CN102095597A - Method for measuring temperature correction factor of bridge fatigue life gage - Google Patents
Method for measuring temperature correction factor of bridge fatigue life gage Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for measuring the temperature correction factor of a bridge fatigue life gage, comprising the following steps: sticking a test fatigue life gage on a standard fatigue test piece prepared from a material to be measured; arranging in an environmental chamber; at the temperature of miuns 20-60DEG C, adjusting the temperature of the environmental chamber; measuring the real-time resistance value Ri of the test fatigue life gage of each temperature point; taking the resistance value of the fatigue life gage, which is measured at 20DEG C, to serve as a reference resistance value R; setting the rectangular Cartesian coordinate system by taking temperature as the abscissa and the resistance variation rate as the ordinate; obtaining the discrete distribution graph of the resistance variation rate data points of different temperature points; carrying out curve fitting to the discrete data points by a cubic polynomial; calculating the coefficient of each item in the cubic polynomial so as to obtain the generate cubic polynomial phi (Tj) of the corresponding material; according to the temperature correction factor S=phi(Tj)*R of the bridge fatigue life gage, calculating the temperature correction factor S of the corresponding temperature point of the material to be measured; and correcting R obtained in the practical engineering. According to the monitored material, the temperature correction factors of the bridge fatigue life gage are respectively measured with the method, the method is directly applied to the practical engineering, the on-site tests become simple and convenient, and engineering applicability is strong.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of measuring method of bridge fatigue life gage temperature correction coefficient, be used for the temperature compensation of bridge fatigue life gage.
Technical background
Occur the research of report fatigue life gage in external 1966, caused great concern immediately.Darrell R.Harting introduces resistance in the text and accumulates automatically with tired course---the inherent characteristic of this fatigue life gage.
1972, Rober S.Horne and Oscar L.Freyre have introduced the resistance fatigue accumulation performance of the fatigue life gage made from special annealing constantan paper tinsel and demarcated life-span meter resistance fatigue accumulation performance curve in their research report experimental technique comprises testing apparatus, testing process, load control method etc.In report, the author inquires into the application technology of life-span meter, comprises the set up an office optimization of position of life-span meter cloth, the sizing of strain multiplier, and the life-span counting is according to acquisition method etc.; And be tested object with the different parts of aircraft, the method for research life-span meter assessment measurand fatigue state.
1975, P.Charsley and B.A.Robins are to carrying out a large amount of fatigue experiments by different alloying components, preparation technology's cupronickel paper tinsel, the strainometer that pure copper foil is made, respectively from theoretical and description of test the effect of congeries, explained the mechanism of resistance variations under fatigue loading effect.
Boeing Co. at first succeeds in developing the S-N fatigue life gage and is applied to the fatigue monitoring of aerospace structure, and the introduction of S-N fatigue life gage once appearred in U.S. micrometering amount companies in 1976 in its products catalogue,
Domestic at us, the later stage eighties in last century, by Nanjing Aero-Space University, 629, Shanghai Nonferrous Metal Research Inst., Ministry of Astronautics Industry 702 etc. the unit cooperation research and development paper tinsel formula fatigue life gage, delivered some papers the nineties successively.The Tao Baoqi of Nanjing College of Aeronautical Engineering etc. has introduced the domestic paper tinsel formula fatigue life gage of development voluntarily first, and content comprises the main performance index of Response Mechanism, family curve scaling method and the homemade fatigue life gage of fatigue life gage; Chen Xueli has introduced the orthogonal test method of preparation fatigue life gage foil; Scholars such as Hu Mingmin, Zhou Keyin, Chen Jie have announced homemade fatigue life gage have been carried out method and the conclusion that family curve is demarcated, simultaneously the mean strain response and the cycle variable load response characteristic of homemade fatigue life gage are tested, and inquired into and utilized fatigue life gage predict method of fatigue life; Yin Fuyan compares in version and general performance homemade fatigue life gage and external like product.Europe is entered duckweed academician seminar fatigue life gage the determining of installation position, paster and protection technology in offshore platform structure monitoring has been carried out useful discussion.
By above-mentioned summary as can be known, the special environment for use of this class civil structure of bridge structure is not considered in existing sensing element research fatigue lifetime basically, the large bridge structure is in long-term work under the ten minutes complex environment, and effect such as wind, wave, temperature, earthquake is frequent.Wherein pasting in running order thereon bridge fatigue life gage is subjected to Temperature Influence very big, usually monitored dangerous point has reached the fatigure failure state on the bridge structure, and because Temperature Influence, fatigue life gage but can not be correct indicate this precarious position, therefore want to utilize fatigue life gage that the bridge member dangerous point is carried out the influence that fatigue monitoring just must be rejected environment temperature, so temperature compensation becomes one of key issue of fatigue life gage practical application.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide the good bridge fatigue life gage temperature compensation modification method of a kind of effect, be used to stick on the temperature compensation of the bridge fatigue life gage of long-term work on the bridge.
The measuring method of a kind of bridge fatigue life gage of the present invention temperature correction coefficient comprises the steps:
The first step: adopt and parts identical materials to be detected, preparation circular cross section fatigue criterion test specimen, symmetry is pasted at least 6 experiment fatigue life gages on every test specimen;
Second step: the fatigue criterion test specimen that pastes the experiment fatigue life gage is placed airtight environmental chamber, and the temperature in set environment cabin is 20 ℃, measures the reference resistor value R of each sheet experiment fatigue life gage;
The 3rd step: between-20 ℃～60 ℃, get 5 ℃ or 10 ℃, adjust the temperature of environmental chamber, each temperature spot T by alternating temperature interval section Δ T
iBe incubated 30～60 minutes, measure the real-time resistance value R that relevant temperature is put each sheet experiment fatigue life gage
i, i=1.2 ... m;
The 4th step: with the temperature T is horizontal ordinate, resistance change rate
For ordinate is provided with Descartes's rectangular coordinate system, wherein, Δ R is the poor of the resistance value of real time temperature and reference resistor value R; T according to the 3rd step gained
i, R
iData obtain resistance change rate
The Discrete Distribution figure of data point is in Discrete Distribution figure
The distribution of data points shape adopts cubic polynomial that discrete data point is carried out curve fitting, and determines that cubic polynomial is
φ (T in the formula
j) be with temperature T
jBe the function of independent variable, wherein T
jBe measured temperature in the actual engineering;
The 5th step: according to principle of least square method, with T
i, R
iSubstitution
φ is the cubic polynomial set; Get j=i, obtain:
Order
Promptly
T with the 3rd step gained
i, R
iAmong the data substitution I, as φ (T
i) satisfy
The time, can get by the necessary condition of asking Multivariate Extreme Value:
Promptly obtain containing 4 unknown number β
1, β
2, β
3, λ four equations, the group of solving an equation, β
1, β
2, β
3, λ, thereby obtain match
The 6th step: by formula S=φ (T
j) * R calculates measured relevant temperature point T in the actual engineering
jFatigue life gage temperature correction coefficient S, to R measured in the actual engineering
SurveyRevise and obtain revised value R
Repair, i.e. R
Repair=R
Survey-S.
In the measuring method of a kind of bridge fatigue life gage of the present invention temperature correction coefficient, fatigue lifetime is counted 6～12 in described experiment.
In the measuring method of a kind of bridge fatigue life gage of the present invention temperature correction coefficient, described bonding adopts J-25 glue.
In the measuring method of a kind of bridge fatigue life gage of the present invention temperature correction coefficient, described environmental chamber is MTS 810 environmental chambers.
In the measuring method of a kind of bridge fatigue life gage of the present invention temperature correction coefficient, described experiment is made by copper-nickel-manganese-iron-silicon precision electrical resistance alloy with fatigue life gage, and the weight percent of its constituent is 43%Ni, 1.8%Mn frequently, 0.1%Fe, the 0.3%Si surplus is Cu.
The present invention adopts above-mentioned measuring method, utilize fatigue life gage resistance to very little this key characteristic of the accumulation of temperature-responsive, during intensification, negative value appears in its resistance change rate, occur during cooling on the occasion of, its electrical response change mechanism is that fatigue life gage sensitive grid speed of expansion is greater than the member speed of expansion, J-25 cementing agent speed of expansion is less than the sensitive grid speed of fatigue life gage, like this when temperature raises, fatigue life gage at first expands, but blocked by the J-25 cementing agent that lagged behind and member and can not extend and be compressed, resistance change rate was the fact of negative value when this had just occurred heating up; The latter is just opposite, when temperature descends, the fatigue life gage sensitive grid is stretched, just can occur resistance change rate on the occasion of, be that fatigue life gage sensitive grid cooling velocity is less than the member cooling velocity, the J-25 cementing agent cools off speed again greater than fatigue life gage sensitive grid cooling velocity, thereby makes its sensitive grid be in tension state.Can obtain fatigue life gage temperature correction coefficient under the different temperatures of monitored material by the temperature cabin temperature that controls environment in view of the above, utilize resulting temperature correction coefficient that the fatigue life gage measured value that the monitored target scene records is revised, thereby finish monitored target fatigue lifetime parameter temperature compensation, after testing, adopt the inventive method bridge parameter fatigue lifetime to be carried out the temperature correction, revised error information through type
Calculate uncorrected error information through type
Calculate, then the bridge parameter value fatigue lifetime error that is obtained after the compensation is between 2.20%～5.13% and do not compensate measured measured value error between 0.48%～2.54%.
In addition, the present invention has adopted with tested member identical materials and has made the experimental standard test specimen, thereby has guaranteed that experiment produces identical electrical response with work fatigue life-span meter to temperature with fatigue life gage, and compensation effect is better; Temperature correction coefficient in the time of can measuring fatigue life gage respectively in the laboratory and stick on the dissimilar materials, directly using corresponding temperature correction coefficient at different bridge materials in actual engineering carries out temperature compensation, simple, applicability is strong; After obtaining all kinds bridge steel temperature compensation correction factor, can utilize Matlab software to programme easily, for the exploitation of fatigue life gage temperature compensation software platform facilitates, thereby be applicable in the engineering and use on a large scale.Summary is got up, and the present invention has the following advantages:
1, experiment has identical electrical response to temperature with fatigue life gage all the time with work fatigue life-span meter, has guaranteed the precision and the stability of measured value.
2, can measure its temperature correction coefficient respectively in the laboratory according to monitored material, in actual engineering, directly use, thereby make on-the-spot test become simple and convenient at different bridge materials.
3, help the programming development software platform, engineering adaptability is strong.
Description of drawings
Accompanying drawing 1 has been pasted the experimental standard test specimen synoptic diagram of experiment with fatigue life gage for the present invention.
Accompanying drawing 2 is the experimental data Discrete Distribution figure of the embodiment of the invention 1 gained.
Accompanying drawing 3 is the experimental data Discrete Distribution figure of the embodiment of the invention 2 gained.
Among the figure: 1-experiment fatigue life gage, 2-experimental standard test specimen.
Embodiment:
The present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with specific embodiment.
The first step: adopt 14MnNbq to prepare circular cross section fatigue criterion test specimen, paste 6 by copper-nickel-manganese-iron-silicon precision electrical resistance alloy manufacturing with J-25 glue symmetry on every test specimen, the percentage by weight of constituent is 43%Ni, 1.8%Mn, 0.1%Fe, the 0.3%Si surplus is the experiment fatigue life gage of Cu;
Second step: the fatigue criterion test specimen that pastes the experiment fatigue life gage is placed airtight MTS 810 environmental chambers, and the temperature in set environment cabin is 20 ℃, records reference resistor value such as following table:
The 3rd step: between-20 ℃～60 ℃, get 10 ℃ of temperature of adjusting environmental chamber by alternating temperature interval section Δ T, each temperature spot insulation 30～60 minutes, record :-20 ℃ ,-10 ℃, 0 ℃, 10 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃ relevant temperature are put the real-time resistance value Ri of each sheet experiment fatigue life gage, i=1.2 ... m, concrete measured value sees the following form;
With the temperature T is horizontal ordinate, resistance change rate
For ordinate is provided with Descartes's rectangular coordinate system, wherein, Δ R is the poor of the resistance value of real time temperature and reference resistor value R; T according to the 3rd step gained
i, R
iData obtain resistance change rate
The Discrete Distribution figure of data point is in Discrete Distribution figure
The distribution of data points shape adopts cubic polynomial that discrete data point is carried out curve fitting, and determines that cubic polynomial is
φ (T in the formula
j) be with temperature T
jBe the function of independent variable, wherein T
jBe measured temperature in the actual engineering;
The 5th step: according to principle of least square method, with T
i, R
iSubstitution
Get j=i, obtain:
Order
Promptly
The 6th step: by formula S=φ (T
j) * R can calculate engineering component relevant temperature point T in actual engineering that 14MnNbq makes
jFatigue life gage temperature correction coefficient S, to R measured in the actual engineering
SurveyRevise and obtain revised value R
Repair, i.e. R
Repair=R
Survey-S instructs engineering to use.
In the present embodiment, prepare 2 by 43%Ni, 1.8%Mn, 0.1%Fe, the 0.3%Si surplus is that Cu makes and initial resistivity value R=79.258 Ω bridge fatigue life gage active gage, 2 bridge fatigue life gage active gages are sticked on 2 respectively made on the standard round test specimen that diameter is 11mm by alloy steel 14MnNbq material, the standard round test specimen is numbered 1,2 respectively; Described bridge fatigue life gage active gage is equipped with two signal exits of being made by enamel covered wire;
1, two signal exits that will stick on No. 1 bridge fatigue life gage active gage on the standard round test specimen directly connect Japan respectively and day put little ohmer-3541; Described standard round test specimen is placed the temperature environment cabin, close the environment cabin door subsequently, the cabin temperature that controls environment is 20 ℃ of normal temperature, carrying out stress amplitude is the fatigue loading of 2000 μ ε, open described Japan and day put little ohmer-3541, until the fracture of standard round test specimen, the reading R that the electrical resistance collection instrument when noting the fracture of standard round test specimen shows
20=83.998 Ω are the not resistance readings during temperature influence of described bridge fatigue life gage active gage;
2, two signal exits that will stick on No. 2 bridge fatigue life gage active gages on the standard round test specimen directly connect Japan respectively and day put little ohmer-3541; Described standard round test specimen is placed the temperature environment cabin, close the environment cabin door subsequently, the cabin temperature that controls environment is 60 ℃, carrying out stress amplitude is the fatigue loading of 2000 μ ε, open described Japan and day put little ohmer-3541, until the fracture of standard round test specimen, the reading R that the electrical resistance collection instrument when noting the fracture of standard round test specimen shows
60=80.026 Ω, the resistance readings when being described bridge fatigue life gage active gage temperature influence;
According to s=φ (T
jWhen) * R calculates 60 ℃, by the temperature correction coefficient S=-2.395 Ω of the member of 14MnNbq preparation;
Obtain R
Repair=R
60-S=82.421 Ω
Revised error information through type
Be calculated as 1.88%, uncorrected error information through type
Be calculated as 4.73%.As from the foregoing through resulting fatigue life gage measured value after the correction of the present invention more near it in the normal temperature value during temperature influence not, thereby more can indicate the fatigue damage state of the member of monitoring really through the revised value of the present invention.
The first step: adopt 40Cr to prepare circular cross section fatigue criterion test specimen, paste 6 by copper-nickel-manganese-iron-silicon precision electrical resistance alloy manufacturing with J-25 glue symmetry on every test specimen, the percentage by weight of constituent is 43%Ni, 1.8%Mn, 0.1%Fe, the 0.3%Si surplus is the experiment fatigue life gage of Cu;
Second step: the fatigue criterion test specimen that pastes the experiment fatigue life gage is placed airtight MTS 810 environmental chambers, and the temperature in set environment cabin is 20 ℃, records reference resistor value such as following table:
The 3rd step: between-20 ℃～60 ℃, get 10 ℃ of temperature of adjusting environmental chamber by alternating temperature interval section Δ T, each temperature spot insulation 30～60 minutes records :-20 ℃ ,-10 ℃, 0 ℃, 10 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃ relevant temperature are put the real-time resistance value R of each sheet experiment fatigue life gage
i, concrete measured value sees the following form;
With the temperature T is horizontal ordinate, resistance change rate
For ordinate is provided with Descartes's rectangular coordinate system, wherein, Δ R is the poor of the resistance value of real time temperature and reference resistor value R; T according to the 3rd step gained
i, R
iData obtain resistance change rate
The Discrete Distribution figure of data point is in Discrete Distribution figure
The distribution of data points shape adopts cubic polynomial that discrete data point is carried out curve fitting, and determines that cubic polynomial is
φ (T in the formula
j) be with temperature T
jBe the function of independent variable, wherein T
jBe measured temperature in the actual engineering;
The 5th step: according to principle of least square method, with T
i, R
iSubstitution
Get j=i, obtain:
Order
That is:
T with the 3rd step gained
i, R
iAmong the data substitution I, as φ (T
i) satisfy
The time, can get by the necessary condition of asking Multivariate Extreme Value:
Promptly obtain containing 4 unknown number β
1, β
2, β
3, λ four equations, the group of solving an equation, β
1, β
2, β
3, λ, thereby obtain match
The 6th step: by formula S=φ (T
j) * R can calculate the fatigue life gage temperature correction coefficient S of engineering component relevant temperature point Tj in actual engineering of 40Cr making, to R measured in the actual engineering
SurveyRevise and obtain revised value R
Repair, i.e. R
Repair=R
Survey-S instructs engineering to use.
In the present embodiment, prepare 2 by 43%Ni, 1.8%Mn, 0.1%Fe, the 0.3%Si surplus is that Cu makes and initial resistivity value R=80.029 Ω bridge fatigue life gage active gage, 2 bridge fatigue life gage active gages are sticked on 2 respectively made on the standard round test specimen that diameter is 11mm by alloy steel 40Cr material, the standard round test specimen is numbered 1,2 respectively; Described bridge fatigue life gage active gage is equipped with two signal exits of being made by enamel covered wire;
1, two signal exits that will stick on No. 1 bridge fatigue life gage active gage on the standard round test specimen directly connect Japan respectively and day put little ohmer-3541; Described standard round test specimen is placed the temperature environment cabin, close the environment cabin door subsequently, the cabin temperature that controls environment is 20 ℃ of normal temperature, carrying out stress amplitude is the fatigue loading of 2000 μ ε, open described Japan and day put little ohmer-3541, until the fracture of standard round test specimen, the reading R that the electrical resistance collection instrument when noting the fracture of standard round test specimen shows
20=83.630 Ω are the not resistance readings during temperature influence of described bridge fatigue life gage active gage;
2, two signal exits that will stick on No. 2 bridge fatigue life gage active gages on the standard round test specimen directly connect Japan respectively and day put little ohmer-3541; Described standard round test specimen is placed the temperature environment cabin, close the environment cabin door subsequently, the cabin temperature that controls environment is-20 ℃, carrying out stress amplitude is the fatigue loading of 2000 μ ε, open described Japan and day put little ohmer-3541, until the fracture of standard round test specimen, the reading R that the electrical resistance collection instrument when noting the fracture of standard round test specimen shows
-20=87.264 Ω, the resistance readings when being described bridge fatigue life gage active gage temperature influence;
According to s=φ (T
jWhen) * R calculates-20 ℃, by the temperature correction coefficient S=3.215 Ω of the member of 40Cr preparation;
Obtain R
Repair=R
-20-S=84.049 Ω
Revised error information through type
Be calculated as 0.50%, uncorrected error information through type
Be calculated as 4.35%.As from the foregoing through resulting fatigue life gage measured value after the correction of the present invention more near it in the normal temperature value during temperature influence not, thereby more can indicate the fatigue damage state of the member of monitoring really through the revised value of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. the measuring method of a bridge fatigue life gage temperature correction coefficient comprises the steps:
The first step: adopt and parts identical materials to be detected, preparation circular cross section fatigue criterion test specimen, symmetry is pasted at least 6 experiment fatigue life gages on every test specimen;
Second step: the fatigue criterion test specimen that pastes the experiment fatigue life gage is placed airtight environmental chamber, and the temperature in set environment cabin is 20 ℃, measures the reference resistor value R of each sheet experiment fatigue life gage;
The 3rd step: between-20 ℃～60 ℃, get 5 ℃ or 10 ℃, adjust the temperature of environmental chamber, each temperature spot T by alternating temperature interval section Δ T
iBe incubated 30～60 minutes, measure the real-time resistance value R that relevant temperature is put each sheet experiment fatigue life gage
i, i=1.2 ... m;
The 4th step: with the temperature T is horizontal ordinate, resistance change rate
For ordinate is provided with Descartes's rectangular coordinate system, wherein, Δ R is the poor of the resistance value of real time temperature and reference resistor value R; T according to the 3rd step gained
i, R
iData obtain resistance change rate
The Discrete Distribution figure of data point is in Discrete Distribution figure
The distribution of data points shape adopts cubic polynomial that discrete data point is carried out curve fitting, and determines that cubic polynomial is
φ (T in the formula
j) be with temperature T
jBe the function of independent variable, wherein T
jBe measured temperature in the actual engineering;
The 5th step: according to principle of least square method, with T
i, R
iSubstitution
φ is the cubic polynomial set; Get j=i, obtain:
Order
That is:
T with the 3rd step gained
i, R
iAmong the data substitution I,
As φ (T
i) satisfy
The time, can get by the necessary condition of asking Multivariate Extreme Value:
Promptly obtain containing 4 unknown number β
1, β
2, β
3, λ four equations, the group of solving an equation, β
1, β
2, β
3, λ, thereby obtain match
The 6th step: by formula S=φ (T
j) * R calculates measured relevant temperature point T in the actual engineering
jFatigue life gage temperature correction coefficient S, to R measured in the actual engineering
SurveyRevise and obtain revised value R
Repair, i.e. R
Repair=R
Survey-S.
2. the measuring method of a kind of bridge fatigue life gage temperature correction coefficient according to claim 1 is characterized in that: fatigue lifetime is counted 6～12 in described experiment.
3. the measuring method of a kind of bridge fatigue life gage temperature correction coefficient according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described bonding adopts J-25 glue.
4. the measuring method of a kind of bridge fatigue life gage temperature correction coefficient according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described environmental chamber is MTS 810 environmental chambers.
5. the measuring method of a kind of bridge fatigue life gage temperature correction coefficient according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described experiment is made by copper-nickel-manganese-iron-silicon precision electrical resistance alloy with fatigue life gage, the weight percent of its constituent is 43%Ni frequently, 1.8%Mn, 0.1%Fe, the 0.3%Si surplus is Cu.
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Cited By (6)
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| CN102278971A (en) * | 2011-06-24 | 2011-12-14 | 湖南大学 | Strain test method using multiple balance reference points |
| CN103759851A (en) * | 2014-02-18 | 2014-04-30 | 悉雅特万科思自动化(杭州)有限公司 | Temperature compensation method used for thermal resistance collecting module |
| CN106093356A (en) * | 2016-06-04 | 2016-11-09 | 石家庄市长安育才建材有限公司 | A kind of method revising concrete experiments error |
| CN112255121A (en) * | 2020-12-23 | 2021-01-22 | 天津航天瑞莱科技有限公司 | Fatigue limit evaluation method based on Matlab blade |
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| CN114577589A (en) * | 2022-04-28 | 2022-06-03 | 北京乾合晶芯电子技术有限公司 | Evaluation method and detection system for detecting low-cycle fatigue of metal material |
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Cited By (8)
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| CN102278971A (en) * | 2011-06-24 | 2011-12-14 | 湖南大学 | Strain test method using multiple balance reference points |
| CN103759851A (en) * | 2014-02-18 | 2014-04-30 | 悉雅特万科思自动化(杭州)有限公司 | Temperature compensation method used for thermal resistance collecting module |
| CN106093356A (en) * | 2016-06-04 | 2016-11-09 | 石家庄市长安育才建材有限公司 | A kind of method revising concrete experiments error |
| CN106093356B (en) * | 2016-06-04 | 2021-02-23 | 石家庄市长安育才建材有限公司 | Method for correcting experimental error of concrete |
| CN112255121A (en) * | 2020-12-23 | 2021-01-22 | 天津航天瑞莱科技有限公司 | Fatigue limit evaluation method based on Matlab blade |
| CN112255121B (en) * | 2020-12-23 | 2021-05-14 | 天津航天瑞莱科技有限公司 | Fatigue limit evaluation method based on Matlab blade |
| CN113124940A (en) * | 2021-05-12 | 2021-07-16 | 铁正检测科技有限公司 | Dynamic state abnormity analysis monitoring system for steel truss bridge dragging construction |
| CN114577589A (en) * | 2022-04-28 | 2022-06-03 | 北京乾合晶芯电子技术有限公司 | Evaluation method and detection system for detecting low-cycle fatigue of metal material |
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