Alvar Aalto
Alvar Alto | |
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Informacije | |
Datum rođenja | 3. februar 1898. |
Mesto rođenja | Kourtane (Finska) |
Datum smrti | 11. maj 1976. |
Mesto smrti | Helsinki (Finska) |
Dela |
Hugo Alvar Henrik Alto (fin. Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto; Kourtane, 3. februar 1898 — Helsinki, 11. maj 1976) je bio finski arhitekta.
Bio je profesor na Tehničkom institutu u Cambridgu (SAD). Jedan je od pionira moderne arhitekture, primenjivao prirodne materijale u skladu s tradicijom svoje zemlje. Pionir je evropske moderne arhitekture. Bio je poznat po svojoj koncepciji u okviru organske arhitekture. Njegov relativno najpoznatiji komad dizajna je „Alto-vazna“
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Alto je studirao arhitekturu od 1916. – 1922. godine na Tehničkom univerzitetu u Helsinkiju. Njegov predavač bio je Armas Lindgren. Godine 1923. posle jednog studijskog puta po Evropi Alto je otvorio vlastiti arhitektonski biro u Jyväskyli koji je kasnije premestio u Turku. Godine 1928. bio je član „CIAM-a“ (Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne).
Bio je pod uticajem ideja nemačkog „Werkbunda“ koji je objedinjavao napredne umetnike i arhitekte u Nemačkoj i ideja umetničke škole Walter Gropiusa i Ludwig Mies van der Rohea, Bauhausa i njegovi napori su bili usmereni u smislu organske arhitekture u jednoj uskoj povezenosti sa idejama spoja zgrade i njene okoline čije principe je formulisao Frank Loyd Wright.
Godine 1933. bio je profesor za arhitekturu na Massachusetts institutu za tehnologiju u Cambridgu. Tu je sarađivao na izradi oko 200 projekata od kojih je polovina bila izvedena.
Alto je bio oženjen sa Aino Marsio koja je 1949. godine umrla i on se ponovo oženio sa mladom Elisom Makienemi. Njegove obe žene su crtale sa njim sve projekte.
Većinu projektovanih zgrada izveo je u Finskoj i SAD (Finska; biblioteke, pozorišta, robne kuće - SAD; studentski internat u Cambridgu) u svojim radovima se oprašta od geometrijskih konvencija i dolazi do ideja organske arhitekture.[1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg/250px-Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg)
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- Zgrada redakcije časopisa „Turun Sanomat“, Turku 1929.
- Sanatorijum za bolesti tuberkuloze, Paimio 1933.
- Gradska biblioteka, Viborg (Rusija) 1927. – 1935.
- Restoran sa enterijerom „Ravintola Savoy“ Helsinki 1937.
- Finski paviljon za svetsku izložbu u Parizu 1937.
- Finski paviljon za svetsku izložbu u Njujorku 1939.
- Sportski centar i koncertnu dvoranu u Baču 1953.
- Finski paviljon za bijenale u Veneciji 1956.
- Zgradu kulture u Helsinkiju 1958.
- Crkva „Tri križa“ (“Kolme Ristia“) u Imatra u Finskoj 1958.
- Alto-spratnica (stambena zgrada) u Bremenu 1962.
- Kulturni centar u Leverkusenu 1962.
- Administrativna zgrada „Britisch Petroleum“ u Hamburgu 1964.
- Kuća severa Rejkjavik 1968.
- Finlandija hala Helsinki 1962. – 1971.
- Projektovao je i počeo sa izvođenjem Alto-Teatar; zgradu opere u Esenu koja je završena posle njegove smrti 1988.
- Alto-vazna
- Fotelja „Tank“ (tenk)
- Model Br. 31 ljuljajuća stolica sa rukohvatima 1930. – 1931.
- Model Br. 98, kolica za čaj 1935. – 1936.
- Udo Kuterman, Savremena arhitektura, Novi Sad, 1971.
- Aalto, Alvar (1998). Alvar Aalto in His Own Words. Helsinki, Finland: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0847820801.
- Alvar Aalto Museum (2011). „Alvar Aalto Museo” [Alvar Aalto Museum]. www.alvaraalto.fi.
- Anon (2014). „Honorary Doctors” (Norwegian). NTNU. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2014-09-10. Pristupljeno 10 September 2014.
- Anon (2014a). „Coolhaus menu”. Coolhaus Gourmet Desert. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2014-10-30. Pristupljeno 29 October 2014.
- Anon (2013). Architecture.sk „Alvar Aalto : architect biography”. architect.architecture.sk.
- Boyce, Charles (1985). „Aalto, Hugo Alvar Henrik (1899–1976)”. Dictionary of Furniture. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Co.. ISBN 0-8050-0752-0.
- Brown, Theodore M. (1969). „Alto, Hugo Alvar Henrik”. u: Myers, Bernard S.. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art. I: AA-Ceylon. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
- Chilvers, Ian, ur. (2004) [1988]. „Aalto, Alvar”. The Oxford Dictionary of Art (3rd izd.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860476-9.
- Heporauta, Arne (1999) (Finnish). Alvar Aalto: Arkkitehti / Architect 1898–1976 (1st izd.). Helsinki, Finland: Rakennustieto. ISBN 951-682-546-X.
- Hoiberg, Dale H., ur. (2010). „Aalto, (Hugo) Alvar (Henrik)”. Encyclopædia Britannica. I: A-Ak – Bayes (15th izd.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
- Jencks, Charles (1973). Modern Movements in Architecture. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press. ISBN 978-0385025546.
- Labò, Mario (1968) [1959]. „Aalto, Hugo Alvar Henrik”. u: Crandall, Robert W.. Encyclopedia of World Art. I: Aalto-Asia Minor, Western. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc..
- McCarter, Robert (2006). Frank Lloyd Wright. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1861892683.
- Mikkola, Kirmo (1969). „Suomalaisen arkkitehtuurin ajankohtaista pyrkimyksiä” (Finnish). Arkkitehti 66: 30–37.
- Paavilainen, Simo (1982). Paavilainen, Simo. ur. Nordisk Klassicism – 1910–1930 [Nordic Classicism]. Helsinki: Museum of Finnish Architecture. ISBN 951-9229-21-3.
- Pallasmaa, Juhani (1998). Alvar Aalto: Villa Mairea 1938–39 (2nd izd.). Ram Pubns & Dist. ISBN 978-9525371314.
- Pelkonen, Eeva-Liisa (2009). Alvar Aalto: Architecture, Modernity, and Geopolitics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300114287.
- Schildt, Göran (1994). Alvar Aalto, A life's work: Architecture, Design and Art. Helsinki, Finland: Otava Pub. Co. ISBN 978-9511129752.
- Suominen-Kokkonen, Renja (2007). Aino and Alvar Aalto – A Shared Journey – Interpretations of an everyday modernism. Helsinki: Alvar Aalto Foundation. ISBN 978-9525371321.
- Tafuri, Manfredo; Co, Francesco Dal (1976) (Italian). Architettura contemporanea [Modern Architecture]. Milan: Electa.
- Thorne, John, ur. (1984). „Aalto, Alvar”. Chambers Biographical Dictionary (Revised izd.). Chambers. ISBN 0-550-18022-2.
- Weston, Richard (1997) [1995]. Alvar Aalto. London, UK: Phaidon Press Limited. ISBN 978-0714837109.
- Tourney, Michele (2013). „Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A” (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Pristupljeno 13 November 2013.
- Schildt, Göran (1984). Alvar Aalto. The Early Years. New York, NY: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0847805310.
- Schildt, Göran (1987). Alvar Aalto. The Decisive Years. New York, NY: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0847807116.
- Schildt, Göran (1991). Alvar Aalto. The Mature Years. New York, NY: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0847813292.
- Alvar Aalto Archive Staff (1994). The Architectural Drawings of Alvar Aalto 1917–1939: Aalto's Own Home in Helsinki, the Finnish Pavilion at the 1937 World's Fair in Paris, and Other Buildings and Projects, 1932–1937. Garland Architectural Archives. Routledge.
- Schildt, Göran (1994). Alvar Aalto: The Complete Catalogue of Architecture, Design and Art. New York, NY: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0847818181.
- Laaksonen, Esa (2013). Alvar Aalto Architect. 5: Paimio Sanatorium 1928–32. Rakennustieto Publishing. ISBN 978-9516829541.
- Holma, Maija; Pallasmaa, Juhani; Suominen-Kokkonen, Renja (2003). Alvar Aalto Architect. 6: The Aalto House 1935–36. Alvar Aalto Foundation. ISBN 978-9525498011.
- Kaorvanmaa, Pekka (2007). Alvar Aalto Architect. 7: Sunila 1936–1954. Ram Distribution. ISBN 978-9525498035.
- Alvar Aalto Architect. 9: Villa Mairea.
- Aalto, Alvar (2008). Alvar Aalto Architect. 13: University of Technology, Otaniemi 1949–74. Ram Distribution. ISBN 978-9525498080.
- Hipeli, Mia (2009). Alvar Aalto Architect. 16: Jyväskylä University 1951–71. ASIN B002QH2LMK.
- Aalto, Alvar (2008). Alvar Aalto Architect. 20: Maison Louis Carre 1956–63. Ram Distribution. ISBN 978-9525498066.
- Heporauta, Arne (1998) (Finnish). Alvar Aalto Arkkitehti: 1898–1976. Helsinki, Finland: Rakennustieto Oy. ISBN 978-9516825468.
- Fleig, Karl (1975). Alvar Aalto. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0275496609.
- Porphyrios, Demetri (1982). Sources of Modern Eclecticism. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312746735.
- Pallasmaa, Juhani (1985). Aalto: Alvar Aalto Furniture. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262132060.
- Korvenmaa, Pekka; Treib, Marc (2002). Reed, Peter. ur. Alvar Aalto: Between Humanism and Materialism. New York, NY: The Museum of Modern Art. ISBN 978-0870701078.
- Quantrill, Malcolm (1983). Alvar Aalto: A Critical Study. Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0941533352.
- Ruusuvuori, Aarno, ur. (1978). Alvar Aalto 1898–1976. Helsinki, Finland: The Museum of Finnish Architecture. ASIN B0000ED4GS.
- Jormakka, Kari; Gargus, Jacqueline; Graf, Douglas The Use and Abuse of Paper. Essays on Alvar Aalto. Datutop 20: Tampere 1999.
- Connah, Roger (2008). Aaltomania. Rakennustieto Publishing. ISBN 978-9516826137.
- Karl Fleig – Alvar Aalto – Obras y proyectos. Works and Project – Publisher: Gustavo Gili – 1993 Arhivirano 2016-11-04 na Wayback Machine-u
- Biografija Alvara Alta
- Alvar Aalto Foundation Custodian of Aalto's architectural drawings and writings.
- Aalto bibliography Arhivirano 2006-10-03 na Wayback Machine-u - From the official site
- Alvar Aalto - Design Dictionary Illustrated article about Alvar Aalto
- More than 100 items designed by Alvar Aalto Arhivirano 2008-02-23 na Wayback Machine-u on architonic.com: with images, informations and auction results
- Modern Furniture and the history of Moulded Plywood Arhivirano 2012-12-10 na Archive.is-u Role played by Alvar Alto in the use of Moulded plywood for furniture.
- artek Aalto furniture; company founded by Aalto.
- Alvar Aalto glassware Arhivirano 2007-10-25 na Wayback Machine-u iittala
- Between Humanism and Materialism New York Museum of Modern Art exhibit site. Contains an especially useful timeline of his life and career.
- "Ahead of the curve" The Guardian - Fiona MacCarthy recalls a shared lunch of smoked reindeer and schnapps in his elegant Helsinki restaurant
- Mt. Angel Abbey Library Arhivirano 2006-02-18 na Wayback Machine-u
- Baker House
- North Jutland Museum Arhivirano 2006-02-13 na Wayback Machine-u
- Nordic House Iceland Arhivirano 2008-03-14 na Wayback Machine-u
- S. Maria Assunta - Riola BO Italy Arhivirano 2013-01-11 na Archive.is-u
- Alvar Aalto Collection Arhivirano 2007-01-01 na Wayback Machine-u Tomorrow's Antique Alvar Aalto furniture collection.
- Coliseum-shop.com Alvar Aalto Furniture Selection.
- Aalto.com - Alvar Aalto Collection Shop dedicated to Alvar Aalto designs.
- Alvar Aalto's Savoy Vase (1936)