Kvantfluktuation

Inom kvantmekanik är kvantfluktuation den tillfälliga energiförändringen i en punkt i rummet, uppkommen ur Heisenbergs osäkerhetsprincip.^[1]

Enligt en formulering av principen, kan förhållandet mellan energi och tid beskrivas genom^[2]

\Delta e\Delta t\approx {h \over 2\pi }

Det betyder att regeln om att bevara energi kan brytas, men blott för korta ögonblick. Detta möjliggör skapandet av partikel-antipartikelpar av virtuella partiklar.

Effekterna av dessa partiklar är mätbara, exempelvis i elektronens elektriska laddning, olik dess "nakna" laddning.

Kvantfluktuationer kan ha varit mycket betydelsefulla för strukturbildning i ett universum med begynnelse: enligt modellen om kosmisk inflation var fluktuationerna, när inflationen startade, förstärkta och sådde fröet till all nuvarande observerbar struktur.

Se även

Referenser

^ Browne, Malcolm W. (21 augusti 1990). ”New Direction in Physics: Back in Time”. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/21/science/new-direction-in-physics-back-in-time.html?pagewanted=all. Läst 6 juni 2010. ”According to quantum theory, the vacuum contains neither matter nor energy, but it does contain fluctuations, transitions between something and nothing in which potential existence can be transformed into real existence by the addition of energy.(Energy and matter are equivalent, since all matter ultimately consists of packets of energy.) Thus, the vacuum's totally empty space is actually a seething turmoil of creation and annihilation, which to the ordinary world appears calm because the scale of fluctuations in the vacuum is tiny and the fluctuations tend to cancel each other out.”
^ Mandelshtam, Leonid; Tamm, Igor (1945). ”The uncertainty relation between energy and time in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics”. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR (ser. Fiz.) 9: sid. 122–128. http://daarb.narod.ru/mandtamm/index-eng.html. . Engelsk översättning: J. Phys. (USSR) 9, 249–254 (1945).

Vidare läsning

Lawrence B. Crowell: Quantum fluctuations of spacetime. World Scientific, Singapore 2005, ISBN 978-981-256-515-0
Robert W. Carroll: Fluctuations, information, gravity and the quantum potential. Springer, Amsterdam 2006, ISBN 978-1-4020-4003-0

[1] Browne, Malcolm W. (21 augusti 1990). ”New Direction in Physics: Back in Time”. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/21/science/new-direction-in-physics-back-in-time.html?pagewanted=all. Läst 6 juni 2010. ”According to quantum theory, the vacuum contains neither matter nor energy, but it does contain fluctuations, transitions between something and nothing in which potential existence can be transformed into real existence by the addition of energy.(Energy and matter are equivalent, since all matter ultimately consists of packets of energy.) Thus, the vacuum's totally empty space is actually a seething turmoil of creation and annihilation, which to the ordinary world appears calm because the scale of fluctuations in the vacuum is tiny and the fluctuations tend to cancel each other out.”

[2] Mandelshtam, Leonid; Tamm, Igor (1945). ”The uncertainty relation between energy and time in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics”. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR (ser. Fiz.) 9: sid. 122–128. http://daarb.narod.ru/mandtamm/index-eng.html. . Engelsk översättning: J. Phys. (USSR) 9, 249–254 (1945).

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