1260

Last updated

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1260 by topic
Leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Art and literature
1260 in poetry
1260 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar 1260
MCCLX
Ab urbe condita 2013
Armenian calendar 709
ԹՎ ՉԹ
Assyrian calendar 6010
Balinese saka calendar 1181–1182
Bengali calendar 667
Berber calendar 2210
English Regnal year 44  Hen. 3  – 45  Hen. 3
Buddhist calendar 1804
Burmese calendar 622
Byzantine calendar 6768–6769
Chinese calendar 己未年 (Earth  Goat)
3957 or 3750
    — to —
庚申年 (Metal  Monkey)
3958 or 3751
Coptic calendar 976–977
Discordian calendar 2426
Ethiopian calendar 1252–1253
Hebrew calendar 5020–5021
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat 1316–1317
 - Shaka Samvat 1181–1182
 - Kali Yuga 4360–4361
Holocene calendar 11260
Igbo calendar 260–261
Iranian calendar 638–639
Islamic calendar 658–659
Japanese calendar Shōgen 2 / Bun'ō 1
(文応元年)
Javanese calendar 1169–1170
Julian calendar 1260
MCCLX
Korean calendar 3593
Minguo calendar 652 before ROC
民前652年
Nanakshahi calendar −208
Thai solar calendar 1802–1803
Tibetan calendar 阴土羊年
(female Earth-Goat)
1386 or 1005 or 233
    — to —
阳金猴年
(male Iron-Monkey)
1387 or 1006 or 234
The Cathedral of Chartres is dedicated. Cathedral of Chartres, western spires.JPG
The Cathedral of Chartres is dedicated.
Kublai Khan becomes ruler of the Mongol Empire. YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg
Kublai Khan becomes ruler of the Mongol Empire.
Livonia in 1260 Medieval Livonia 1260.svg
Livonia in 1260

Year 1260 ( MCCLX ) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Contents

Events

By place

Africa

Asia

Europe

By topic

Arts and culture

Religion

Births

Deaths

Related Research Articles

The 1250s decade ran from January 1, 1250, to December 31, 1259.

The 1260s is the decade starting January 1, 1260 and ending December 31, 1269.

The 1270s is the decade starting January 1, 1270, and ending December 31, 1279.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1265</span> Calendar year

Year 1265 (MCCLXV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1281</span> Calendar year

Year 1281 (MCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mongol Empire</span> 13th- and 14th-century empire originating in Mongolia

The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous empire in history. Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia, the Mongol Empire at its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to parts of Eastern Europe, extending northward into parts of the Arctic; eastward and southward into parts of the Indian subcontinent, mounted invasions of Southeast Asia, and conquered the Iranian Plateau; and reached westward as far as the Levant and the Carpathian Mountains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Ain Jalut</span> 1260 battle between the Mamluk Sultanate and the Mongol Empire

The Battle of Ain Jalut, also spelled Ayn Jalut, was fought between the Bahri Mamluks of Egypt and the Mongol Empire on 3 September 1260 near the spring of Ain Jalut in southeastern Galilee in the Jezreel Valley. It marks as the first major loss of the Mongolian advances and halted their expansion into Arabia and Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hulegu Khan</span> Western Asian Mongol ruler (c. 1217–1265)

Hulegu Khan, also known as Hülegü or Hulagu, was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of Western Asia. Son of Tolui and the Keraite princess Sorghaghtani Beki, he was a grandson of Genghis Khan and brother of Ariq Böke, Möngke Khan, and Kublai Khan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hethum I</span> King of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia

Hethum I ruled the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia from 1226 to 1270. He was the son of Constantine of Baberon and Princess Alix Pahlavouni of Lampron and was the founder of the dynasty which bears his name: the Hethumids also known as the House of Lampron. Having accepted the suzerainty of the Mongol Empire, Hethum himself traveled to the Mongol court in Karakorum, Mongolia, a famous account of which is given by Hethum's companion, the historian Kirakos Gandzaketsi, in his History of Armenia. He allied with the Mongols to fight against the Muslim Mamluks and also encouraged other Crusader states to do the same.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ilkhanate</span> 1256–1335 breakaway khanate of the Mongol Empire

The Ilkhanate or Il-khanate was a Mongol khanate founded in the southwestern territories of the Mongol Empire. It was ruled by the Il-Khans or Ilkhanids, and known to the Mongols as Hülegü Ulus. The Ilkhanid realm was officially known as the Land of Iran or simply Iran. It was established after Hülegü, the son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, inherited the West Asian and Central Asian part of the Mongol Empire after his brother Möngke Khan died in 1259.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abaqa Khan</span> Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate from 1265 to 1282

Abaqa Khan, was the second Mongol ruler (Ilkhan) of the Ilkhanate. The son of Hulagu Khan and Lady Yesünčin and the grandson of Tolui, he reigned from 1265 to 1282 and was succeeded by his brother Ahmed Tekuder. Much of Abaqa's reign was consumed with civil wars in the Mongol Empire, such as those between the Ilkhanate and the northern khanate of the Golden Horde, and the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia. Abaqa also engaged in unsuccessful attempts at invading Syria under the Mamluk Sultanate, which included the Second Battle of Homs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mongol invasions and conquests</span> Series of military campaigns by the Mongol Empire

The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire, the Mongol Empire (1206–1368), which by 1260 covered large parts of Eurasia. Historians regard the Mongol devastation as one of the deadliest episodes in history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mongol invasions of the Levant</span> Mongol invasions of the Levant (1260-1323)

Starting in the 1240s, the Mongols made repeated invasions of Syria or attempts thereof. Most failed, but they did have some success in 1260 and 1300, capturing Aleppo and Damascus and destroying the Ayyubid dynasty. The Mongols were forced to retreat within months each time by other forces in the area, primarily the Egyptian Mamluks. The post-1260 conflict has been described as the Mamluk–Ilkhanid War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Battle of Homs</span> 1281 battle between Mamluks and Mongols

The Second Battle of Homs was fought in western Syria on 29 October 1281, between the armies of the Mamluk dynasty of Egypt and the Ilkhanate, a division of the Mongol Empire centered on Iran. The battle was part of Abaqa Khan's attempt at taking Syria from the Egyptians.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Franco-Mongol alliance</span> 13th century attempts at an alliance

Several attempts at a military alliance between the Frankish Crusaders and the Mongol Empire against the Islamic caliphates, their common enemy, were made by various leaders among them during the 13th century. Such an alliance might have seemed an obvious choice: the Mongols were already sympathetic to Christianity, given the presence of many influential Nestorian Christians in the Mongol court. The Franks—Western Europeans, and those in the Levantine Crusader states—were open to the idea of support from the East, in part owing to the long-running legend of the mythical Prester John, an Eastern king in an Eastern kingdom who many believed would one day come to the assistance of the Crusaders in the Holy Land. The Franks and Mongols also shared a common enemy in the Muslims. However, despite many messages, gifts, and emissaries over the course of several decades, the often-proposed alliance never came to fruition.

An-Nasir Yusuf, fully al-Malik al-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn al-Aziz ibn al-Zahir ibn Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub ibn Shazy, was the Ayyubid Kurdish Emir of Syria from his seat in Aleppo (1236–1260), and the Sultan of the Ayyubid Empire from 1250 until the sack of Aleppo by the Mongols in 1260.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medieval Jerusalem</span>

Jerusalem in the Middle Ages was a major Byzantine metropolis from the 4th century CE before the advent on the early Islamic period in the 7th century saw it become the regional capital of Jund Filastin under successive caliphates. In the later Islamic period it went on to experience a period of more contested ownership, war and decline. Muslim rule was interrupted for a period of about 200 years by the Crusades and the establishment of the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem. At the tail end of the Medieval period, the city was ceded to the Ottomans in 1517, who maintained control of it until the British took it in 1917.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mongol raids into Palestine</span> Military invasion of the Palestine region by the Mongol Empire between 1260 and 1300

Mongol raids into Palestine took place towards the end of the Crusades, following the temporarily successful Mongol invasions of Syria, primarily in 1260 and 1300. Following each of these invasions, there existed a period of a few months during which the Mongols were able to launch raids southward into Palestine, reaching as far as Gaza.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reuven Amitai</span> Israeli-American historian and writer (born 1955)

Reuven Amitai, also Reuven Amitai-Preiss, is an Israeli-American historian and writer, specializing in pre-modern Islamic civilization, especially Syria and Palestine during the time of the Mamluk Empire. In his 20s he moved to Israel, and became history professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. As of 2012 he is the Dean of the Faculty of Humanities at the Hebrew University.

The division of the Mongol Empire began after Möngke Khan died in 1259 in the siege of Diaoyu Castle with no declared successor, precipitating infighting between members of the Tolui family line for the title of khagan that escalated into the Toluid Civil War. This civil war, along with the Berke–Hulagu war and the subsequent Kaidu–Kublai war, greatly weakened the authority of the great khan over the entirety of the Mongol Empire, and the empire fractured into four khanates: the Golden Horde in Eastern Europe, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Ilkhanate in Iran, and the Yuan dynasty in China based in modern-day Beijing – although the Yuan emperors held the nominal title of khagan of the empire.

References

  1. 1 2 Cobb, Paul M. (2014). The Race for Paradise: An Islamic History of the Crusades. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 225. ISBN   978-0-19-061446-1.
  2. ↑ Lower, Michael (2018). The Tunis Crusade of 1270: A Mediterranean History. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN   978-0-19-874432-0.
  3. 1 2 Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul (1998). Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 301. ISBN   978-0-415-18571-4.
  4. ↑ Adam, Anita. Benadiri People of Somalia with Particular Reference to the Reer Hamar of Mogadishu. pp. 204–205.
  5. 1 2 Allsen, Thomas T. (2004) [2001]. Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town: Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN   978-0-521-60270-9.
  6. ↑ Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 283. ISBN   978-1-85109-672-5.
  7. ↑ Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (2004) [1995]. Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 26–30. ISBN   978-0-521-52290-8.
  8. ↑ Zhu, Ruixi; Zhang, Bangwei; Liu, Fusheng; Cai, Chongbang; Wang, Zengyu (2016). A Social History of Medieval China. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 757. ISBN   978-1-107-16786-5.
  9. ↑ Mass, Jeffrey P. (1989). Lordship and Inheritance in Early Medieval Japan: A Study of the Kamakura Soryo System. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 215–216. ISBN   978-0-8047-1540-9.
  10. ↑ Conlan, Thomas (2011). From Sovereign to Symbol: An Age of Ritual Determinism in Fourteenth Century Japan. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN   978-0-19-977810-2.
  11. ↑ Grant, R. G. (2011). 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History. New York: Book Sales. p. 175. ISBN   978-0-7858-3553-0.
  12. ↑ Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Vol. I: A-E. Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 320. ISBN   978-0-313-33537-2.
  13. ↑ Trollope, Thomas Adolphus (1865). A History of the Commonwealth of Florence: From the Earliest Independence of the Commune to the Fall of the Republic in 1531. Vol. I. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 154–160.
  14. ↑ Lincoln, Bruce (2014). Discourse and the Construction of Society: Comparative Studies of Myth, Ritual, and Classification. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 21–24. ISBN   978-0-19-937238-6.
  15. ↑ Gyllenbok, Jan (2018). Encyclopaedia of Historical Metrology, Weights, and Measures. Science Networks Historical Studies 57. Vol. 2. Cham, Switzerland: Birkhäuser. p. 1266. ISBN   978-3-319-66691-4.
  16. ↑ Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG (2008). Künker Auktion 137 – The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins, 1000 Years of European Coinage, Part III: England, Ireland, Scotland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Balkan, the Middle East, Crusader States, Jetons und Weights. Osnabrück, Germany: Numismatischer Verlag Künker. p. 261.
  17. ↑ Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. p. 22. ISBN   978-0-472-08260-5.
  18. ↑ Morganstern, Anne McGee (2011). "Chapter Five: The North Transept Porch of Chartres Cathedral". High Gothic Sculpture at Chartres Cathedral, the Tomb of the Count of Joigny, and the Master of the Warrior Saints. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State Press. p. 73. ISBN   978-0-271-04865-9.
  19. ↑ Ryan, William Granger (1995) [1993]. Vorágine, Jacobo de (ed.). The Golden Legend: Readings on the Saints. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. xiii. ISBN   978-0-691-00153-1.
  20. ↑ Delaure, Dominic E. (2018). "Chapter 4: Concepts of Solitude in Jacobus de Voragine's Legenda aurea". In Enenkel, Karl A. E.; Göttler, Christine (eds.). Solitudo: Spaces and Places of Solitude in Late Medieval and Early Modern Cultures. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 121. ISBN   9789004367432.
  21. ↑ Buckley, Jonathan; Jepson, Tim (2009). The Rough Guide to Florence & the best of Tuscany. New York, London, Delhi: Rough Guides UK. p. 160. ISBN   978-1-84836-197-3.
  22. ↑ Lord, Suzanne (2008). Music in the Middle Ages: A Reference Guide: A Reference Guide. Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Press. p. 59. ISBN   978-0-313-08368-6.
  23. ↑ Peraino, Judith A. (2011). Giving Voice to Love: Song and Self-Expression from the Troubadours to Guillaume de Machaut. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 89. ISBN   978-0-19-975724-4.
  24. ↑ Munro, David M.; Gittings, Bruce (2006). Scotland: An Encyclopedia of Places & Landscapes. London and New York: Harper Collins. p. 175. ISBN   978-0-00-472466-9.
  25. ↑ Swenson, Astrid (2013). The Rise of Heritage: Preserving the Past in France, Germany and England, 1789–1914. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 265. ISBN   978-1-107-46911-2.
  26. ↑ Magill, Frank Northen; Aves, Alison (1998). Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages. Vol. II: The Middle Ages. London and New York: Routledge. p. 747. ISBN   978-1-57958-041-4.
  27. ↑ Keown, Damien (2003). A Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 299. ISBN   978-0-19-157917-2.
  28. ↑ Andrews, Frances (2017). "The Influence of Joachim in the 13th Century". In Riedl, Matthias (ed.). A Companion to Joachim of Fiore. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. pp. 241–244. ISBN   9789004339668.
  29. ↑ Chen, Joseph J. F. (2014). Maitreya Buddha in I-Kuan Tao. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. p. 18. ISBN   978-1-4969-4659-1.
  30. ↑ Mariana, Juan de (2011). A Treatise on the Alteration of Money: Sources in Early Modern Economics, Ethics, and Law. Grand Rapids, MI: Christian's Library Press. p. 77. ISBN   978-1-880595-88-6.
  31. ↑ Stephen, Sir Leslie (1887). Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder, & Company. p. 155.
  32. ↑ Antonín, Robert (2017). The Ideal Ruler in Medieval Bohemia. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 397. ISBN   9789004341128.
  33. ↑ Eckhart, Meister (1981). Meister Eckhart: The Essential Sermons, Commentaries, Treatises, and Defense. The Classics of Western Spirituality. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press. p. 5. ISBN   978-0-8091-2370-4.
  34. ↑ Aertsen, Jan A. (1998). Craig, Edward (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. New York and London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 286–288. ISBN   978-0-415-18715-2.
  35. ↑ Aguilera-Barchet, Bruno (2014). A History of Western Public Law: Between Nation and State. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 217. ISBN   978-3-319-11803-1.
  36. ↑ Agarwal, Ravi P.; Sen, Syamal K. (2014). Creators of Mathematical and Computational Sciences. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 124. ISBN   978-3-319-10870-4.
  37. ↑ Robins, Robert H. (2011) [1993]. The Byzantine Grammarians: Their Place in History. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs 70. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. p. 201. ISBN   978-3-11-085722-1.
  38. ↑ Mayor, Adrienne (2014). The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 402. ISBN   978-1-4008-6513-0.
  39. ↑ Ellsberg, Robert (2016). Blessed Among Us: Day by Day with Saintly Witnesses. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. p. 242. ISBN   978-0-8146-4745-5.
  40. ↑ Jackson, Guida M.; Jackson-Laufer, Guida Myrl (1999). Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide . Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. pp.  267 – 268. ISBN   978-1-57607-091-8. 1260 Maria of Brabant.
  41. ↑ Moule, Thomas (1830). Great Britain Illustrated: A Series of Original Views. London: C. Tilt. pp.  11. 1260 Walter of Kirkham.
  42. ↑ Aston, Trevor Henry (1984). The History of the University of Oxford. Vol. I: The Early Oxford Schools. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 292. ISBN   978-0-19-951011-5.
  43. ↑ Jobson, Adrian (2016). Baronial Reform and Revolution in England, 1258–1267. Woodbridge and Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer. p. 92. ISBN   978-1-84383-467-0.
  44. ↑ Runciman, Steven (1999) [1951]. A History of the Crusades. Vol. III: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid: Cambridge University Press Archive. pp. 305–314. ISBN   978-0-521-34772-3.
  45. ↑ Kleinhenz, Christopher (2004). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Routledge. p. 3. ISBN   978-1-135-94880-1.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.