punic War

The 3rd century BC started the first day of 300 BC and ended the last day of 201 BC. It is considered part of the Classical Era, epoch, or historical period.

Contents

In the Mediterranean Basin, the first few decades of this century were characterized by a balance of power between the Greek Hellenistic kingdoms in the east, and the great mercantile power of Carthage in the west. This balance was shattered when conflict arose between ancient Carthage and the Roman Republic. In the following decades, the Carthaginian Republic was first humbled and then destroyed by the Romans in the First and Second Punic Wars. Following the Second Punic War, Rome became the most important power in the western Mediterranean.

In the eastern Mediterranean, the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Kingdom, successor states to the empire of Alexander the Great, fought a series of Syrian Wars for control over the Levant. In mainland Greece, the short-lived Antipatrid dynasty of Macedon was overthrown and replaced by the Antigonid dynasty in 294 BC, a royal house that would dominate the affairs of Hellenistic Greece for roughly a century until the stalemate of the First Macedonian War against Rome. Macedon would also lose the Cretan War against the Greek city-state of Rhodes and its allies.

In India, Ashoka ruled the Maurya Empire. The Pandya, Chola and Chera dynasties of the classical age flourished in the ancient Tamil country.

The Warring States period in China drew to a close, with Qin Shi Huang conquering the six other nation-states and establishing the short-lived Qin dynasty, the first empire of China, which was followed in the same century by the long-lasting Han dynasty. However, a brief interregnum and civil war existed between the Qin and Han periods known as the Chu-Han contention, lasting until 202 BC with the ultimate victory of Liu Bang over Xiang Yu.

The Protohistoric Period began in Korea. In the following century the Chinese Han dynasty would conquer the Gojoseon kingdom of northern Korea. The Xiongnu were at the height of their power in Mongolia. They defeated the Han Chinese at the Battle of Baideng in 200 BC, marking the beginning of the forced Heqin tributary agreement and marriage alliance that would last several decades.

The world in the 3rd century BC

Map of the world in 300 BC, the beginning of the third century BC. World in 300 BCE.PNG
Map of the world in 300 BC, the beginning of the third century BC.
Map of the Hellenistic world and Maurya Empire in 281 BC. Hellenistic world and Maurya Empire 281 BCE.png
Map of the Hellenistic world and Maurya Empire in 281 BC.
Map of the world in 200 BC, the end of the third century BC. East-Hem 200bc.jpg
Map of the world in 200 BC, the end of the third century BC.

Events

290s BC

280s BC

270s BC

The Lion Capital of Ashoka of Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh, India, now the National Emblem of India, 3rd century BC, dated to the reign of Ashoka the Great during the Maurya Empire Sarnath capital.jpg
The Lion Capital of Ashoka of Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh, India, now the National Emblem of India, 3rd century BC, dated to the reign of Ashoka the Great during the Maurya Empire

260s BC

250s BC

240s BC

The Chinese Terracotta Army of Qin Shi Huang's tomb at Xi'an, Shaanxi, China Terrakottaarmen.jpg
The Chinese Terracotta Army of Qin Shi Huang's tomb at Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

230s BC

220s BC

210s BC

200s BC

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

Significant people

Seleucus I Seleuco I Nicatore.JPG
Seleucus I
Ptolemy Soter Ptolemy I Soter Louvre Ma849.jpg
Ptolemy Soter
Demetrius Poliorcetes Demetrius I of Macedon.jpg
Demetrius Poliorcetes
Pyrrhus of Epirus Pyrrhus.JPG
Pyrrhus of Epirus
Hannibal Mommsen p265.jpg
Hannibal
Scipio Africanus Escipion africano.JPG
Scipio Africanus
Menander Menander Chiaramonti Inv1453.jpg
Menander
Zeno of Citium Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico (Napoli, 1969) - BEIC 6353768.jpg
Zeno of Citium

Politics

Military

Literature

Science and philosophy

Sovereign states

See: List of sovereign states in the 3rd century BC.

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References

  1. ↑ Pliny Natural History 7.213
  2. ↑ Yannopoulos, Stavros; Lyberatos, Gerasimos; Theodossiou, Nicolaos; Li, Wang; Valipour, Mohammad; Tamburrino, Aldo; Angelakis, Andreas (2015). "Evolution of Water Lifting Devices (Pumps) over the Centuries Worldwide". Water. 7 (9): 5031–5060. doi: 10.3390/w7095031 .
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