WO1999026389A1 - Mobile handheld telephone - Google Patents

Mobile handheld telephone Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999026389A1
WO1999026389A1 PCT/GB1997/003148 GB9703148W WO9926389A1 WO 1999026389 A1 WO1999026389 A1 WO 1999026389A1 GB 9703148 W GB9703148 W GB 9703148W WO 9926389 A1 WO9926389 A1 WO 9926389A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
display device
display
illumination
electronic appliance
mobile electronic
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1997/003148
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Stuart Mills
Original Assignee
Maxon Systems Inc. (London) Ltd.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Maxon Systems Inc. (London) Ltd. filed Critical Maxon Systems Inc. (London) Ltd.
Priority to KR1020007005124A priority Critical patent/KR20010015809A/en
Priority to PCT/GB1997/003148 priority patent/WO1999026389A1/en
Priority to EP97912364A priority patent/EP1031227A1/en
Publication of WO1999026389A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999026389A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. Transmission Power Control [TPC] or power classes
    • H04W52/02—Power saving arrangements
    • H04W52/0209—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices
    • H04W52/0261—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices managing power supply demand, e.g. depending on battery level
    • H04W52/0267—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices managing power supply demand, e.g. depending on battery level by controlling user interface components
    • H04W52/027—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices managing power supply demand, e.g. depending on battery level by controlling user interface components by controlling a display operation or backlight unit
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/38—Transceivers, i.e. devices in which transmitter and receiver form a structural unit and in which at least one part is used for functions of transmitting and receiving
    • H04B1/40—Circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04M1/00—Substation equipment, e.g. for use by subscribers
    • H04M1/72—Mobile telephones; Cordless telephones, i.e. devices for establishing wireless links to base stations without route selection
    • H04M1/724—User interfaces specially adapted for cordless or mobile telephones
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04M1/00—Substation equipment, e.g. for use by subscribers
    • H04M1/02—Constructional features of telephone sets
    • H04M1/22—Illumination; Arrangements for improving the visibility of characters on dials
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
    • Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
    • Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks

Definitions

  • the present invention is related to a mobile electronic appliance comprising a display device such as a liquid crystal display or the like.
  • a display device such as a liquid crystal display or the like.
  • a typical example of such an electronic appliance is a mobile handheld telephone.
  • the display device In order to allow the use of such an electronic appliance in a sparsely illuminated or dark environment, the display device is usually provided with background illumination. Alternatively, the display device is provided with several miniature light bulbs mounted at the edges of the display device illuminating the entire display device.
  • the illumination of the display device is considered an significant factor of the user friendliness of electronic appliances such a mobile handheld telephones. Therefore, it is important to provide this functionality.
  • the electrical power for the operation of mobile handheld telephones and other electronic appliances is supplied by primary or secondary batteries having a restricted capacity. This battery capacity is mainly used to provide an extended operation time of the appliance (longer talk time and standby time) . Nevertheless, additional functions like the illumination of the display device are considered to be an indispensable, mandatory features in userfriendly handheld telephones or similar devices.
  • the object underlying the present invention is to maintain or even increase the number of functions related to userfriendliness, especially the illumination of the display device, while the power consumption of the electronic appliance (talk time and standby time in the context of a mobile handheld telephone) should be affected to the least degree possible.
  • a mobile electronic appliance such as a mobile handheld telephone comprising a display device such as a liquid crystal display (LCD) for displaying alphanumerical or graphical information for a user of said mobile electronic appliance, said display device being provided with at least one illumination device, and a control circuit for providing drive signals for said display device and said at least one illumination device, wherein said display device is divided into a plurality of display areas, at least one of said display areas being provided with a illumination device illuminating said display area in response to a drive signal from said control circuit.
  • a display device such as a liquid crystal display (LCD) for displaying alphanumerical or graphical information for a user of said mobile electronic appliance
  • said display device being provided with at least one illumination device
  • a control circuit for providing drive signals for said display device and said at least one illumination device, wherein said display device is divided into a plurality of display areas, at least one of said display areas being provided with a illumination device illuminating said display area in response to a drive signal from said control circuit
  • the invention has realized the drawback of prior art mobile electronic appliances where the background illumination or the miniature light bulbs are provided to illuminate the entire surface area of the display device irrespective of whether or not information is displayed on the display, and in case information is displayed on the display, the illumination is not taking into account the location of the displayed information on the display device.
  • the invention only those areas of the display device are illuminated in which alphanumerical or graphical information for the user of said mobile electronic appliance is displayed. This has the advantage of the power consumption being reduced considerably. Moreover, the appearance of the displayed information is even more userfriendly, as the displayed alphanumerical or graphical information can be "highlighted" in accordance to its relevance or importance to the user. Hence, the invention also provides an improved way of presenting alphanumerical or graphical information to the user and an improved display device" to carry out this presentation.
  • the or each illumination device is mounted at the side of the display device which is not visible to a user.
  • the or each illumination device is a light emitting diode (LED) or an array of light emitting diodes. It is also possible to use miniature light bulbs to illuminate the display device. However, they have a relatively higher power consumption and are less reliable than LEDs .
  • each illumination device or groups of illumination devices are only activated by drive signals from said control circuit, when at the same the display device is activated to display alphanumerical or graphical information for a user in the display area the respective illumination device or group of illumination devices is associated with. This ascertains the minimum consuption of power used to illuminate the display device while at the same time drawing the attention of the user the those fields or areas of the display device which presently contain information of importance or relevance for the user.
  • a scattering disk is provided between each illumination device or groups of illumination devices and said display device. At least one of said illumination devices or groups of illumination devices are arranged to provide visible light of different wavelengthes responsive to drive signals from said control circuit. This allows for the possibility to change the background color of specific areas of the display device. It is also possible to assign certain meanings to certain colours (e.g. the display field of a mobile telephone where the signal strength indicator changes its background light colour from red to yellow to green with an increasing signal strength, or the battery status indicator changes its background light colour from green to yellow to red (and blinking red) with a decreasing battery charging status.
  • certain colours e.g. the display field of a mobile telephone where the signal strength indicator changes its background light colour from red to yellow to green with an increasing signal strength, or the battery status indicator changes its background light colour from green to yellow to red (and blinking red) with a decreasing battery charging status.
  • Fig. 1 shows a schematic three-dimensional drawing of a display device of an electronic appliance, such as a handheld mobile telephone including the invention.
  • a display device 10 such as a liquid crystal display (LCD) is provided for displaying alphanumerical or graphical information for a user of the mobile electronic appliance.
  • the electronic appliance is a handheld mobile telephone.
  • the display device 10 is provided with illumination devices 12a, 14a, 16a, 18a, 20a etc. Each of said illumination devices is associated with the respective field 12 to 20 in order to allow for illumination of the respective field or area 12 to 20.
  • the illumination devices 12a to 20a are connected to a control circuit 24 for providing drive signals for the respective illumination devices.
  • the illumination devices are light emitting diodes.
  • an array of light emitting diodes having a number of light emitting diodes mounted in a plane under the LCD-display and which are spatially separated from each other (not shown in detail) can be utilised.
  • each LED of such an array of LEDs is provided to correspond to a different position of an alphanumerical display field having one or more rows/columns. The LED under a position of the alphanumerical display field is activated only if an alphanumerical character is displayed in the respective position field.
  • the user enters alphanumerical data via a key pool (not shown) , it is also possible to illuminate the next position of the alphanumerical display, where the next character to be entered will be displayed. Thus, the user has a clear indication of the important portions of the display field. As shown in relation with field or area 20, it is also possible to use two or more LEDs to illuminate the respective field of the display device corresponding to these LEDs.
  • the illumination device or groups of illumination devices associated with the fields in the display device 10 are activated by drive signals from the LED control circuit 24 when at the same the display device 10 is activated by a LCD control circuit 26 to display alphanumerical or graphical information for a user in the display area.
  • the LED control circuit 24 is activated by the LCD control circuit 26 via lines 32 to drive the respective LEDs which correspond to the fileds of the LCD display.
  • a scattering disk 30 is provided between the illumination devices or groups of illumination devices and the display device to more evenly distribute the emitted light. This allows also to use relatively small LEDs having a very low power consumption.
  • LEDs capable of generating light having different colours can be utilised.
  • the battery status indicator field 16 which is illuminated with green light when the battery is full, with yellow light when the battery is half empty and with red when the battery is 90% empty and with red blinking light when the battery is 95% empty.
  • the Roaming indicator is another example.
  • the colour of the light illuminating the field can change according to the prizes for a call the various service providers in the country where the mobile telephone uses vary.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
  • Control Of Indicators Other Than Cathode Ray Tubes (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal Display Device Control (AREA)
  • Telephone Set Structure (AREA)
  • Telephone Function (AREA)

Abstract

A mobile electronic appliance such as a mobile handheld telephone comprising a display device (10) such as a liquid crystal display (LCD) for displaying alphanumerical or graphical information for a user of the mobile electronic appliance, the display device being provided with at least one illumination device (14a ... 20a), and a control circuit (24, 26) for providing drive signals for the display device and the at least one illumination device, is improved in that the display device being divided into a plurality of display areas (14 ... 20), at least one of the display areas being provided with an illumination device illuminating the display area in response to a drive signal from the control circuit. Thus, a reduced power consumption is achieved and the userfriendliness of the appliance is improved.

Description

MOBILE HANDHELD TELEPHONE
DESCRIPTION
The present invention is related to a mobile electronic appliance comprising a display device such as a liquid crystal display or the like. A typical example of such an electronic appliance is a mobile handheld telephone.
In order to allow the use of such an electronic appliance in a sparsely illuminated or dark environment, the display device is usually provided with background illumination. Alternatively, the display device is provided with several miniature light bulbs mounted at the edges of the display device illuminating the entire display device. The illumination of the display device is considered an significant factor of the user friendliness of electronic appliances such a mobile handheld telephones. Therefore, it is important to provide this functionality. On the other hand however, the electrical power for the operation of mobile handheld telephones and other electronic appliances is supplied by primary or secondary batteries having a restricted capacity. This battery capacity is mainly used to provide an extended operation time of the appliance (longer talk time and standby time) . Nevertheless, additional functions like the illumination of the display device are considered to be an indispensable, mandatory features in userfriendly handheld telephones or similar devices.
In view of the above, the object underlying the present invention is to maintain or even increase the number of functions related to userfriendliness, especially the illumination of the display device, while the power consumption of the electronic appliance (talk time and standby time in the context of a mobile handheld telephone) should be affected to the least degree possible.
To achieve this, the invention teaches to provide a mobile electronic appliance such as a mobile handheld telephone comprising a display device such as a liquid crystal display (LCD) for displaying alphanumerical or graphical information for a user of said mobile electronic appliance, said display device being provided with at least one illumination device, and a control circuit for providing drive signals for said display device and said at least one illumination device, wherein said display device is divided into a plurality of display areas, at least one of said display areas being provided with a illumination device illuminating said display area in response to a drive signal from said control circuit.
The invention has realized the drawback of prior art mobile electronic appliances where the backgrund illumination or the miniature light bulbs are provided to illuminate the entire surface area of the display device irrespective of whether or not information is displayed on the display, and in case information is displayed on the display, the illumination is not taking into account the location of the displayed information on the display device.
According to the invention, only those areas of the display device are illuminated in which alphanumerical or graphical information for the user of said mobile electronic appliance is displayed. This has the advantage of the power consumption being reduced considerably. Moreover, the appearance of the displayed information is even more userfriendly, as the displayed alphanumerical or graphical information can be "highlighted" in accordance to its relevance or importance to the user. Hence, the invention also provides an improved way of presenting alphanumerical or graphical information to the user and an improved display device" to carry out this presentation.
In a presently preferred embodiment of the invention, the or each illumination device is mounted at the side of the display device which is not visible to a user. Alternatively, it is also possible to provide the or each illumination device at the edge of the display device and to have segments of light conveying material provided on the surface of the display device visible to the user that feeds the light to the respective area of the display device which is to be illuminated.
Preferably, the or each illumination device is a light emitting diode (LED) or an array of light emitting diodes. It is also possible to use miniature light bulbs to illuminate the display device. However, they have a relatively higher power consumption and are less reliable than LEDs .
According to the invention, each illumination device or groups of illumination devices are only activated by drive signals from said control circuit, when at the same the display device is activated to display alphanumerical or graphical information for a user in the display area the respective illumination device or group of illumination devices is associated with. This ascertains the minimum consuption of power used to illuminate the display device while at the same time drawing the attention of the user the those fields or areas of the display device which presently contain information of importance or relevance for the user.
In order to more evenly distribute light emitted by said illumination device or said groups of illumination devices before said light passes through said display device, a scattering disk is provided between each illumination device or groups of illumination devices and said display device. At least one of said illumination devices or groups of illumination devices are arranged to provide visible light of different wavelengthes responsive to drive signals from said control circuit. This allows for the possibility to change the background color of specific areas of the display device. It is also possible to assign certain meanings to certain colours (e.g. the display field of a mobile telephone where the signal strength indicator changes its background light colour from red to yellow to green with an increasing signal strength, or the battery status indicator changes its background light colour from green to yellow to red (and blinking red) with a decreasing battery charging status.
Further features, advantages and possible modifications from the above-described invention will become readily appearent to a person skilled in the art upon studying the subsequent description of a presently preferred embodiment with reference to the drawing.
Fig. 1 shows a schematic three-dimensional drawing of a display device of an electronic appliance, such as a handheld mobile telephone including the invention.
A display device 10 such as a liquid crystal display (LCD) is provided for displaying alphanumerical or graphical information for a user of the mobile electronic appliance. In the present embodiment, the electronic appliance is a handheld mobile telephone. Hence, the display device 10 has a field or area 12 for alphanumerical or graphical information and a number of additional fields containing pictograms (14 = signal strength indicator; 16 = battery charging status; 18 = Roaming; Indicator 20 = Mail received etc.). The display device 10 is provided with illumination devices 12a, 14a, 16a, 18a, 20a etc. Each of said illumination devices is associated with the respective field 12 to 20 in order to allow for illumination of the respective field or area 12 to 20. The illumination devices 12a to 20a are connected to a control circuit 24 for providing drive signals for the respective illumination devices.
In the present embodiment, the illumination devices are light emitting diodes. In order to illuminate larger fields or areas like the field or area 12 for alphanumerical or graphical information, an array of light emitting diodes having a number of light emitting diodes mounted in a plane under the LCD-display and which are spatially separated from each other (not shown in detail) can be utilised. In one embodiment of the invention, each LED of such an array of LEDs is provided to correspond to a different position of an alphanumerical display field having one or more rows/columns. The LED under a position of the alphanumerical display field is activated only if an alphanumerical character is displayed in the respective position field. If the user enters alphanumerical data via a key pool (not shown) , it is also possible to illuminate the next position of the alphanumerical display, where the next character to be entered will be displayed. Thus, the user has a clear indication of the important portions of the display field. As shown in relation with field or area 20, it is also possible to use two or more LEDs to illuminate the respective field of the display device corresponding to these LEDs.
In other words, the illumination device or groups of illumination devices associated with the fields in the display device 10 are activated by drive signals from the LED control circuit 24 when at the same the display device 10 is activated by a LCD control circuit 26 to display alphanumerical or graphical information for a user in the display area. The LED control circuit 24 is activated by the LCD control circuit 26 via lines 32 to drive the respective LEDs which correspond to the fileds of the LCD display.
Between the illumination devices or groups of illumination devices and the display device, a scattering disk 30 is provided to more evenly distribute the emitted light. This allows also to use relatively small LEDs having a very low power consumption.
In order to increase the awareness of the user to critical or important information, LEDs capable of generating light having different colours can be utilised. One example is the battery status indicator field 16 which is illuminated with green light when the battery is full, with yellow light when the battery is half empty and with red when the battery is 90% empty and with red blinking light when the battery is 95% empty. Another example is the Roaming indicator. Here, the colour of the light illuminating the field can change according to the prizes for a call the various service providers in the country where the mobile telephone uses vary.
As is appearent from the above, a reduced power consumption is achieved and the userfriendliness of the appliance is improved by the invention.

Claims

1. A mobile electronic appliance such as a mobile handheld telephone comprising
- a display device (10) such as a liquid crystal display (LCD) for displaying alphanumerical or graphical information for a user of said mobile electronic appliance,
- said display device being provided with at least one illumination device (14a ... 20a), and
- a control circuit (24, 26) for providing drive signals for said display device and said at least one illumination device, characterized in that
- said display device being divided into a plurality of display areas (14 ... 20),
- at least one of said display areas being provided with a illumination device illuminating said display area in response to a drive signal from said control circuit.
2. The mobile electronic appliance according to claim 1, characterized in that - the or each illumination device is mounted at the side of the display device which is not visible to a user.
3. The mobile electronic appliance according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that - the or each illumination device is a light emitting diode (LED) or an array of light emitting diodes (LEDs) .
4. The mobile electronic appliance according to any of claims 1 to 3 , characterized in that - each illumination device or groups of illumination devices are activated by drive signals from said control circuit (24) when at the same the display device is activated to display alphanumerical or graphical information for a user in the display area the respective illumination device or group of illumination devices is associated with.
5. The mobile electronic appliance according to any of claims 1 to 4 , characterized in that a scattering disk (30) is provided between each illumination device or groups of illumination devices and said display device to more evenly distribute light emitted by said illumination device or said groups of illumination devices before said light passes through said display device.
6. The mobile electronic appliance according to any of claims 1 to 5 , characterized in that - at least one of said illumination devices or groups of illumination devices are arranged to provide visible light of different wavelengthes responsive to drive signals from said control circuit.
PCT/GB1997/003148 1997-11-14 1997-11-14 Mobile handheld telephone WO1999026389A1 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
KR1020007005124A KR20010015809A (en) 1997-11-14 1997-11-14 Mobile handheld telephone
PCT/GB1997/003148 WO1999026389A1 (en) 1997-11-14 1997-11-14 Mobile handheld telephone
EP97912364A EP1031227A1 (en) 1997-11-14 1997-11-14 Mobile handheld telephone

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/GB1997/003148 WO1999026389A1 (en) 1997-11-14 1997-11-14 Mobile handheld telephone

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1999026389A1 true WO1999026389A1 (en) 1999-05-27

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB1997/003148 WO1999026389A1 (en) 1997-11-14 1997-11-14 Mobile handheld telephone

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1031227A1 (en)
KR (1) KR20010015809A (en)
WO (1) WO1999026389A1 (en)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19923025A1 (en) * 1999-05-19 2000-11-23 Florian M Koenig Miniature telephone has touch screen and track ball controls with multimedia features is easy to use
EP1107221A2 (en) * 1999-11-30 2001-06-13 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Information processing apparatus
KR100399873B1 (en) * 1999-07-13 2003-09-29 가부시키가이샤 덴소 Portable terminal device with power saving backlight control
US9830066B2 (en) 2004-12-22 2017-11-28 Conversant Wireless Licensing S.A R.L. Mobile communications terminal and method

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US4975694A (en) * 1989-03-14 1990-12-04 Motorola, Inc. Paging receiver with variable color indicators
JPH03198026A (en) * 1989-12-27 1991-08-29 Hitachi Ltd Liquid crystal display device, back light control system, and information processor
JPH03253816A (en) * 1990-03-02 1991-11-12 Sanyo Electric Co Ltd Liquid crystal display device
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JPH0950031A (en) * 1995-08-10 1997-02-18 Seiko Epson Corp Liquid crystal display device
JPH0962198A (en) * 1995-08-29 1997-03-07 Sanyo Electric Co Ltd Display device and portable terminal
JPH09230827A (en) * 1996-02-23 1997-09-05 Oki Electric Ind Co Ltd Control method for back light of liquid crystal display device
EP0797310A2 (en) * 1996-03-19 1997-09-24 Nec Corporation Wireless communication set having backlighted display

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US4975694A (en) * 1989-03-14 1990-12-04 Motorola, Inc. Paging receiver with variable color indicators
JPH03198026A (en) * 1989-12-27 1991-08-29 Hitachi Ltd Liquid crystal display device, back light control system, and information processor
JPH03253816A (en) * 1990-03-02 1991-11-12 Sanyo Electric Co Ltd Liquid crystal display device
JPH05165411A (en) * 1991-12-12 1993-07-02 Koufu Nippon Denki Kk Back light circuit
JPH0950031A (en) * 1995-08-10 1997-02-18 Seiko Epson Corp Liquid crystal display device
JPH0962198A (en) * 1995-08-29 1997-03-07 Sanyo Electric Co Ltd Display device and portable terminal
JPH09230827A (en) * 1996-02-23 1997-09-05 Oki Electric Ind Co Ltd Control method for back light of liquid crystal display device
EP0797310A2 (en) * 1996-03-19 1997-09-24 Nec Corporation Wireless communication set having backlighted display

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19923025A1 (en) * 1999-05-19 2000-11-23 Florian M Koenig Miniature telephone has touch screen and track ball controls with multimedia features is easy to use
KR100399873B1 (en) * 1999-07-13 2003-09-29 가부시키가이샤 덴소 Portable terminal device with power saving backlight control
EP1107221A2 (en) * 1999-11-30 2001-06-13 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Information processing apparatus
EP1107221A3 (en) * 1999-11-30 2003-04-02 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Information processing apparatus
US6597339B1 (en) 1999-11-30 2003-07-22 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Information processing apparatus
US9830066B2 (en) 2004-12-22 2017-11-28 Conversant Wireless Licensing S.A R.L. Mobile communications terminal and method
US10684763B2 (en) 2004-12-22 2020-06-16 Conversant Wireless Licensing S.A R.L. Mobile communications terminal and method with automatic return to a position after scrolling

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
KR20010015809A (en) 2001-02-26
EP1031227A1 (en) 2000-08-30

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