EP2955976A1 - Heating glass - Google Patents

Heating glass Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2955976A1
EP2955976A1 EP14172152.2A EP14172152A EP2955976A1 EP 2955976 A1 EP2955976 A1 EP 2955976A1 EP 14172152 A EP14172152 A EP 14172152A EP 2955976 A1 EP2955976 A1 EP 2955976A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
glazing
masking tape
sheet
masking
glazing according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP14172152.2A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Zoltan Kazik
Peter MASSCHELEIN
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
AGC Glass Europe SA
Original Assignee
AGC Glass Europe SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by AGC Glass Europe SA filed Critical AGC Glass Europe SA
Priority to EP14172152.2A priority Critical patent/EP2955976A1/en
Priority to EP15725025.9A priority patent/EP3155872A1/en
Priority to PCT/EP2015/061809 priority patent/WO2015189039A1/en
Priority to JP2016572537A priority patent/JP6830357B2/en
Priority to US15/317,824 priority patent/US10455645B2/en
Priority to EA201692410A priority patent/EA031759B1/en
Priority to CN201580035411.7A priority patent/CN106489296B/en
Publication of EP2955976A1 publication Critical patent/EP2955976A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/84—Heating arrangements specially adapted for transparent or reflecting areas, e.g. for demisting or de-icing windows, mirrors or vehicle windshields
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
    • B32B17/10036—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10174—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
    • B32B17/1022—Metallic coatings
    • B32B17/10229—Metallic layers sandwiched by dielectric layers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10339—Specific parts of the laminated safety glass or glazing being colored or tinted
    • B32B17/10348—Specific parts of the laminated safety glass or glazing being colored or tinted comprising an obscuration band
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/02—Details
    • H05B3/06—Heater elements structurally combined with coupling elements or holders
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/011—Heaters using laterally extending conductive material as connecting means

Definitions

  • the invention relates to automotive glazing comprising a conductive layer system for heating the glazing. More specifically, the invention relates to improving the performance of these windows by the conditions in which the layer system is powered.
  • heated layer glazing is connected to the power supply by means of conductors applied to the edges of the glazing and in contact with the layers.
  • busbars electrical contact between the conductors in question, referred to as "busbars"
  • the irregularities in this contact result in a distribution of power that is not optimized on the one hand, and on the other hand the formation of privileged areas for the passage of the current, creates what is referred to as " hot spots ". Even if the latter remain in temperatures tolerable by the materials involved in the constitution of the glazing, non-homogeneous distribution of power limits the performance achieved.
  • the structure of the heated windows, outside the layers and the busbars, includes most of the elements intended to mask the unsightly elements.
  • the irregular glue bead would be visible from the outside except to opacify the corresponding bonding area necessarily located on the edge of the glazing.
  • Busbars are also part of the items that must be hidden.
  • Masking the edges of the glazing is traditionally achieved by applying an enamel composition which opacifies in practice completely this area of the glazing.
  • the light transmission in the coated zone is, for example, less than 1%, and usually may be less than 0.1%.
  • the application of the enamelled composition is traditionally carried out by a screen printing technique.
  • the application made, the composition is cooked to form the enamel layer.
  • This "cooking" is either in one or two steps.
  • a first firing leads to the elimination of solvents which momentarily stabilizes the printed pattern
  • a second firing leads to the melting of the frit present in the composition.
  • These two stages most often correspond to two moments of the preparation of glazing.
  • the first is performed on the sheet on which the composition is applied, the second is advantageously heat treatment bending.
  • the masking enamel is necessarily applied at least on the sheet turned towards the outside of the vehicle.
  • the heating layer system is also advantageously applied to this sheet to optimize the heating necessary for defrosting.
  • the busbars are arranged on the system of conductive layers facing the enamelled areas. All of these elements are located on the face of the sheet in contact with the thermoplastic interlayer, the face 2 in the traditional designation which numbers the faces of the sheets from outside the glazing.
  • the inventors have analyzed the behavior of the connection between the conductive layer system and the busbars. They showed that the power delivered to the busbars was not completely transmitted to the conductive layers. This results in a loss of power detrimental to the heating performance of the glazing. The study of the origin of this loss of power made it possible to identify certain factors whose consideration can lead to an improvement in these performances.
  • the invention results from this identification and how to remedy the causes of this loss of power.
  • the invention is the subject of claim 1 which relates to the influence of the roughness.
  • the roughness can be defined in several ways. In this application we choose the average roughness measured from a baseline, called arithmetic roughness Ra.
  • An improvement in the roughness can be obtained by choosing screens whose coating surface itself is very rough, such as those marketed by the company SEFAR with PCF references. Their roughness is not usually less than 2 or 3 ⁇ , but the roughness of the coating surface of the screen, does not correspond exactly to that of the layer produced. Smoothing Natural can be obtained by the play of the surface tension in the applied layer if the viscosity is appropriate.
  • the means used are not the only ones involved in determining the roughness.
  • the enamel compositions contain solid particles of frit and opacifying products (carbon particles and / or pigments). If the frit particles are melted in the enamel during cooking, the other particles remain unmodified, and even embedded in the melted frit, can further contribute to the roughness of the layer. Previously in the screen printing techniques used for the constitution of the masking patterns, opacity considerations were preferred, leading to pigments of relatively large dimensions of the order of several tens of microns. To achieve a roughness meeting the conditions of the invention it is preferable that the particles included in the enamel compositions are not much larger dimensions than the desired roughness. Preferred dimensions are therefore less than 5 ⁇ , and particularly preferably less than 3 ⁇ .
  • the enamelled layers may have a thickness of 20 to 150 ⁇ . These thicknesses for the reasons explained below also have an impact on the behavior of the conductive layers which cover the enamelled strips.
  • the inventors also propose to use other means of application of the masking compositions, and in particular the application of the compositions according to a so-called inkjet technique ( "ink-jet").
  • ink-jet inkjet technique
  • This projection mode avoids certain constraints related to the screen printing mode.
  • the droplets are much smaller in size than the mesh openings of the screen-printing screens.
  • the absence of contact between the applicator and the substrate avoids any imprint of this applicator on the formed layer whose characteristics depend only on those of the projected composition.
  • the compositions must necessarily contain particles of dimensions limited. If the nature of the constituents of the masking compositions may be similar to that of the screen-printing compositions, subject to a particular adjustment of the binder content in order to maintain a viscosity compatible with this mode of application, the dimensions of the particles must be adjusted not only to allow the use of the nozzles without risk of obstruction thereof, but also to obtain an adequate viscosity.
  • the particles of the compositions used according to the invention are advantageously less than 1 ⁇ , and preferably less than 0.5 ⁇ .
  • the conductive layer system consists of a superposition of metal and dielectric layers. To achieve the best conductivities, ie the lowest resistance with good light transmission and sufficiently neutral color, the systems are currently composed of several metal layers, including silver. These layer systems, regardless of the number of these, remain of a limited total thickness, generally not exceeding 0.3 ⁇ . In all cases the thickness of these layers is much lower than that of conventional masking bands as indicated above. The continuity of the conductive layers applied to both the masking strips and the glass sheet can not be adequately ensured at the edge of these strips.
  • the inventors propose forming masking strips whose edge turned towards the center of the sheet is of gradually decreasing thickness.
  • the proposed structure can be obtained in screen printing techniques for example by using a screen having a variable mesh.
  • the use of screen printing nevertheless depends on a thickness that can not be reduced perfectly continuously. It remains at the edge of the band a thickness of an order of magnitude much higher than that of the layers. The difficulty is diminished but not entirely removed.
  • the inkjet application technique offers increased possibilities of modulation of the thickness. This is possible by a gradual variation in the density of the projected droplets per unit area. It is also possible to proceed, under constant projection conditions, to the superposition of applications corresponding to a fraction of the total thickness sought by progressively reducing the applied width, each application being set back from the limit of previous application.
  • the figure 1 typically presents a sheet of glass 1 which comprises a system of conductive layers 3. These layers are applied to the sheet previously coated on its edge by a masking enamel 2.
  • the power supply of this layer system is achieved by means of a busbar 4.
  • the busbar is most commonly made of a metal strip, especially copper, thin and a few millimeters wide.
  • the conductivity of the busbar is very high compared to that of the conductive layers, which for the best, under conditions of high light transmission, have a resistance of not less than about 1 ⁇ / ⁇ .
  • the representation of the figure 1 corresponds in a final laminated glazing, to the sheet turned towards the outside of the vehicle.
  • an opaque strip 2 is applied to the edge of the sheet 1 on the face which also comprises the system of conductive layers.
  • the masking tape is in position 2 as the layer system 3 which covers this band.
  • the busbar 4 is applied to the layer where it covers the masking tape.
  • the order of the superimposed elements on the sheet is controlled by their respective function.
  • the application of the layer systems is performed by vacuum deposition. Although very thin, the layers formed are of great regularity over the entire surface of the coated sheet. This regularity concerns in particular the thickness of these layers. The application on the surface of the sheet does not alter this regularity, these surfaces having an extremely low roughness of the order of 0.02 ⁇ for ordinary sheets produced by floating on molten tin bath.
  • the application of masking tapes in the usual conditions of screen printing techniques leads to an enamelled layer whose surface is much less smooth than that of the glass sheet.
  • the roughness of the surface of the enamelled strips is not less than 2 or 3 ⁇ .
  • This roughness is to be compared with the usual thicknesses of the conductive layers generally less than 0.1 ⁇ .
  • the deposited layers have an irregular thickness and a certain roughness derived from that of these masking strips. on which they are applied, and consequently a conduction which is not uniform notably because of thickness inhomogeneities.
  • the figure 2 illustrates very schematically the defects related to the roughness of the masking tape.
  • a comparison is made between a glazing whose masking strips are made by screen printing in the traditional way, and a glazing whose masking band is obtained by ink jet.
  • the support consists of a clear glass sheet 2.1 mm thick.
  • the conductive layers are as described in the publication WO 2011/147875 . They have three layers of silver.
  • the roughness Ra is measured by means of a device "Handysurf TE H 042".
  • the average measurement is 0.69 ⁇ .
  • the roughness obtained is substantially less.
  • the resistivity of the layers directly applied to the glass and that of the layer on the masking tape are also measured.
  • the measurement is made using a "Stratometer” device.
  • the measurement of the resistance of the layer on the glass alone is 0.82 ⁇ / ⁇ .
  • this resistance is measured at 320 ⁇ / ⁇ , and that of the conductive layer applied to the enamelled strip is of the order of 4 ⁇ / ⁇ .
  • the resistance of the layer is about 2 ⁇ / ⁇ .
  • the masking tape is preferably of lesser thickness to minimize the threshold effect as the layer system crosses this threshold from the masking tape to the glass sheet.
  • This same effect is also limited by producing a masking band whose thickness is decreasing on the side of this band turned towards the inside of the sheet.
  • the figure 3 schematically illustrates such a decrease. This is not necessarily continuous and regular. In the case of superposition of layers produced by inkjet, for example, the limits of each layer may lead to a layer on the edge of each layer having a threshold limited to the thickness of the layer in question.
  • the projected composition has a good affinity with the glass and with the previously deposited layers, a progressively decreasing thickness can be practically obtained facilitating the continuity of the conductive layer as the masking tape passes to the face of the sheet. of glass.

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  • Surface Treatment Of Glass (AREA)
  • Joining Of Glass To Other Materials (AREA)
  • Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un vitrage automobile feuilleté composé de deux feuilles de verre réunies au moyen d'une feuille intercalaire, vitrage comportant un système couches chauffantes appliqué sur une des feuilles et sur le bord de la même feuille une bande de masquage sensiblement opaque, en contact avec la feuille de verre, le système de couches conductrices chauffantes recouvrant au moins en partie la bande de masquage, vitrage qui comporte encore des busbars d'alimentation électrique en contact avec le système de couches dans la partie recouvrant la bande de masquage, caractérisé en ce que la bande de masquage présente une rugosité qui n'est pas supérieure à 0,5µ et de préférence pas supérieure à 0,1µ.The invention relates to a laminated automotive glazing consisting of two glass sheets joined by means of a spacer sheet, glazing comprising a heating layer system applied on one of the sheets and on the edge of the same sheet a substantially opaque masking tape, contact with the glass sheet, the heating conductive layer system at least partially covering the masking tape, a glazing which further comprises electrical supply busbars in contact with the layer system in the portion covering the masking tape, characterized in that the masking tape has a roughness of not more than 0.5μ and preferably not greater than 0.1μ.

Description

L'invention concerne les vitrages automobiles comportant un système de couches conductrices destiné au chauffage du vitrage. De manière plus précise l'invention est relative à l'amélioration des performances de ces vitrages par les conditions dans lesquelles le système de couches est alimenté.The invention relates to automotive glazing comprising a conductive layer system for heating the glazing. More specifically, the invention relates to improving the performance of these windows by the conditions in which the layer system is powered.

En pratique les vitrages chauffants à couches sont raccordés à l'alimentation électrique au moyen de conducteurs appliqués sur les bords du vitrage et en contact avec les couches. A l'expérience le contact électrique entre les conducteurs en question, désignés sous le nom de «busbars», et le système de couches n'est pas toujours assuré dans les meilleures conditions. Les irrégularités dans ce contact ont pour conséquence une distribution de la puissance qui n'est pas optimisée d'une part, et d'autre part la formation de zones privilégiées pour le passage du courant, crée ce qui est désigné sous le nom de «points chauds». Même si ces derniers restent dans des températures supportables par les matériaux entrant dans la constitution du vitrage, la distribution non homogène de la puissance limite les performances atteintes.In practice, heated layer glazing is connected to the power supply by means of conductors applied to the edges of the glazing and in contact with the layers. Experience has shown that electrical contact between the conductors in question, referred to as "busbars", and the layer system is not always ensured under the best conditions. The irregularities in this contact result in a distribution of power that is not optimized on the one hand, and on the other hand the formation of privileged areas for the passage of the current, creates what is referred to as " hot spots ". Even if the latter remain in temperatures tolerable by the materials involved in the constitution of the glazing, non-homogeneous distribution of power limits the performance achieved.

Dans les conditions les plus usuelles la tension applicable étant limitée - le plus généralement à 12-14v pour les véhicules particuliers- et la résistance des couches ne pouvant pas être abaissée pour des raisons d'optique liées à la transmission lumineuse de ces vitrages, la puissance effective disponible est limitée. Il est nécessaire d'approcher des conditions qui visent à consacrer la quasi-totalité de cette puissance au chauffage du vitrage. Toute perte de puissance limite les performances de chauffage. Cette perte de puissance est particulièrement gênante pour les vitrages présentant les plus grandes dimensions. Dans les véhicules les vitrages les plus exigeants sont les pare-brise. Dans la suite, l'invention est décrite en référence aux pare-brise étant entendu que les propositions s'appliquent aussi aux vitrages de dimensions plus modestes.In the most usual conditions the applicable voltage being limited - most generally 12-14v for passenger cars - and the resistance of the layers can not be lowered for optical reasons related to the light transmission of these windows, the effective power available is limited. It is necessary to approach conditions that aim to devote almost all of this power to the heating of the glazing. Any loss of power limits the heating performance. This loss of power is particularly troublesome for glazing with the largest dimensions. In vehicles the most demanding windows are windshields. In the following, the invention is described with reference to windshields, it being understood that the proposals also apply to glazing of smaller dimensions.

La structure des vitrages chauffants, en dehors des couches et des busbars, comporte le plus généralement des éléments destinés à masquer les éléments inesthétiques. Pour les vitrages collés, le cordon de colle irrégulier serait visible de l'extérieur sauf à opacifier la zone de collage correspondante située nécessairement sur le bord du vitrage. Les busbars font aussi partie des éléments qui doivent être masqués.The structure of the heated windows, outside the layers and the busbars, includes most of the elements intended to mask the unsightly elements. For glued glazing, the irregular glue bead would be visible from the outside except to opacify the corresponding bonding area necessarily located on the edge of the glazing. Busbars are also part of the items that must be hidden.

Le masquage des bords du vitrage est traditionnellement réalisé par application d'une composition d'émail qui opacifie en pratique complètement cette zone du vitrage. La transmission lumineuse dans la zone revêtue est par exemple inférieure à 1%, et habituellement peut être inférieure à 0,1%.Masking the edges of the glazing is traditionally achieved by applying an enamel composition which opacifies in practice completely this area of the glazing. The light transmission in the coated zone is, for example, less than 1%, and usually may be less than 0.1%.

L'application de la composition émaillée est traditionnellement réalisée par une technique de sérigraphie. L'application faite, la composition est cuite pour constituer la couche d'émail. Cette «cuisson» est soit en une seule soit en deux étapes. Dans le second, celui suivi le plus souvent dans la production des vitrages feuilletés, une première cuisson conduit à l'élimination des solvants qui stabilise momentanément le motif imprimé, une seconde cuisson conduit à la fusion de la fritte présente dans la composition. Ces deux étapes correspondent le plus souvent à deux moments de la préparation des vitrages. Le premier est effectué sur la feuille sur laquelle la composition est appliquée, le second correspond avantageusement au traitement thermique de bombage.The application of the enamelled composition is traditionally carried out by a screen printing technique. The application made, the composition is cooked to form the enamel layer. This "cooking" is either in one or two steps. In the second, that followed most often in the production of laminated glazing, a first firing leads to the elimination of solvents which momentarily stabilizes the printed pattern, a second firing leads to the melting of the frit present in the composition. These two stages most often correspond to two moments of the preparation of glazing. The first is performed on the sheet on which the composition is applied, the second is advantageously heat treatment bending.

Dans les vitrages feuilletés, notamment les pare-brise, l'émail de masquage est appliqué nécessairement au moins sur la feuille tournée vers l'extérieur du véhicule. Le système de couches chauffantes est aussi avantageusement appliqué sur cette feuille pour optimiser le chauffage nécessaire pour le dégivrage. Les busbars sont disposés sur le système de couches conductrices en regard des zones émaillées. L'ensemble de ces éléments se situe sur la face de la feuille en contact avec l'intercalaire thermoplastique, la face 2 dans la désignation traditionnelle qui numérote les faces des feuilles depuis l'extérieur du vitrage.In laminated glazing, in particular windshields, the masking enamel is necessarily applied at least on the sheet turned towards the outside of the vehicle. The heating layer system is also advantageously applied to this sheet to optimize the heating necessary for defrosting. The busbars are arranged on the system of conductive layers facing the enamelled areas. All of these elements are located on the face of the sheet in contact with the thermoplastic interlayer, the face 2 in the traditional designation which numbers the faces of the sheets from outside the glazing.

Les inventeurs ont analysé le comportement de la liaison entre le système de couches conductrices et les busbars. Ils ont montré que la puissance délivrée aux busbars n'était pas complètement transmise aux couches conductrices. Il en résulte une perte de puissance préjudiciable aux performances de chauffage du vitrage. L'étude de l'origine de cette perte de puissance a permis d'identifier certains facteurs dont la prise en compte peut conduire à une amélioration de ces performances.The inventors have analyzed the behavior of the connection between the conductive layer system and the busbars. They showed that the power delivered to the busbars was not completely transmitted to the conductive layers. This results in a loss of power detrimental to the heating performance of the glazing. The study of the origin of this loss of power made it possible to identify certain factors whose consideration can lead to an improvement in these performances.

L'invention résulte de cette identification et de la façon de remédier aux causes de cette perte de puissance. L'invention est l'objet de la revendication 1 qui se rapporte à l'influence de la rugosité.The invention results from this identification and how to remedy the causes of this loss of power. The invention is the subject of claim 1 which relates to the influence of the roughness.

Les causes précises qui font que la rugosité du support sur lequel repose le système de couches influe sur la puissance effective du chauffage, ne sont pas pleinement déterminées. Une hypothèse est que la rugosité conduit à un système de couches non uniforme notamment dans son épaisseur. Une autre hypothèse est que le contact entre le busbar et le système de couches est d'autant mieux établi que la rugosité est plus réduite. Les deux mécanismes peuvent éventuellement intervenir simultanément.The precise causes which cause the roughness of the support on which the layer system is based to influence the effective power of the heating are not fully determined. One hypothesis is that roughness leads to a non-uniform layer system, especially in its thickness. Another hypothesis is that the contact between the busbar and the layer system is all the better established that the roughness is smaller. Both mechanisms can possibly intervene simultaneously.

Indépendamment de ces hypothèses l'expérience confirme l'importance de ce facteur. Les éléments qui altèrent l'homogénéité de la conduction électrique se traduisent nécessairement par des variations locales de l'intensité, source de perte de puissance effective disponible pour le système de couches appliqué sur la feuille de verre à chauffer.Regardless of these assumptions, experience confirms the importance of this factor. The elements that alter the homogeneity of the electrical conduction necessarily result in local variations in the intensity, a source of effective power loss available for the layer system applied to the glass sheet to be heated.

L'obtention de bandes de masquage dont la rugosité superficielle est de moins de 0,5µ, et de préférence inférieure à 0,1µ, et de façon particulièrement préférée inférieure à 0,05µ, est fonction des techniques de constitution de ces bandes.Obtaining masking strips whose surface roughness is less than 0.5 μ , and preferably less than 0.1 μ , and particularly preferably less than 0.05 μ , depends on the techniques for forming these bands.

La rugosité peut être définie de plusieurs façons. Dans le présente demande on choisit la rugosité moyenne mesurée depuis une ligne de base, dite rugosité arithmétique Ra.The roughness can be defined in several ways. In this application we choose the average roughness measured from a baseline, called arithmetic roughness Ra.

Les techniques habituelles de sérigraphie, n'offrent pas des surfaces ayant une rugosité de l'ordre indiqué ci-dessus.The usual screen printing techniques do not offer surfaces having a roughness of the order indicated above.

Une amélioration de la rugosité peut être obtenu en choisissant des écrans dont la surface d'enduction est elle-même très peu rugueuse, tels que ceux commercialisés par la société SEFAR avec les références PCF. Leur rugosité n'est pas ordinairement inférieure à 2 ou 3µ, mais la rugosité de la surface d'enduction de l'écran, ne correspond pas exactement à celle de la couche produite. Un lissage naturel peut être obtenu par le jeu de la tension superficielle dans la couche appliquée si la viscosité est appropriée.An improvement in the roughness can be obtained by choosing screens whose coating surface itself is very rough, such as those marketed by the company SEFAR with PCF references. Their roughness is not usually less than 2 or 3 μ , but the roughness of the coating surface of the screen, does not correspond exactly to that of the layer produced. Smoothing Natural can be obtained by the play of the surface tension in the applied layer if the viscosity is appropriate.

Les moyens utilisés ne sont pas les seuls entrant dans la détermination de la rugosité. Les compositions d'émail renferment des particules solides de fritte et de produits opacifiant (particules de carbone et/ou pigments). Si les particules de fritte sont fondues dans l'émail lors de la cuisson, les autres particules demeurent sans grande modification, et même enrobées dans la fritte fondue, peuvent encore contribuer à la rugosité de la couche. Antérieurement dans les techniques de sérigraphie mises en oeuvre pour la constitution des motifs de masquage, les considérations relatives à l'opacité étaient privilégiées, conduisant à des pigments de dimensions relativement importantes de l'ordre de plusieurs dizaines de micromètres. Pour conduire à une rugosité répondant aux conditions de l'invention il est préférable que les particules incluses dans les compositions d'émail ne soient pas de dimensions très supérieures à la rugosité recherchée. Des dimensions préférées sont donc inférieures à 5µ, et de façon particulièrement préférées inférieures à 3µ.The means used are not the only ones involved in determining the roughness. The enamel compositions contain solid particles of frit and opacifying products (carbon particles and / or pigments). If the frit particles are melted in the enamel during cooking, the other particles remain unmodified, and even embedded in the melted frit, can further contribute to the roughness of the layer. Previously in the screen printing techniques used for the constitution of the masking patterns, opacity considerations were preferred, leading to pigments of relatively large dimensions of the order of several tens of microns. To achieve a roughness meeting the conditions of the invention it is preferable that the particles included in the enamel compositions are not much larger dimensions than the desired roughness. Preferred dimensions are therefore less than 5 μ , and particularly preferably less than 3 μ .

Par ailleurs les techniques de sérigraphie conduisent à des revêtements qui présentent une certaine épaisseur. A titre indicatif dans les applications traditionnelles les couches émaillées peuvent avoir une épaisseur de 20 à 150µ. Ces épaisseurs pour les raisons exposées plus loin ont aussi une incidence sur le comportement des couches conductrices qui recouvrent les bandes émaillées.In addition, screen printing techniques lead to coatings that have a certain thickness. As an indication in traditional applications the enamelled layers may have a thickness of 20 to 150 μ . These thicknesses for the reasons explained below also have an impact on the behavior of the conductive layers which cover the enamelled strips.

En dehors d'une possible amélioration des techniques de sérigraphie, les inventeurs proposent aussi de mettre en oeuvre d'autres moyens d'application des compositions de masquage, et notamment l'application des compositions selon une technique, dite à jet d'encre («ink-jet»). Ce mode de projection permet d'échapper à certaines contraintes liées au mode sérigraphie. Les gouttelettes sont de dimensions bien inférieures aux ouvertures des mailles des écrans de sérigraphie. Par ailleurs l'absence de contact entre l'applicateur et le substrat évite toute empreinte de cet applicateur sur la couche constituée dont les caractéristiques ne dépendent alors que de celles de la composition projetée.Apart from a possible improvement of the screen printing techniques, the inventors also propose to use other means of application of the masking compositions, and in particular the application of the compositions according to a so-called inkjet technique ( "ink-jet"). This projection mode avoids certain constraints related to the screen printing mode. The droplets are much smaller in size than the mesh openings of the screen-printing screens. Moreover, the absence of contact between the applicator and the substrate avoids any imprint of this applicator on the formed layer whose characteristics depend only on those of the projected composition.

Pour permettre une bonne utilisation des buses de projection, les compositions doivent nécessairement renfermer des particules de dimensions limitées. Si la nature des constituants des compositions de masquage peut s'apparenter à celle des compositions de sérigraphie, sous réserve d'un ajustement notamment de la teneur en liants pour maintenir une viscosité compatible avec ce mode d'application, les dimensions des particules doivent être ajustées non seulement pour permettre l'utilisation des buses sans risque d'obstruction de celles-ci, mais aussi pour l'obtention d'une viscosité adéquate. Les particules des compositions utilisées selon l'invention sont avantageusement de moins de 1µ, et de préférence de moins de 0,5µ.To allow a good use of the spray nozzles, the compositions must necessarily contain particles of dimensions limited. If the nature of the constituents of the masking compositions may be similar to that of the screen-printing compositions, subject to a particular adjustment of the binder content in order to maintain a viscosity compatible with this mode of application, the dimensions of the particles must be adjusted not only to allow the use of the nozzles without risk of obstruction thereof, but also to obtain an adequate viscosity. The particles of the compositions used according to the invention are advantageously less than 1 μ , and preferably less than 0.5 μ .

Des techniques de formation de bandes de masquage par jet d'encre ont été proposées antérieurement, notamment dans la publication WO 2005/00348 de la demanderesse. Les techniques décrites étaient néanmoins orientées de manière particulière vers le choix de compositions spécifiques permettant un recyclage du verre revêtu. La détermination des modalités d'application compte tenu des compositions en question, visait essentiellement l'obtention d'une opacification suffisante. La mise en oeuvre de ces couches de masquage et leur contact avec les couches conductrices, qui sont l'objet de la présente invention étaient absentes de cet art antérieur.Techniques for forming inkjet masking tapes have been proposed previously, especially in the publication WO 2005/00348 of the plaintiff. The techniques described were nevertheless oriented in a particular way towards the choice of specific compositions allowing a recycling of the coated glass. The determination of the methods of application, taking into account the compositions in question, was essentially aimed at obtaining sufficient opacification. The implementation of these masking layers and their contact with the conductive layers, which are the subject of the present invention were absent from this prior art.

Au-delà des caractéristiques de rugosité des bandes de masquage, les inventeurs ont encore recherché la réduction des pertes de puissance dans l'amélioration de la transition à la limite de ces bandes. Le système de couches conductrices est constitué d'une superposition de couches métalliques et diélectriques. Pour atteindre les meilleures conductivités, autrement dit la résistance la plus faible avec une bonne transmission lumineuse et une coloration suffisamment neutre, les systèmes sont à l'heure actuelle composés de plusieurs couches métalliques, notamment d'argent. Ces systèmes de couches, indépendamment du nombre de ces dernières, restent d'une épaisseur totale limitée, ne dépassant pas en règle générale 0,3µ. Dans tous les cas l'épaisseur de ces couches est très inférieure à celle des bandes de masquage traditionnelles comme indiqué plus haut. La continuité des couches conductrices appliquées à la fois sur les bandes de masquage et sur la feuille de verre, ne peut être assurée convenablement au bord de ces bandes.Beyond the roughness characteristics of the masking bands, the inventors have still sought the reduction of power losses in the improvement of the transition at the edge of these bands. The conductive layer system consists of a superposition of metal and dielectric layers. To achieve the best conductivities, ie the lowest resistance with good light transmission and sufficiently neutral color, the systems are currently composed of several metal layers, including silver. These layer systems, regardless of the number of these, remain of a limited total thickness, generally not exceeding 0.3 μ . In all cases the thickness of these layers is much lower than that of conventional masking bands as indicated above. The continuity of the conductive layers applied to both the masking strips and the glass sheet can not be adequately ensured at the edge of these strips.

Pour résoudre ce problème les inventeurs proposent de constituer des bandes de masquage dont le bord tourné vers le centre de la feuille est d'épaisseur décroissant progressivement.To solve this problem the inventors propose forming masking strips whose edge turned towards the center of the sheet is of gradually decreasing thickness.

La structure proposée peut être obtenue dans les techniques de sérigraphie par exemple en utilisant un écran présentant un maillage variable. L'usage de la sérigraphie reste néanmoins tributaire d'une épaisseur qui ne peut être réduite de façon parfaitement continue. Il reste au bord de la bande une épaisseur d'un ordre de grandeur très supérieur à celui des couches. La difficulté est donc amoindrie mais pas entièrement écartée.The proposed structure can be obtained in screen printing techniques for example by using a screen having a variable mesh. The use of screen printing nevertheless depends on a thickness that can not be reduced perfectly continuously. It remains at the edge of the band a thickness of an order of magnitude much higher than that of the layers. The difficulty is diminished but not entirely removed.

La technique d'application par jet d'encre offre des possibilités accrues de modulation de l'épaisseur. Ceci est possible par une variation progressive de la densité des gouttelettes projetées par unité de surface. Il est aussi possible de procéder, dans des conditions constantes de projection, à la superposition d'applications correspondant à une fraction de l'épaisseur totale recherchée en réduisant progressivement la largeur appliquée, chaque application se faisant en retrait par rapport à la limite de l'application précédente.The inkjet application technique offers increased possibilities of modulation of the thickness. This is possible by a gradual variation in the density of the projected droplets per unit area. It is also possible to proceed, under constant projection conditions, to the superposition of applications corresponding to a fraction of the total thickness sought by progressively reducing the applied width, each application being set back from the limit of previous application.

L'invention est décrite de façon détaillée dans la suite en faisant référence aux figures dans lesquelles :

  • la figure 1 présente en coupe schématique un bord de feuille de verre comportant une couche conductrice ;
  • la figure 2 illustre de façon schématique le détail d'un produit de l'art antérieur ;
  • la figure 3 est une représentation analogue à celle de la figure 2 selon des modalités de l'invention.
The invention is described in detail hereinafter with reference to the figures in which:
  • the figure 1 schematically sectioned a glass sheet edge having a conductive layer;
  • the figure 2 schematically illustrates the detail of a product of the prior art;
  • the figure 3 is a representation similar to that of the figure 2 according to the methods of the invention.

Dans toutes les figures le rapport des dimensions n'est pas respecté pour la commodité de l'interprétation. Aux figures 1 à 3, une seule feuille de verre est présentée. Les dispositions entreprises concernent les vitrages feuilletés comportant en plus une deuxième feuille de verre et un intercalaire d'assemblage constitué d'un matériau thermoplastique, le plus souvent de PVB (poly-vinyl-butyral).In all the figures the ratio of the dimensions is not respected for the convenience of the interpretation. To the Figures 1 to 3 a single sheet of glass is presented. The provisions made concern laminated glazing units comprising in addition a second glass sheet and an assembly interlayer made of a thermoplastic material, most often PVB (polyvinyl butyral).

La figure 1 présente de façon typique une feuille de verre 1 qui comporte un système de couches conductrices 3. Ces couches sont appliquées sur la feuille préalablement revêtue sur son bord par un émail de masquage 2.The figure 1 typically presents a sheet of glass 1 which comprises a system of conductive layers 3. These layers are applied to the sheet previously coated on its edge by a masking enamel 2.

L'alimentation électrique de ce système de couches est réalisée au moyen d'un busbar 4. Le busbar est le plus fréquemment constitué d'un ruban métallique, notamment de cuivre, de faible épaisseur et de quelques millimètres de largeur. La conductivité du busbar est très élevée en comparaison de celle des couches conductrices qui pour les meilleures, dans des conditions de transmission lumineuse élevée, présentent une résistance qui n'est pas inférieure à environ 1Ω/□.The power supply of this layer system is achieved by means of a busbar 4. The busbar is most commonly made of a metal strip, especially copper, thin and a few millimeters wide. The conductivity of the busbar is very high compared to that of the conductive layers, which for the best, under conditions of high light transmission, have a resistance of not less than about 1Ω / □.

La représentation de la figure 1 correspond dans un vitrage feuilleté final, à la feuille tournée vers l'extérieur du véhicule. Pour masquer les busbars, mais aussi les cordons de colle qui fixent la deuxième feuille aux éléments de carrosserie du véhicule, une bande opaque 2 est appliquée sur le bord de la feuille 1 sur la face qui comporte aussi le système de couches conductrices. La bande de masquage est en position 2 comme le système de couches 3 qui recouvre cette bande. Le busbar 4 est appliqué sur la couche à l'endroit où celle-ci recouvre la bande de masquage.The representation of the figure 1 corresponds in a final laminated glazing, to the sheet turned towards the outside of the vehicle. In order to mask the busbars, but also the glue beads which fix the second sheet to the body elements of the vehicle, an opaque strip 2 is applied to the edge of the sheet 1 on the face which also comprises the system of conductive layers. The masking tape is in position 2 as the layer system 3 which covers this band. The busbar 4 is applied to the layer where it covers the masking tape.

L'ordre des éléments superposés sur la feuille est commandé par leur fonction respective.The order of the superimposed elements on the sheet is controlled by their respective function.

L'application des systèmes de couches est effectuée par dépôt sous vide. Bien que de très faible épaisseurs, les couches constituées sont d'une grande régularité sur toute la surface de la feuille revêtue. Cette régularité concerne notamment l'épaisseur de ces couches. L'application sur la surface de la feuille n'altère pas cette régularité, ces surfaces offrant une rugosité extrêmement faible de l'ordre de 0,02µ pour les feuilles ordinaires produites par flottage sur bain d'étain fondu.The application of the layer systems is performed by vacuum deposition. Although very thin, the layers formed are of great regularity over the entire surface of the coated sheet. This regularity concerns in particular the thickness of these layers. The application on the surface of the sheet does not alter this regularity, these surfaces having an extremely low roughness of the order of 0.02 μ for ordinary sheets produced by floating on molten tin bath.

L'application des bandes de masquage dans les conditions habituelles des techniques de sérigraphie, conduit à une couche émaillée dont la surface est beaucoup moins lisse que celle de la feuille de verre. Comme indiqué précédemment même avec les écrans antérieurs les mieux adaptés, la rugosité de la surface des bandes émaillées n'est pas inférieure à 2 ou 3µ. Cette rugosité est à comparer avec les épaisseurs usuelles des couches conductrices généralement inférieures à 0,1µ. Autrement dit même si l'application de ces couches par les techniques de dépôt sous vide permet de bien recouvrir la surface des bandes de masquage, sans lacunes, les couches déposées présentent une épaisseur irrégulière et une rugosité certaine dérivée de celle de ces bandes de masquage sur lesquelles elles sont appliquées, et par suite une conduction qui n'est pas uniforme notamment en raison des inhomogénéités d'épaisseur.The application of masking tapes in the usual conditions of screen printing techniques leads to an enamelled layer whose surface is much less smooth than that of the glass sheet. As indicated above, even with the most suitable prior screens, the roughness of the surface of the enamelled strips is not less than 2 or 3 μ . This roughness is to be compared with the usual thicknesses of the conductive layers generally less than 0.1 μ . In other words, even if the application of these layers by vacuum deposition techniques makes it possible to cover the surface of the masking strips without gaps, the deposited layers have an irregular thickness and a certain roughness derived from that of these masking strips. on which they are applied, and consequently a conduction which is not uniform notably because of thickness inhomogeneities.

Par ailleurs les raisons évoquées ci-dessus, le contact des couches conductrices avec le busbar si celui-ci est constitué d'un ruban métallique ne peut être parfaitement assuré. La figure 2 illustre de manière très schématique, les défauts liés à la rugosité de la bande de masquage.Moreover, the reasons mentioned above, the contact of the conductive layers with the busbar if it consists of a metal ribbon can not be perfectly ensured. The figure 2 illustrates very schematically the defects related to the roughness of the masking tape.

Ces défauts ont pour conséquence de concentrer la circulation du courant dans la couche de manière irrégulière, conduisant aux pertes de puissance indiquées dans la présentation de l'art antérieur.These defects have the effect of concentrating the circulation of the current in the layer in an irregular manner, leading to the power losses indicated in the presentation of the prior art.

Une comparaison est réalisée entre un vitrage dont les bandes de masquage sont réalisées par sérigraphie de manière traditionnelle, et un vitrage dont la bande de masquage est obtenue par jet d'encre.A comparison is made between a glazing whose masking strips are made by screen printing in the traditional way, and a glazing whose masking band is obtained by ink jet.

Dans les deux cas le support est constitué d'une feuille de verre clair de 2,1mm d'épaisseur. Les couches conductrices sont telles que décrites dans la publication WO 2011/147875 . Elles comportent trois couches d'argent.In both cases the support consists of a clear glass sheet 2.1 mm thick. The conductive layers are as described in the publication WO 2011/147875 . They have three layers of silver.

La rugosité Ra est mesurée au moyen d'un appareil «Handysurf TE H 042». Pour les couches sérigraphiées la mesure moyenne est de 0,69µ. Pour les couches appliquées par une technique de jet d'encre la rugosité obtenue est sensiblement moindre. Sans avoir optimisé tous les facteurs qui participent à son établissement on obtient avec une composition qui n'est pas spécifique, produite par la société Johson-Mattey (JM1L6027), une rugosité moyenne de l'ordre de 0,14µ.The roughness Ra is measured by means of a device "Handysurf TE H 042". For screen-printed layers, the average measurement is 0.69 μ . For the layers applied by an inkjet technique the roughness obtained is substantially less. Without having optimized all the factors involved in its establishment we obtain with a composition that is not specific, produced by the company Johson-Mattey (JM1L6027), an average roughness of the order of 0.14 μ .

On mesure également la résistivité des couches directement appliquées sur le verre, et celle de de la couche située sur la bande de masquage. La mesure est effectuée au moyen d'un appareil «Stratometer».The resistivity of the layers directly applied to the glass and that of the layer on the masking tape are also measured. The measurement is made using a "Stratometer" device.

Dans les conditions de l'essai la mesure de la résistance de la couche sur le verre seul s'établit à 0,82Ω/□. Sur la bande de masquage d'émail sérigraphiée traditionnelle, cette résistance est mesurée à 320Ω/□, et celle de la couche conductrice appliquée sur la bande émaillée est de l'ordre de 4Ω/□. Sur la bande de masquage produite par jet d'encre la résistance de la couche est d'environ 2Ω/□.Under the conditions of the test the measurement of the resistance of the layer on the glass alone is 0.82Ω / □. On the traditional screen-printed enamel masking tape, this resistance is measured at 320Ω / □, and that of the conductive layer applied to the enamelled strip is of the order of 4Ω / □. On the masking tape produced by inkjet the resistance of the layer is about 2Ω / □.

La seule présence d'une couche de masquage dont la rugosité est plus faible permet de réduire de moitié la résistance de la couche à son contact montrant clairement l'influence de cette rugosité sur les condition d'alimentation de la couche chauffante. La réduction de la résistance imposée dans la partie de la couche au contact de busbars est une facteur qui permet d'améliorer sensiblement l'efficacité du chauffage.The mere presence of a masking layer whose roughness is lower can halve the resistance of the layer to its contact clearly showing the influence of this roughness on the feed conditions of the heating layer. The reduction of the resistance imposed in the part of the layer in contact with busbars is a factor which makes it possible to appreciably improve the heating efficiency.

Pour améliorer encore cette efficacité la bande de masquage est de préférence d'épaisseur moindre pour minimiser l'effet de seuil lorsque le système de couches franchit ce seuil en passant de la bande de masquage à la feuille de verre. Ce même effet est aussi limité en produisant une bande de masquage dont l'épaisseur est décroissante sur le côté de cette bande tournée vers l'intérieur de la feuille. La figure 3 illustre de façon schématique une telle décroissance. Celle-ci n'est pas nécessairement continue et régulière. En cas de superposition de couches produites par jet d'encre par exemple les limites de chaque couche peuvent conduire à un étagement sur le bord chaque couche présentant un seuil limité à l'épaisseur de la couche en question. Par ailleurs si la composition projetée présente un bonne affinité avec le verre et avec les couches précédemment déposées, une épaisseur décroissant de façon progressive peut être pratiquement obtenue facilitant la continuité de la couche conductrice au passage de la bande de masquage à la face de la feuille de verre.To further improve this efficiency the masking tape is preferably of lesser thickness to minimize the threshold effect as the layer system crosses this threshold from the masking tape to the glass sheet. This same effect is also limited by producing a masking band whose thickness is decreasing on the side of this band turned towards the inside of the sheet. The figure 3 schematically illustrates such a decrease. This is not necessarily continuous and regular. In the case of superposition of layers produced by inkjet, for example, the limits of each layer may lead to a layer on the edge of each layer having a threshold limited to the thickness of the layer in question. On the other hand, if the projected composition has a good affinity with the glass and with the previously deposited layers, a progressively decreasing thickness can be practically obtained facilitating the continuity of the conductive layer as the masking tape passes to the face of the sheet. of glass.

Claims (10)

Vitrage automobile feuilleté composé de deux feuilles de verre réunies au moyen d'une feuille intercalaire, vitrage comportant un système couches chauffantes appliqué sur une des feuilles et sur le bord de la même feuille une bande de masquage sensiblement opaque, en contact avec la feuille de verre, le système de couches conductrices chauffantes recouvrant au moins en partie la bande de masquage, vitrage qui comporte encore des busbars d'alimentation électrique en contact avec le système de couches dans la partie recouvrant la bande de masquage, caractérisé en ce que la bande de masquage présente une rugosité qui n'est pas supérieure à 0,5µ et de préférence pas supérieure à 0,1µ.Laminated automotive glazing consisting of two sheets of glass joined by means of an interlayer sheet, glazing comprising a heating layer system applied to one of the sheets and on the edge of the same sheet a substantially opaque masking tape in contact with the sheet of glass, the system of conductive heating layers covering at least partially the masking tape, glazing which further comprises power busbars in contact with the layer system in the portion covering the masking tape, characterized in that the strip masking has a roughness that is not greater than 0.5 μ and preferably not greater than 0.1 μ . Vitrage selon la revendication 1 dans lequel la bande de masquage est constituée d'un émail renfermant des pigments, ces derniers sous forme de particules dont la granulométrie moyenne n'est pas supérieure à 5µ et de préférence pas supérieure à 3µ.Glazing according to claim 1 wherein the masking tape consists of an enamel containing pigments, the latter in the form of particles whose average particle size is not greater than 5 microns and preferably not greater than 3 microns . Vitrage selon l'une des revendications précédentes dans lequel le système de couches conductrices chauffantes est formé par pulvérisation cathodique et comprend un ensemble de couches métalliques et de couches diélectriques, l'ensemble présentant une épaisseur qui n'est pas supérieure à 0,1µ.Glazing according to one of the preceding claims wherein the heating conductive layer system is formed by sputtering and comprises a set of metal layers and dielectric layers, the assembly having a thickness of not greater than 0.1 μ . Vitrage selon la revendication 3 dans lequel les couches métalliques sont à base d'argent et au nombre de deux ou trois.Glazing according to claim 3 wherein the metal layers are based on silver and two or three in number. Vitrage selon l'une des revendications précédentes dans lequel la bande de masquage présente une opacité telle que la transmission lumineuse du vitrage à travers cette bande reste inférieure à 0,1%.Glazing according to one of the preceding claims wherein the masking tape has an opacity such that the light transmission of the glazing through this band remains less than 0.1%. Vitrage selon l'une des revendications précédentes dans lequel la bande de masquage présente transversalement une épaisseur progressivement décroissante sur son bord tourné vers le centre de la feuille de verre.Glazing according to one of the preceding claims wherein the masking band transversely has a gradually decreasing thickness on its edge facing the center of the glass sheet. Vitrage selon l'une des revendications précédentes dans lequel la bande de masquage est appliquée sur la feuille de verre par une technique de jet d'encre.Glazing according to one of the preceding claims wherein the masking tape is applied to the glass sheet by an ink jet technique. Vitrage selon la revendication 7 dans lequel plusieurs applications sont faites pour constituer la bande de masquage, les applications successives se faisant transversalement en retrait sur le bord tourné vers le centre de la feuille de verre, retrait par rapport à l'application précédente.Glazing according to claim 7 wherein several applications are made to form the masking tape, the successive applications being transversely recessed on the edge facing the center of the glass sheet, withdrawal from the previous application. Vitrage selon l'une des revendications précédentes dans lequel les busbars sont constitués de minces rubans métalliques.Glazing according to one of the preceding claims wherein the busbars consist of thin metal ribbons. Vitrage selon l'une des revendications précédentes dans lequel la feuille de verre sur laquelle le système de couches conductrices chauffantes est appliqué est la feuille extérieure du vitrage feuilleté, le système étant appliqué en face 2.Glazing according to one of the preceding claims wherein the glass sheet on which the heating conductive layer system is applied is the outer sheet of the laminated glazing, the system being applied on the face 2.
EP14172152.2A 2014-06-12 2014-06-12 Heating glass Withdrawn EP2955976A1 (en)

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PCT/EP2015/061809 WO2015189039A1 (en) 2014-06-12 2015-05-28 Heated glass panel
JP2016572537A JP6830357B2 (en) 2014-06-12 2015-05-28 Glass panel to be heated
US15/317,824 US10455645B2 (en) 2014-06-12 2015-05-28 Heated glass panel
EA201692410A EA031759B1 (en) 2014-06-12 2015-05-28 Heated glass panel
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CN110549993A (en) * 2019-09-18 2019-12-10 福耀玻璃工业集团股份有限公司 Glass window capable of being electrically heated
FR3117106A1 (en) * 2020-12-07 2022-06-10 Saint-Gobain Glass France Process for obtaining glazing provided with an enamel coating and electrically conductive patterns

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EP3155872A1 (en) 2017-04-19
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