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User:Mr. Ibrahem/Polycystic ovary syndrome

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Polycystic ovary syndrome
Other namesHyperandrogenic anovulation (HA),[1] polycystic ovarian disease, Stein–Leventhal syndrome[2]
A polycystic ovary shown on an ultrasound image.
Medical specialtyGynecology
SymptomsIrregular menstrual periods, heavy periods, excess hair, acne, pelvic pain, difficulty getting pregnant, patches of thick, darker, velvety skin[3]
ComplicationsType 2 diabetes, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, heart disease, mood disorders, endometrial cancer[4]
DurationLong term[5]
CausesGenetic and environmental factors[6][7]
Risk factorsObesity, not enough exercise, family history[8]
Diagnostic methodBased on no ovulation, high androgen levels, ovarian cysts[4]
Differential diagnosisAdrenal hyperplasia, hypothyroidism, high blood levels of prolactin[9]
TreatmentWeight loss, exercise[10][11]
MedicationBirth control pills, metformin, anti-androgens[12]
Frequency2% to 20% of women of childbearing age[8][13]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a set of symptoms due to elevated androgens (male hormones) in females.[4][14] Signs and symptoms of PCOS include irregular or no menstrual periods, heavy periods, excess body and facial hair, acne, pelvic pain, difficulty getting pregnant, and patches of thick, darker, velvety skin.[3] Associated conditions include type 2 diabetes, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, heart disease, mood disorders, and endometrial cancer.[4]

PCOS is due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.[6][7][15] Risk factors include obesity, a lack of physical exercise, and a family history of someone with the condition.[8] Diagnosis is based on two of the following three findings: no ovulation, high androgen levels, and ovarian cysts.[4] Cysts may be detectable by ultrasound.[9] Other conditions that produce similar symptoms include adrenal hyperplasia, hypothyroidism, and high blood levels of prolactin.[9]

PCOS has no cure as of 2020.[5] Treatment may involve lifestyle changes such as weight loss and exercise.[10][11] Birth control pills may help with improving the regularity of periods, excess hair growth, and acne.[12] Metformin and anti-androgens may also help.[12] Other typical acne treatments and hair removal techniques may be used.[12] Efforts to improve fertility include weight loss, clomiphene, or metformin.[16] In vitro fertilization is used by some in whom other measures are not effective.[16]

PCOS is the most common endocrine disorder among women between the ages of 18 and 44.[17] It affects approximately 2% to 20% of this age group depending on how it is defined.[8][13] When someone is infertile due to lack of ovulation, PCOS is the most common cause.[4] The earliest known description of what is now recognized as PCOS dates from 1721 in Italy.[18]

References

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  1. ↑ Kollmann M, Martins WP, Raine-Fenning N (2014). "Terms and thresholds for the ultrasound evaluation of the ovaries in women with hyperandrogenic anovulation". Hum. Reprod. Update. 20 (3): 463–4. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu005. PMID 24516084.
  2. ↑ "USMLE-Rx". polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), is a disorder characterized by hirsutism, obesity, and amenorrhea because of luteinizing hormone-resistant cystic ovaries. 2014. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "What are the symptoms of PCOS?" (05/23/2013). National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). Archived from the original on 3 March 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Condition Information". National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. January 31, 2017. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Is there a cure for PCOS?". US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. 2013-05-23. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 De Leo V, Musacchio MC, Cappelli V, Massaro MG, Morgante G, Petraglia F (2016). "Genetic, hormonal and metabolic aspects of PCOS: an update". Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology (Review). 14 (1): 38. doi:10.1186/s12958-016-0173-x. PMC 4947298. PMID 27423183.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Kandarakis H (2006). "The role of genes and environment in the etiology of PCOS". Endocrine. 30 (1): 19–26. doi:10.1385/ENDO:30:1:19. PMID 17185788.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "How many people are affected or at risk for PCOS?". Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 2013-05-23. Archived from the original on 4 March 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "How do health care providers diagnose PCOS?". Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 2013-05-23. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Mortada R, Williams T (2015). "Metabolic Syndrome: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome". FP Essentials (Review). 435: 30–42. PMID 26280343.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Giallauria F, Palomba S, Vigorito C, Tafuri MG, Colao A, Lombardi G, Orio F (2009). "Androgens in polycystic ovary syndrome: the role of exercise and diet". Seminars in Reproductive Medicine (Review). 27 (4): 306–15. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1225258. PMID 19530064.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) (2014-07-14). "Treatments to Relieve Symptoms of PCOS". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 editor, Lubna Pal (2013). "Diagnostic Criteria and Epidemiology of PCOS". Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Current and Emerging Concepts. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 7. ISBN 9781461483946. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. {{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  14. ↑ "Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) fact sheet". Women's Health. December 23, 2014. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  15. ↑ Dumesic DA, Oberfield SE, Stener-Victorin E, Marshall JC, Laven JS, Legro RS (2015). "Scientific Statement on the Diagnostic Criteria, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Molecular Genetics of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome". Endocrine Reviews (Review). 36 (5): 487–525. doi:10.1210/er.2015-1018. PMC 4591526. PMID 26426951.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 National Institutes of Health (NIH) (2014-07-14). "Treatments for Infertility Resulting from PCOS". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  17. ↑ Teede H, Deeks A, Moran L (2010). "Polycystic ovary syndrome: a complex condition with psychological, reproductive and metabolic manifestations that impacts on health across the lifespan". BMC Med. 8 (1): 41. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-8-41. PMC 2909929. PMID 20591140.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  18. ↑ Kovacs, Gabor T.; Norman, Robert (2007-02-22). Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. ISBN 9781139462037. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
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