Salamandroidea

Salamandroidea sunt subordo Caudatorum, qui Caudata progressa quoque vocatur. Per totum orbem terrarum inveniuntur, Africa sub Sahara, Oceania, Antarcticaque exceptis. A subordine Cryptobranchoideis discrepant in mandibulo ossibus angulari et praearticulari concretis et costis trunci bicapitatis. Vertebrae sunt amphicoelae usque ad opisthocoelae. Animalia adulta branchiis carent; dentes palatales in duabus seriebus longitudinalibus stant. Omnia Salamandroidea fertilizatione interna utuntur;^[2] spermatophorum, id est massulam semen continentem, mas in cloaca feminae deponit, eaque semen in spermathecis condit donec ova positura requirit.^[3]

Maxima Salamandroideorum familia, sexaginta centesimas specierum Caudatorum exstantium comprehendens, est Plethodontidae (Caudata sine pulmonibus). Pleraque Salamandroidea formam salamandris solitam habent, sed Amphiumidas quoque comprehendunt, qui corpus forma anguillae simile habent et vitam totam in aqua degunt. Sirenidas, alteram familiam aquatilem characterasque valde insuetos – inter alios, fertilizationem externam – ostendentem, quidam pro Salamandroideis habent et quidam in ordine Sirenoideis seponunt.^[4]

Taxinomia primorum Caudatorum in incerto est. Fossile Salamandroideum vetustissimum putatur esse vertebra sine nomine scientifico ex Iurassico Medio Russiae Europaeae,^[5] abhinc annorum circiter 168 000 000 – 165 000 000.

Notae

↑ Anderson, J. S. (2012). "Fossils, molecules, divergence times, and the origin of Salamandroidea". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (15): 5557–5558
↑ Miller, Jessica J.. "Caudate Families (Newts & Salamanders)". Livingunderworld.org
↑ Sever, David M.; Stanley E. Trauth (Aprili 1990). "Cloacal Anatomy of Female Salamanders of the Plethodontid Subfamily Desmognathinae (Amphibia: Urodela)". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 109 (2): 193–204 .
↑ Jia, Jia; Gao, Ke-Qin (2016-05-04). "A New Basal Salamandroid (Amphibia, Urodela) from the Late Jurassic of Qinglong, Hebei Province, China". PLOS ONE 11 (5): e0153834
↑ Skutschas, Pavel P., et al. 2023. "Discovery of a crown salamander in the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) Moskvoretskaya formation of the Moscow Region, Russia." Historical Biology 35(11), p. 2123-2126 [1]

[anderson-1] Anderson, J. S. (2012). "Fossils, molecules, divergence times, and the origin of Salamandroidea". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (15): 5557–5558

[2] Miller, Jessica J.. "Caudate Families (Newts & Salamanders)". Livingunderworld.org

[3] Sever, David M.; Stanley E. Trauth (Aprili 1990). "Cloacal Anatomy of Female Salamanders of the Plethodontid Subfamily Desmognathinae (Amphibia: Urodela)". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 109 (2): 193–204 .

[4] Jia, Jia; Gao, Ke-Qin (2016-05-04). "A New Basal Salamandroid (Amphibia, Urodela) from the Late Jurassic of Qinglong, Hebei Province, China". PLOS ONE 11 (5): e0153834

[5] Skutschas, Pavel P., et al. 2023. "Discovery of a crown salamander in the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) Moskvoretskaya formation of the Moscow Region, Russia." Historical Biology 35(11), p. 2123-2126 [1]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]