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Biological weapon

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A biological weapon is a weapon that delivers toxins or pathogens (like bacteria or viruses), with the goal of making people sick or killing them.[1][2] Biological weapons are also called bio-weapons. Their use in war is called biological warfare.

Parts of a biological weapon

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A biological weapon usually has two parts.[2] The first is the biological agent (also called a bio-agent, biological threat agent, or biological warfare agent). This is the pathogen that is meant to make people sick. The second is the delivery system - how the biological agent is going to get to and expose the people it is supposed to infect.

Some bio-agents can be "weaponized" - changed to make them more dangerous. For example, sometimes scientists can change a pathogen's genes so the pathogen is deadlier, and so it will not be killed by usual antidotes or treatments. Some bio-agents can be changed so they are easier to store, spread, or use as weapons.[3]

As of 2016, there are more than 1,200 different kinds of bio-agents that could be made into weapons.[4]

Examples of biological agents

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Examples of some biological agents and toxins are listed below. Experts have said that these pathogens could be used as biological weapons.[2][5][6][7] A few already have been used, including anthrax, bubonic plague, smallpox, and ricin.

Bacterial agents

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Pathogen Disease Comments
Bacillus anthraces Anthrax Was weaponized by the U.S., Soviet Union, and Iraq[6]p. 26
Brucella species Brucellosis Brucella suis was the first bio-agent weaponized by the U.S., in 1954;
Brucella species easily survive in aerosol form[6]
Yersinia pestis Bubonic or pneumonic plague Killed 60% of Europe's population in the 1300s.[8]
Pneumonic plague is fatal if antibiotics are not given within 1 day after symptoms start[6]p. 55
Weaponized by U.S. and Soviet Union during the Cold War[8]
Vibrio cholerae Cholera Could be spread by contaminating water supplies[9]
Shigella dysenteriae;
Some species of Escherichia coli
Dysentery Could be spread by contaminating food supplies[10]p. 212
Coxiella burnetii Q fever Number of bacteria needed to infect a person is one - the lowest known to man[6]p. 67
Can live on surfaces for 60 days, in aerosols, and in many temperatures[11]
Weaponized by U.S. between 1942 and 1969[6]
Francisella tularensis Tularemia Very contagious; bacteria are very easy to get because they occur in nature;
Weaponized by U.S. between 1942 and 1969[6]
Rickettsia prowazekii Typhus High mortality rate if untreated; can be spread by aerosol[10]p. 169
Staphylococcus aureus Many Could be spread by contaminating food supplies or by aerosol[12]
Some strains (like MRSA) are resistant to antibiotics[13]

Viral agents

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Pathogen Disease Comments
Alphaviruses Many Can cause many forms of viral encephalitis; very low dose needed
for infection. Easily spread by aerosol.[6]p. 96
Filoviridae and Arenaviridae viruses Many Cause viral hemorrhagic fevers, like Ebola virus and Lassa fever
Can be spread by aerosol; very high mortality rates[6]p. 107
Variola major Smallpox Very contagious, easily spread through air, mortality rate 20-40%
Eradicated in 1970s, but laboratories still have samples[14]

Biological toxins

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Toxin Toxin Comes From: Toxin Causes: Comments
Botulinum Clostridium botulinum Botulism One of the deadliest toxins known to exist;
Weaponized by U.S. between 1942 and 1969[6]p. 122
Ricin Castor oil plant Ricin poisoning Can be made at home; very toxic by any route of exposure[15]

Examples of delivery systems

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In the past, countries have designed many different delivery systems for exposing people to biological agents. These systems have included:[2]

  • Bombs, missiles, hand grenades, and rockets, with the biological agent inside
  • Tanks that could spray bio-agents from airplanes, cars, trucks, and boats
  • Aerosol sprayers
  • Brushes to contaminate surfaces with bio-agents
  • Ways of contaminating food and clothing

Examples of biological weapons

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A biological agent by itself is not enough to make a biological weapon. Neither is a delivery system by itself. A biological weapon has to have both: the bio-agent that is meant to make people sick, and a system to deliver that agent.[2]

Here are a few examples of biological weapons that have been used throughout history.

Year Bio-Agent Delivery System Used By
1346 Yersinia pests (plague) Corpses of bubonic plague victims Tartar army to attack Crimea[1]
1763 Variola major (smallpox) Blankets from smallpox victims British soldiers to attack Native Americans[1]
1940s Yersinia pests (plague) Plague-infected ticks dropped from airplanes Japan to attack China during World War II[6]p. 56
1941 Vibrio cholerae (cholera) Contaminated food & water Japan to attack China[9]
2001 Bacillus anthraces (anthrax) Mailed letters Terrorists to attack U.S. politicians and news stations[16]
2013 Ricin Mailed letters Terrorists to attack U.S. President Obama and a U.S. Senator[15]
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Other websites

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References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Introduction to Biological Weapons". FAS.org. Federation of American Scientists. 2007. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "What Are Biological and Toxin Weapons?". The United Nations Office at Geneva. The United Nations. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
  3. "Biological Agents". United States Department of Labor: OSHA. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
  4. Mistovich, Joseph J.; Karren, Keith J.; Hafen, Brent (July 18, 2013). Prehospital Emergency Care (10th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0133369137.
  5. "Select Agents and Toxins List". Federal Select Agent Program. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. September 10, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  6. 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 Dembek, Zygmunt, F., ed. (September 2011). USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook (PDF) (7th ed.). Fort Detrick, Maryland: U.S. Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases. ISBN 978-0-16-090015-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 9, 2015. Retrieved February 9, 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  7. "Frequently asked questions regarding the deliberate use of biological agents and chemicals as weapons". WHO.int. World Health Organization. 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
  8. 8.0 8.1 "Plague: History". Division of Vector-Borne Diseases. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. September 14, 2015. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  9. 9.0 9.1 Weintraub, Pamela (2002). Bio-Terrorism. Citadel Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0806523989.
  10. 10.0 10.1 Lutwick, Larry I.; Lutwick, Suzanne M. (December 15, 2008). Beyond Anthrax: The Weaponization of Infectious Diseases. Springer Science and Business Media. ISBN 9781597453264.
  11. "CDC Q Fever - Emergency Preparedness and Response". 15 January 2019.
  12. Kelley, Patrick W., ed. (2003). Textbooks of Military Medicine: Military Preventive Medicine. Government Printing Office. p. 645. ISBN 978-0-1608-7311-9.
  13. "MRSA Infection". Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. September 9, 2015. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  14. Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, et al. 1999 (1999). "Consensus Statement: Smallpox as a Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health Management". Journal of the American Medical Association. 281 (22). American Medical Association: 2127–2137. doi:10.1001/jama.281.22.2127. PMID 10367824.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  15. 15.0 15.1 Shea, Dana A; Gottron, Frank (April 17, 2013). Ricin: Technical Background and Potential Role in Terrorism (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved February 9, 2016.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. "Amerithrax or Anthrax Investigation". FBI.gov. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved February 8, 2016.