Mmetọ plastik mmiri
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Mmetọ rọba mmiri nke mmiri (ma ọ bụ mmetọ rọba n'oké osimiri) bụ ụdị mmetọ mmiri site na plastik, sitere na nha site na nnukwu ihe mbụ dị ka karama na akpa, gbadaa na microplastics nke emere site na nkewa nke ihe rọba. A na-atụfu ihe mkpofu mmiri nke ukwuu nke na-ese n'elu, ma ọ bụ kwụsịtụrụ n'oké osimiri. Pasent 80 nke irighiri mmiri mmiri bụ plastik. Microplastics na nanoplastics na-esite na ndakpọ ma ọ bụ foto mmebi nke ihe mkpofu rọba n'elu mmiri, osimiri ma ọ bụ oke osimiri. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị achọpụtala nanoplastics na nnukwu snow, karịsịa ihe dị ka tọn 3,000 na-ekpuchi Switzerland kwa afọ.
A na-eme atụmatụ na e nwere ihe ruru nde tọn 86 nke ihe mkpofu mmiri rọba dị n'oké osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ dịka njedebe nke afọ 2013, na-eche na 1.4% nke plastik zuru ụwa ọnụ emepụtara site na 1950 ruo 2013 abanyela n'oké osimiri wee gbakọta n'ebe ahụ. A na-eche na “oriri” plastik zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-abụ nde tọn 300 kwa afọ dịka nke 2022, ebe ihe dị ka nde tọn 8 na-ejedebe n'oké osimiri dị ka macroplastics. Ihe dị ka nde tọn 1.5 nke microplastics bụ isi na-ejedebe n'oké osimiri. Ihe dị ka 98% nke olu a bụ ihe omume dabere na ala, ebe 2% fọdụrụ bụ nke sitere na ihe omume sitere n'oké osimiri. A na-eme atụmatụ na 19-23 nde tọn rọba na-adaba n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri kwa afọ. Nzukọ Ọgbakọ Oké Osimiri Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu nke 2017 mere atụmatụ na oke osimiri nwere ike ibu ibu na rọba karịa azụ n'afọ 2050. A na-emetọ oke osimiri site na irighiri ihe rọba dị nha site na nnukwu ihe mbụ dị ka karama na akpa, ruo na microplastics nke emere site na nkewa nke ihe rọba. A na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eweda ihe a ma ọ bụ wepụ ya n'oké osimiri, nke mere na ụmụ irighiri ihe plastik na-agbasa ebe niile n'elu oke osimiri ma mara na ha na-enwe mmetụta dị egwu na ndụ mmiri. Akpa rọba a tụfuru atụfu, mgbanaka mkpọ isii, mkpọ sịga na ụdị mkpofu rọba ndị ọzọ na-emecha n'oké osimiri na-eweta ihe egwu nye anụ ọhịa na ịkụ azụ. Enwere ike iyi ndụ mmiri egwu site na njikọta, ntachi, na iri nri. Ndị na-akụ azụ nwere ike ịhapụ ma ọ bụ tụfuo ụgbụ azụ, nke a na-ejikarị plastik eme. A maara dị ka ụgbụ mmụọ, azụ ndị a na-ekekọta, dolphins, nduru mmiri, shark, dugongs, agụ iyi, nnụnụ mmiri, crabs na ihe ndị ọzọ e kere eke, na-egbochi mmegharị, na-akpata agụụ, laceration, ọrịa, na, n'ime ndị kwesịrị ịlaghachi n'elu. iku ume, iku ume. Enwere ụdị plastik dị iche iche nke oké osimiri na-akpata nsogbu na ndụ mmiri. A hụla okpu karama n'ime afọ nduru na nnụnụ mmiri, bụ́ ndị nwụrụ n'ihi mgbochi nke akụkụ iku ume na nri nri. Ụgbụ mmụọ bụkwa ụdị nsogbu rọba dị n'oké osimiri dịka ha nwere ike na-aga n'ihu na-ejide ndụ mmiri n'usoro a maara dị ka "ịkụ azụ mmụọ".
10 kasị ukwuu na-ebupụta mmetọ rọba oké osimiri n'ụwa nile bụ, site na nke kasị nta, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria, na Bangladesh, nke ukwuu site na osimiri Yangtze, Indus, Yellow, Hai, Nile, Ganges, Pearl, Amur, Niger, na Mekong, na-aza "pasent 90 nke plastik niile na-erute oke osimiri ụwa." Eshia bụ isi ebe mkpofu rọba a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa, ebe China naanị nwere ihe ruru nde metric ton 2.4.
Plastics na-agbakọba n'ihi na ha adịghị emebi emebi dị ka ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ si eme. Ha ga-ese fotodegrade na ikpughe anyanwụ, ma ha na-eme nke ọma naanị n'okpuru ọnọdụ akọrọ, na mmiri na-egbochi usoro a. Na gburugburu mmiri, plastic fotodegraded na-agbasasị n'ime obere iberibe mgbe ọ bụla polymers, ọbụna ruo n'ọkwa molekụla. Mgbe ụmụ irighiri ihe na-ese n'elu mmiri na-ese n'elu mmiri na-agbada ruo nha zooplankton, jeliifish na-anwa iri ha, n'ụzọ dị otú a, plastik na-abanye n'agbụ nri oké osimiri.
A ga-ejikọta ihe ngwọta maka mmetọ rọba mmiri mmiri, yana mmetọ plastik n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbanwe mgbanwe na mmepụta ihe na nkwakọ ngwaahịa, na mbelata ojiji, karịsịa, ngwaahịa plastik otu ma ọ bụ obere oge. Ọtụtụ echiche dị maka ihicha rọba n'ime oke osimiri gụnyere ịdo irighiri rọba n'ọnụ osimiri tupu ịbanye n'oké osimiri, na ihicha gyres nke oke osimiri.
Ogologo nsogbu ahụ
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A na-amata mmetọ mmiri nke ihe ndị nwere rọba na-akpata dị ka okwu nke oke kachasị elu, site n'echiche mmetọ. A naghị emegharị ọtụtụ plastik a na-eji na ndụ ndị mmadụ kwa ụbọchị, ihe ruru 90% na ihe karịrị nde metric ton nke ihe mkpofu rọba na-atụba n'oké osimiri kwa afọ. Ọ bụrụ na nke a na-aga n'ihu, mgbe ahụ n'afọ 2050, a ga-enwe plastik karịa azụ n'ụwa site na ibu. N'ime afọ iri mbụ nke narị afọ gara aga, e mepụtala plastik karịa plastik niile dị na akụkọ ihe mere eme ruo n'afọ 2000 na ọtụtụ n'ime plastik ahụ adịghị arụgharị ya. Enwere ihe ruru puku ijeri iri na ise ruo puku iri ise na otu n'ime oke osimiri niile nke ụwa na-agbatị site n'elu oke osimiri ruo n'ala oke osimiri. Oke osimiri bụ mmiri mmiri kachasị omimi na mbara ụwa nwere nkezi omimi nke ala abyssal dị ihe dịka 4km n'okpuru ọkwa oke osimiri. Nnukwu ike ndọda ga-ebufe ma bufee ihe site na ala gaa n'oké osimiri, ebe oke osimiri na-aghọ ebe nchekwa njedebe. Otu atụmatụ nke mmepụta rọba akụkọ ihe mere eme na-enye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke 8,300 nde metric tonne (Mt) maka mmepụta rọba zuru ụwa ọnụ ruo 2015, nke 79% nke a na-akwakọba na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Ihe dị ka nde tọn 8 nke ihe mkpofu rọba na-abanye n'oké osimiri kwa afọ. Dị ka ICUN si kwuo, ọnụ ọgụgụ a amụbaala ruo nde tọn 14 nke plastik. Mmetọ nke plastik Oceanic dị ịrịba ama maka oke ọnụnọ ya, site na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, n'ime oke mmiri dị omimi, n'elu oke osimiri na mkpọda oke osimiri ruo n'akụkụ oke osimiri na oke osimiri. Ọbụna atolls n'àgwàetiti ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nwere ike ịnwe rọba nke sitere n'ebe dị anya kwajuru osimiri. N'elu oké osimiri, a na-etinye ihe mkpofu rọba n'ime akụkụ okirikiri buru ibu, nke a na-akpọ oké osimiri. Oke osimiri na-etolite n'ime oke osimiri niile, n'ihi usoro ikuku zonal na-agbanwe agbanwe nke na-ebuga njem ime ime na mpaghara mpaghara, yana njem ime ime n'ime oke osimiri. Oke osimiri na-etinye ihe mkpofu rọba n'ime gyres.
A na-emepụta plastik n'ihi na ha na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-akpụzi na àgwà na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-enye plastik ọtụtụ ngwa bara uru. Plastics na-eguzogide n'ụzọ dị egwu na usoro ihu igwe nke na-akụda ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'elu ụwa. Usoro oké osimiri, gụnyere oké ifufe, omume ebili mmiri, mmiri mmiri nke oké osimiri, hydration, na ikpughe elu na usoro ihu igwe nke ikuku (dịka oxidation) na radieshon ultraviolet, na-agbaji irighiri plastik n'ime nha na-ebelata mgbe niile (na-esi na microplastics), kama ịgbari anụ ahụ. ma ọ bụ kemikal na-agbanwe ihe plastik. Atụmatụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ na ịdị arọ nke rọba n'ofe mpaghara ịta ahụhụ n'oké osimiri ise bụ nke ihe irighiri ihe ruru puku ijeri 5.25 dị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ tọn 300,000. Mbelata nke ihe irighiri plastik na milimita na micro-scales na-enye ohere ka plastik banye n'ime mmiri mmiri dị omimi, ma eleghị anya okpukpu anọ karịa plastik na-ejedebe n'ime sediments ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmiri mmiri dị n'elu. Plastics bụzi akụkụ nke usoro okirikiri biogeochemical dị mgbagwoju anya nwere ihe ndị dị ndụ, dị ka cetaceans, nnụnụ mmiri, mammals, na nje bacteria, na-etinye plastik.
A na-emepụta ihe karịrị nde tọn 300 nke rọba kwa afọ, nke a na-eji ọkara n'ime ha eme ihe dị ka iko, akpa, na nkwakọ ngwaahịa. A na-eme atụmatụ na 19-23 nde tọn rọba na-adaba n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri kwa afọ. Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịmara nke ọma, mana a na-eme atụmatụ na ihe dị ka nde metric ton plastik dị n'oké osimiri anyị. Mmetọ rọba na-eme 80% nke irighiri mmiri niile sitere na mmiri dị n'elu ruo n'oke mmiri dị omimi. Ebe ọ bụ na plastik dị ọkụ, a na-ahụ ọtụtụ n'ime mmetọ a n'ime na gburugburu oke osimiri, ma a na-ahụ ihe mkpofu plastik na ihe ndị dị ugbu a n'ọtụtụ ebe obibi mmiri na nke ụwa, gụnyere oké osimiri miri emi, nnukwu ọdọ mmiri, coral reefs, osimiri, osimiri, na estuaries. . Ọdọ mmiri okpuru mmiri bụ ebe dị mkpa na-akpakọba ihe, na-enye aka na-ebufe irighiri ihe ndị dị otú ahụ n'oké osimiri dị omimi. Ihe akaebe kacha adọrọ adọrọ nke nsogbu rọba nke oke osimiri bụ ihe mkpofu na-agbakọta na mpaghara gyre. Gyre bụ oke osimiri okirikiri nke kpụrụ site n'ụkpụrụ ikuku nke ụwa na ike ndị e kere site na ntụgharị nke mbara ala. Enwere gyres nke oke osimiri ise: North na South Pacific Subtropical Gyres, North na South Atlantic Subtropical Gyres, na Indian Ocean Subtropical Gyre. Enwere nnukwu ihe mkpofu na nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị a.
Enwere ike itinye ihe mkpofu plastik buru ibu (macroplastics) site na ụdị mmiri, na-ejuputa afọ ha ma mee ka ha kwenye na ha juru afọ mgbe n'ezie na ha ewereghị ihe ọ bụla bara uru. Nke a nwere ike bute nnụnụ mmiri, whales, azụ̀ na nduru ịnwụ n'agụụ site n'afọ jupụtara na rọba. Ụdị mmiri nwekwara ike kụnwụ ma ọ bụ tinye ya n'ime ihe mkpofu rọba.
Ihe mkpofu macroplastic nwere ike imebi n'ime obere iberibe plastik, nke a maara dị ka microplastics mgbe ha dị obere karịa 5mm n'ogo. Mkpughe ìhè anyanwụ, okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, ebili mmiri, na ifufe na-amalite ịkụda rọba ahụ n'ime iberibe ihe na-erughị milimita ise n'ogologo. Enwere ike ịkụda plastik site na obere ihe ndị ga-eri ihe mkpofu rọba, na-akụda ya n'ime obere iberibe, ma wepụ microplastics ndị a ma ọ bụ gbasaa ha. N'ime nyocha ụlọ nyocha, a chọpụtara na amphipods nke ụdị Orchestia gammarellus nwere ike iri iberibe akpa rọba ngwa ngwa, na-akụri otu akpa n'ime iberibe ihe dị nde 1.75. Ọ bụ ezie na e mebiri plastik ahụ, ọ ka bụ ihe mmadụ mere nke na-adịghị emebi emebi. A na-eme atụmatụ na ihe dịka 90% nke plastik na gburugburu mmiri mmiri pelagic bụ microplastics. E nwekwara isi mmalite nke microplastics, dị ka microbeads na nurdles. Ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-erikarị microplastics ndị a n'okpuru eriri nri, dị ka plankton na larvae azụ, nke na-eduga na ntinye nke plastik etinyere n'usoro nri. A na-eji kemịkal na-egbu egbu eme plastik, ya mere ihe ndị a na-egbu egbu na-abanye n'agbụ nri mmiri, gụnyere azụ ndị ụfọdụ mmadụ na-eri.
Ụdị isi mmalite na ọnụ ọgụgụ
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Ihe mkpofu rọba na-abanye n'oké osimiri na-abawanye kwa afọ na ọtụtụ plastik na-abanye n'oké osimiri dị n'ihe na-erughị milimita ise. N'ihe dị ka afọ 2016, e mere atụmatụ na e nwere ihe ruru nde tọn 150 nke mmetọ rọba n'oké osimiri ụwa, e mere atụmatụ na ọ ga-eru nde tọn 250 na 2025. Nnyocha ọzọ mere atụmatụ na n'afọ 2012, ọ dị ihe dị ka nde tọn 165. N'afọ 2020, nchọpụta chọpụtara na oke osimiri Atlantic nwere ihe dị ka plastik okpukpu iri karịa ka e chere na mbụ. Otu ụdị mmetọ rọba kachasị ukwuu (~ 10 %) na ọtụtụ nnukwu rọba dị n'oké osimiri na-atụfu wee tụfuo ụgbụ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ.
The Ocean Conservancy kọrọ na China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, na Vietnam na-atụfu rọba n'oké osimiri karịa mba ndị ọzọ jikọtara ọnụ.
Otu nnyocha e mere mere atụmatụ na e nwere ihe karịrị 5 trillion plastic iberibe (akọwapụtara na klas anọ nke obere microplastics, nnukwu microplastics, meso- na macroplastics) na-ese n'elu mmiri. N'afọ 2020, ahụrụ nha ọhụrụ karịa plastik okpukpu iri n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic karịa ka e chere na mbụ na ọ dị.
N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2019, mgbe nyocha gosipụtara oke mmetọ rọba nke oke osimiri sitere na ụgbọ mmiri China, ọnụ na-ekwuchitere Ocean Cleanup kwuru, sị: "Onye ọ bụla na-ekwu maka ịchekwa oke osimiri site n'ịkwụsị iji akpa rọba, ahịhịa ahịhịa na nkwakọ ihe eji eme otu. Nke ahụ dị mkpa, mana mgbe anyị na-aga n'oké osimiri, nke ahụ abụghị ihe anyị na-achọta."
Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 20% nke irighiri ihe rọba nke na-emetọ mmiri oke osimiri, nke pụtara nde tọn 5.6, sitere na isi mmalite nke oke osimiri. MARPOL, bụ nkwekọrịta mba ụwa, "machibidoro mkpofu plastik n'oké osimiri kpamkpam." Ụgbọ mmiri ndị na-ere ahịa na-ebupụ ibu, nsị mmiri, ngwá ọrụ ahụike eji eme ihe, na ụdị ihe mkpofu ndị ọzọ nwere rọba n'ime oké osimiri. Na United States, Iwu Nnyocha na njikwa mmetọ mmiri nke mmiri mmiri nke 1987 machibido ịkwanye plastik n'oké osimiri, gụnyere site na ụgbọ mmiri ndị agha. Ụgbọ mmiri ndị agha mmiri na nyocha na-ebupụ ihe mkpofu na ngwa agha ndị e chere na ọ dịghị mkpa. Ọrụ obi ụtọ na-ahapụ ngwa ịkụ azụ na ụdị ihe mkpofu ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ na mberede ma ọ bụ site na njikwa na-eleghara anya. A na-atụfu ihe mmetọ rọba kachasị n'oké osimiri sitere na ngwa ịkụ azụ (gụnyere ọnyà na ụgbụ), atụmatụ na ọ ruru 90% nke irighiri rọba na mpaghara ụfọdụ.
Awụba mmiri rọba kọntinent na-abanye n'oké osimiri nke ukwuu site na oke mmiri ozuzo, na-asọba na mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ na-ebuba ya ozugbo na mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Plastics dị n'oké osimiri ka egosiri na ọ na-eso oke osimiri nke na-emecha ghọọ ihe a maara dị ka nnukwu ihe mkpofu.
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Mmetụta microplastic na macroplastic na-abanye n'oké osimiri adịghị etinye aka ozugbo site na ịkwanye plastik n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri, kama site na osimiri ndị emetọọ nke na-eduga ma ọ bụ na-emepụta ụzọ ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri gafere n'ofe ụwa. Osimiri nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka isi iyi ma ọ bụ imi dabere n'ihe gbara ya gburugburu. A na-eche na osimiri bụ isi ihe na-ebute mmetọ rọba maka oke osimiri, n'agbanyeghị na o nwere ike ọ bụghị dị ka ntinye aka kpọmkwem site n'aka ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri.
Ọnụọgụ rọba nke e dekọrọ ka ọ dị n'oké osimiri dị obere karịa nke rọba na-abanye n'oké osimiri n'oge ọ bụla. Dị ka nnyocha e mere na UK, e nwere "iri top" macroplastic typologies bụ naanị ndị ahịa metụtara (dị na tebụl n'okpuru). N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, a na-agụ ihe 192,213-awụba n'oké osimiri na nkezi nke 71% bụ plastik na 59% bụ ihe macroplastic metụtara ndị ahịa. Ọ bụ ezie na mmetọ mmiri dị ọhụrụ bụ isi ihe na-enye aka na mmetọ rọba mmiri, enwere obere ọmụmụ ihe emere yana nchịkọta data maka oke mmetọ na-esi na mmiri dị ọcha banye n'oké osimiri. Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na-ekwubi na enwere ntakịrị nchịkọta data nke irighiri plastik na gburugburu mmiri dị ọcha na gburugburu mbara ala, n'agbanyeghị na ndị a bụ ndị kacha enye aka. Mkpa mgbanwe amụma na mmepụta, ojiji, mkpofu, na njikwa mkpofu dị mkpa iji belata ego na ikike nke rọba iji banye na gburugburu mmiri dị ọcha.
Nnyocha e mere na 1994 nke ala oké osimiri na-eji ụgbụ trawl n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Mediterenian gburugburu ụsọ oké osimiri Spain, France, na Ịtali kọrọ na ọ bụ ihe dị ka irighiri ihe dị 1,935 kwa square kilomita. Mpekere plastik ruru 77%, nke 93% bụ akpa rọba.
Mmasị
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara nke ihe plastik ewebatara na gburugburu mmiri na-ama jijiji, mana imerụ ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ike ime ka irighiri ihe ndị dị na plastik imikpu n'ala oké osimiri, ebe ọ nwere ike igbochi ụdị ebe obibi sedimenti na usoro mgbanwe gas sedimental. Ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ka microplastic na-eme mkpọtụ, gụnyere njupụta nke rọba ọ mejupụtara yana nha na ọdịdị nke iberibe microplastic n'onwe ha. Microplastics nwekwara ike mebe oyi akwa biofilm na-agbapụta n'elu oke osimiri. A na-ahụta mgbanwe nrịbama n'ihe gbasara ingestion nke microplastics na autotrophs n'ihi na absorption nwere ike igbochi photosynthesis na ọkwa gas na-esote. Otú ọ dị, okwu a dị mkpa karịa ihe mkpofu plastik buru ibu.
Ụdị plastik | Nchịkọta | Mkpụrụ (g/cm3) |
Polystyrene | PS | 1.04 na 1.08 |
Polystyrene gbasaa | EPS | 0.01 nke 0.04 |
Polyethylene dị ala | LDPE | 0.890.93 |
Polyethylene dị elu | HDPE | 0.940.98 |
Polyamide | PA | 1.131 na 16. |
Polypropylene | PP | 0.85 nke dị n'afọ 92 |
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene | ABS | 1.040.06 |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | PTFE | 2.10 na 2.30 |
Cellulose Acetate | CA | 1.30 |
Polycarbonate | PC | 1.201.22 |
Polymethyl methacrylate | PMMA | 1.161.20 |
Polyvinyl chloride | PVC | 1.381.41 |
Polyethylene terephthalate | PET | 1.381.41 |
Ebe ala na-emetọ mmetọ plastik nke oké osimiri
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Atụmatụ maka ntinye aka nke rọba dị n'ala dị iche iche. Ọ bụ ezie na otu nnyocha mere atụmatụ na ntakịrị ihe karịrị 80% nke ihe mkpofu rọba na mmiri oké osimiri na-abịa site na isi mmalite nke ala, na-akpata 800,000 tọn (ton 880,000 mkpụmkpụ) kwa afọ. Na 2015, a gbakọrọ na 275 million tonne (303 nde mkpụmkpụ tọn) nke mkpofu rọba ka ewepụtara na mba 192 dị n'ụsọ osimiri na 2010, yana 4.8 ruo 12.7 million tonne (5.3 ruo 14 million short ton) na-abanye n'oké osimiri - pasentị nke naanị. ruo 5%.
Ọtụtụ mmetọ rọba nke ala na-abanye n'oké osimiri site na South, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, na Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, yana nnukwu emitters gụnyere China, Indonesia, Philippines na India.[2]
Isi iyi nke kpalitere nchegbu bụ mkpofu ahịhịa. Ọtụtụ ihe mkpofu n'ụdị rọba n'ime ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa bụ ihe a na-eji otu eme ihe dịka nkwakọ. Ịtụfu plastik n'ụzọ dị otú a na-eduga n'ịgbakọta. Ọ bụ ezie na ikpofu ihe mkpofu rọba na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa nwere obere ihe ize ndụ ikuku gas karịa ikpofu ya site na ọkụ, nke mbụ nwere oke ohere. Ihe ọzọ na-echegbu onwe ya bụ na ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe nchekwa dị n'etiti ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịgbaji, si otú ahụ na-agbapụta nsị ma na-emerụ ala na mmiri dị nso. Ngwunye ala dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri na-enyekarị aka na irighiri ihe n'oké osimiri n'ihi na a na-ebufe ọdịnaya ngwa ngwa wee bufee ya n'oké osimiri site na ifufe ma ọ bụ obere ụzọ mmiri dị ka osimiri na iyi. Ihe mkpofu mmiri nwekwara ike ịpụta site na mmiri nsị nke a na-edozibeghị nke ọma, bụ́ nke a na-ebuga ya n'oké osimiri site n'osimiri. A pụkwara ibufe ihe rọba ndị a tụfuru n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị gaa n'oké osimiri site na mmiri ozuzo.
Microplastics
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Microplastics_in_the_surface_ocean%2C_OWID.svg/220px-Microplastics_in_the_surface_ocean%2C_OWID.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Polystyrene_beach.jpg/220px-Polystyrene_beach.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg/220px-Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Microplastic.jpg/220px-Microplastic.jpg)
Nchegbu na-eto eto banyere mmetọ rọba na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri bụ iji microplastics. Microplastics bụ bead nke rọba na-erughị milimita 5 n'obosara, a na-ahụkarị ha na ncha aka, ihe nchacha ihu, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-apụ apụ. Mgbe a na-eji ngwaahịa ndị a eme ihe, microplastics na-agafe na usoro nzacha mmiri na n'ime oké osimiri, ma n'ihi ntakịrị nha ha, ọ ga-abụ na ha ga-agbanarị nwude site na ihuenyo ọgwụgwọ mbụ na osisi mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri. Achịcha ndị a na-emerụ ahụ anụ ahụ dị n'oké osimiri, ọkachasị ndị na-eri nri, n'ihi na ha nwere ike itinye plastik n'ụzọ dị mfe wee rịa ọrịa. Microplastics bụ nchegbu dị otú ahụ n'ihi na ọ na-esiri ike ikpochapụ ha n'ihi nha ha, n'ihi ya, ụmụ mmadụ nwere ike ịgbalị izere iji plastik ndị a na-emerụ ahụ site n'ịzụta ngwaahịa ndị na-eji ihe ndị na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi.
N'ihi na a na-eji plastik eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ụwa niile, microplastics abụrụla ihe a na-ahụkarị na gburugburu mmiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịchọta microplastics n'ụsọ osimiri ájá na mmiri dị n'elu nakwa na kọlụm mmiri na mmiri miri emi.[4][5] A na-ahụkwa microplastics n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ime mmiri dị ka ihe ndị nwụrụ anwụ (anụ ahụ na mkpokoro) na ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị n'ala (nke ifufe na-ebugharị ma buru ya n'oké osimiri). A na-ewere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na ịdị nso n'etiti obodo dị iche iche dị ka isi ihe na-emetụta ụbara nke microplastics na gburugburu ebe obibi.
Ejikọla ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke microplastics na ihe omume mmiri ozuzo. Mmiri mmiri ozuzo mgbe mmiri ozuzo gasịrị na ala, ebe mmepụta rọba na mmebi nke ihe mkpofu rọba dị elu, nwere ike ibunye microplastics ndị a n'ime gburugburu mmiri. Ka mmiri ozuzo na-abawanye, ka mmetụta mbuze nke mmiri na-asọpụta n'elu ala ga-esiwanye ike, na otú ahụ ka a ga-ebufe ihe mkpofu rọba.
Microplastics na-abanye n'okporo ụzọ mmiri site n'ọtụtụ ụzọ gụnyere mmebi nke agba okporo ụzọ, uwe taya na uzuzu obodo na-abanye n'okporo ụzọ mmiri, pellets plastik wụfuru na arịa mbupu, ụgbụ mmụọ na akwa ndị ọzọ sịntetik na-atụba n'oké osimiri, ihe ịchọ mma na-apụ na ngwaahịa na-asa ákwà na-abanye na mmiri nsị na mkpuchi mmiri. na ụgbọ mmiri na-eweda ala.
Mgbe ha rutere gburugburu mmiri, n'ihi obere nha na njupụta dị ala, a na-ebuga microplastics n'ebe dị anya site na ifufe na mmiri mmiri dị n'elu. A na-emetụta njem njem ahụ site na njiri mara ha (ederede na ọdịdị) kamakwa ihe gburugburu ebe obibi dịka ọsọ ọsọ, ụdị matriks na mgbanwe oge. Ụdị ọnụọgụgụ na-enwe ike ịchọpụta obere ihe mkpofu rọba (micro- na meso-plastics) na-akpagharị n'oké osimiri, si otú a na-ebu amụma ọdịnihu ha.
Ụfọdụ microplastics na-ahapụ oké osimiri wee banye n'ikuku, dị ka ndị nchọpụta si na Mahadum Strathclyde chọpụtara na 2020. Ụfọdụ na-anọgide n'elu oké osimiri; microplastics na-aza 92% nke irighiri plastik n'elu oke osimiri, dịka ọmụmụ 2018 si kwuo. Ụfọdụ na-emikpukwa n'ala oké osimiri. Ụlọ ọrụ sayensị mba Australia CSIRO mere atụmatụ na nde metric tọn microplastics dị nde 14 adịlarị n'ala oké osimiri na 2020. Nke a na-anọchi anya mmụba sitere na atụmatụ 2015 na oke osimiri ụwa nwere 93-236 puku metrik tọn microplastics na atụmatụ 2018 nke 270 puku. tọn.
The Ocean Conservancy ekwuola na China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, na Vietnam na-atụfu rọba n'oké osimiri karịa mba ndị ọzọ jikọtara ọnụ.
Nnyocha nke ikesa ihe mkpofu rọba dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Pacific Ocean (ọ bụghị kpọmkwem microplastic, ọ bụ ezie na, dị ka e kwuru na mbụ, ọtụtụ nwere ike ịbụ microplastic) na-enyere aka igosi mmụba nke plastik na-arị elu na oké osimiri. Site na iji data na ntinye uche plastik n'elu (iberibe plastik kwa km2) site na 1972 ruo 1985 (n=60) na 2002-2012 (n=457) n'ime otu mpaghara mkpokọta rọba, ihe ọmụmụ ahụ chọpụtara na ọ pụtara mmụba plastik n'etiti abụọ ahụ. usoro data, gụnyere mmụba okpukpu iri nke 18,160 ruo 189,800 nke plastik kwa km2.
Microplastics Arctic Ocean sitere na isi iyi Atlantic, ọkachasị Europe na North America. Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya ekpughere na ntinye microplastics na glaciers ma ọ bụ snow dị nnọọ elu karịa ọbụna mmiri ndị mepere emepe, ọ bụ ezie na a naghị eji microplastics eme ihe ozugbo ma ọ bụ mepụta ya n'akụkụ glaciers. Dị ka nke 2021, Europe na Central Asia na-akpata ihe dịka 16% nke microplastics zuru ụwa ọnụ na-abanye n'oké osimiri.
Mmụba dị elu nke microplastics na glaciers na-egosi na ibufe site na ifufe bụ ụzọ dị mkpa iji kesaa microplastics na gburugburu ebe obibi.
Nnyocha chọpụtara na achọtala microplastics sitere n'oké osimiri na ikuku oké osimiri.[6][7]
Microplastics nwere ike itinye uche na gills na eriri afọ nke ndụ mmiri ma nwee ike igbochi omume nri ha, na-ebute ọnwụ. Egosiputara microplastics iji kpalite omume igwu mmiri na nri na-adịghị mma na azụ, mọsel na nematodes, n'okpuru ọnọdụ oke ibu. Ogo Microplastic bụ ihe dị mkpa maka mmepụta nke mmetụta na-egbu egbu na ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche, Otú ọ dị, nhazi anụ ahụ na nhazi nke akụkụ ahụ ọ bụla na-ekere òkè dị mkpa n'ịdị njọ nke mmebi nke ihe ndị a nwere ike ịmepụta.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Microplastics_impact_on_biological_communities.png/220px-Microplastics_impact_on_biological_communities.png)
Nchikota nke microplastics nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na webụ nri, si otú ahụ na-agbanwe ihe ndị dị ndụ ma na-atụnye ụtụ na mfu nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche. Ozugbo etinyere ya, microplastics ga-egested ma ọ bụ na-ejigide ya site na organism. Ọ bụrụ na onye na-eri anụ na-eri anụ ahụ nke jigidere microplastic, onye na-eri anụ ahụ ga-eri plastik a n'ezoghị ọnụ dịka akụkụ nke nri ya, na usoro a na-akpọ "nfefe trophic". Enwere ike imetụta njide plastik site na nnweta na udi nri mana a ga-achịkwa ya site na nha rọba ahụ. A ga-ebufe microplastics ingested n'akụkụ eriri afọ, mgbe ahụ, a ga-etinye ya n'ofe eriri afọ, gbanye ya n'ime eriri afọ (ya bụ, nkwụsị nke eriri afọ na-eme ka njigide plastik), ma ọ bụ tinye ya n'ime nsị anụ ahụ ma mee ya.
E guzobela nsị nke plastik site n'ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri ugbu a na omimi nke oke osimiri. A chọtara microplastic n'ime afọ amphipods ndị e nwetara site na Japan, Izu-Bonin, Mariana, Kermadec, New Hebrides na ọdọ mmiri Peru-Chile. Achọpụtara amphipods sitere na Trench Mariana na 10,890 m na ha niile nwere microfibres.
Dị ka otu atụmatụ nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya si kwuo, onye na-eri ihe oriri n'oké osimiri ga-aṅụ 11 000 microplastics kwa afọ. Ọbụlagodi obere oge ka achọpụtala microplastics n'ọbara mmadụ.
Nnyocha nyocha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Oke mmetọ microplastic n'ime oke osimiri ka ekpebibeghị nke ọma, n'ihi nke a, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-enyocha ihe ndị dị ndụ ugbu a ma na-amụ sedimenti iji ghọta nke ọma okwu a. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2013 tụlere ebe anọ dị iche iche iji nọchite anya ọtụtụ ebe obibi mmiri na omimi dị iche iche site na 1100-5000m. Atọ n'ime ebe anọ ahụ nwere ọnụọgụ microplastics enwere ike ịmata dị na elu sedimenti 1 cm. E wepụrụ ihe nlele isi site na ebe ọ bụla wee mee ka microplastics ha si na sedimenti nkịtị. Achọpụtara ihe ndị ahụ plastik site na iji micro-Raman spectroscopy; Nsonaazụ gosiri pigmenti mmadụ mere nke a na-ejikarị na ụlọ ọrụ rọba. N'afọ 2016, ndị nchọpụta jiri ROV na-anakọta ihe ndị dị n'ime oké osimiri itoolu na isi sediments. A gbajiri ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri itoolu ndị ahụ na-enyocha akụkụ ahụ dị iche iche site n'aka ndị nchọpụta nọ n'ikpere mmiri iji chọpụta microplastics na microscope. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụtara na isii n'ime ihe dị ndụ itoolu a nyochara nwere microplastics nke bụ microfibers niile, nke dị na traktị GI. Nnyocha nke MBARI mere na 2013 n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke North America na gburugburu Hawaii chọpụtara na n'ime irighiri ihe niile a hụrụ site na afọ 22 nke ihe nkiri vidiyo VARS, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ihe ndị ahụ bụ akpa rọba. Iri ihe a na-ahụkarị n'okpuru omimi 2000 m. Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nke chịkọtara ihe ndị dị ndụ na sedimenti na mpaghara Abyssopelagic nke Western Pacific Ocean wepụtara ihe ndị sitere na samples wee chọpụta na poly (propylene-ethylene) copolymer (40.0%) na polyethylene terephthalate (27.5%) bụ ndị polymer a na-ahụkarị.
E mere ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ site na ịnakọta sedimenti miri emi na coral n'etiti 2011 na 2012 na Oké Osimiri Mediterenian, Southwest Indian Ocean, na Northeast Atlantic Ocean. N'ime ihe nlele 12 coral na sedimenti e weere, a chọtara ha niile nwere nnukwu microplastics. Rayon abụghị plastik mana etinyere ya na ọmụmụ ihe n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe eji eme ihe. Achọtara ya na nlele niile yana 56.9% nke ihe achọtara, sochiri polyester (53.4%), plastik (34.1%) na acrylic (12.4%). Ọmụmụ ihe a chọpụtara na ọnụọgụ microplastics, n'ụdị microfibres, dị ka nke a chọtara na sedimenti intertidal ma ọ bụ subtidal. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 2017 nwere nchọpụta yiri nke ahụ - site n'inyocha Rockall Trough na Northeast Atlantic Ocean na omimi nke ihe karịrị mita 2200, a na-achọpụta eriri microplastic na ntinye nke 70.8 particles kwa cubic mita. Nke a dị ka ọnụọgụ ego a kọrọ na mmiri dị n'elu. Ọmụmụ ihe a lekwara anya na micropollution nke benthic invertebrates Ophiomusium lymani, Hymenaster pellucidus na Colus jeffreysianus na-enweta wee chọpụta na n'ime ihe dị ndụ 66 a mụrụ, 48% etinyela microplastics n'ọtụtụ dị iche iche na ụdị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nke nchọpụta 112 chọpụtara ntinye plastik kachasị elu n'ime ihe ndị a na-anakọta na Mediterranean na Northeast Indian Ocean nwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị plastik nke ìgwè anụmanụ dị iche iche na-etinye, gụnyere ọdịiche dị na agba na ụdị polymers juru ebe niile. N'ozuzu, microplastics fiber doro anya bụ ụdị kachasị nke megafauna mmiri na-etinye gburugburu ụwa.
N'afọ 2020, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mepụtara ihe nwere ike ịbụ atụmatụ sayensị mbụ banyere ole microplastic bi ugbu a n'elu oke osimiri nke ụwa, mgbe nyochachara mpaghara isii nke ~ 3 km omimi ~ 300 km n'akụkụ oke osimiri Australia. Ha chọpụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ microplastic na-agbanwe nke ukwuu dabara na rọba n'elu na akụkụ nke mkpọda ala oké osimiri. Site na nkezi nke microplastic mass kwa cm3, ha mere atụmatụ na ala mmiri nke ụwa nwere ~ 14 nde tọn microplastic - ihe dị ka okpukpu abụọ nke ego ha mere atụmatụ dabere na data sitere na ọmụmụ mbụ - n'agbanyeghị na-akpọ atụmatụ abụọ ahụ "mgbanwe" dị ka ebe a maara n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ. microplastic. Atụmatụ ndị a dị ihe dị ka otu ugboro ma ọ bụ okpukpu abụọ nke echiche rọba na-abanye ugbu a n'oké osimiri kwa afọ.
Ijeri mmadụ abụọ n'ụwa niile enweghị ebe mkpofu zuru oke iji weghara plastik na-emerụ ahụ. Mmezi ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu na njikwa mmiri mmiri ozuzo n'ọtụtụ mba ndị dara ogbenye ga-egbochi akụkụ nke 1.5 nde tọn microplastics ịbanye n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri kwa afọ.
Mmiri ọgwụ na-egbu egbu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ihe mgbakwunye na-egbu egbu a na-eji na-emepụta ihe plastik nwere ike ịbanye na gburugburu ha mgbe mmiri na-ekpuchi ya. Ihe dị ka tọn 8000-19000 nke ihe mgbakwunye ka a na-eji matrices rọba na-ebufe ụwa niile na-ebugakwa akụkụ dị mkpa na Arctic. Mmetọ mmiri nke hydrophobic na-ebunye mmiri na-anakọta ma na-ebuli elu n'elu ihe mkpofu rọba, si otú a na-eme ka plastik na-egbu egbu n'oké osimiri karịa ka ọ ga-adị n'elu ala. A na-amakwa mmetọ hydrophobic ka ọ na-akpakọba n'ime anụ ahụ nwere abụba, na-eme ka agbụ nri na-etinye nrụgide na ndị na-eri anụ na ụmụ mmadụ. A maara ụfọdụ ihe mgbakwunye rọba na-akpaghasị usoro endocrine mgbe ejiri ya, ndị ọzọ nwere ike igbochi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ ma ọ bụ belata ọnụego ọmụmụ.
irighiri ihe na-ese n'elu mmiri nwekwara ike ịmịnye ihe ndị na-emetọ mmiri na-esi na mmiri oké osimiri, gụnyere PCB, DDT, na PAH. Mpekere rọba nwere ike ịmịnye kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu site na mmetọ oke osimiri, nwere ike imebi ihe ọ bụla e kere eke na-eri ya. Ewezuga mmetụta na-egbu egbu mgbe etinyere ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ụbụrụ anụmanụ dịka estradiol, na-akpata ọgba aghara nke homonụ na anụ ọhịa o metụtara. Nnyocha achọpụtara, mgbe plastik mechaa debie, ha na-emepụta bisphenol A (BPA) na PS oligomer nwere ike ime n'ime mmiri. Ekwenyere na nsị ndị a na-ebute nsogbu na ndụ mmiri na-ebi na mpaghara ahụ. Bisphenol A (BPA) bụ ihe atụ ama ama nke plasticizer emepụtara na nnukwu mpịakọta maka ịkwakọ nri site na ebe ọ nwere ike ịbanye n'ime nri, na-eduga n'ikpughe mmadụ. Dị ka estrogen na glucocorticoid agonist agonist, BPA na-etinye aka na usoro endocrine ma jikọta ya na ụbara abụba na òké.
Ndị na-eme nchọpụta chịkọtara ihe nlele mmiri n'ụwa niile, wee chọpụta na ihe nlele niile nwere polystyrene derivatives. Polystyrene bụ plastik a na-ahụ na styrofoam na ọtụtụ ihe ụlọ na ndị ahịa. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ahụ meziri ka polystyrene na-agbaze n'oké osimiri. Nsonaazụ nke ihe ngosi a gosipụtara na polystyrene, nke na-amalite ịda na okpomọkụ nke 86 ° na karịa, na-agbada n'ime kemịkal na-emerụ ahụ, dị ka Bisphenol A (BPA, nke nwere ike ịkpata mmerụ ahụ ọmụmụ n'ime ụmụ anụmanụ), styrene monomer (ihe a na-enyo enyo na ọ na-akpata ọrịa kansa), na styrene trimer (ihe sitere na polystirene).[8]
Ejikọtala ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na microplastics na uto na-adịghị mma na nsogbu ịmụ nwa n'ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ n'ihi nkwụsị nke endocrine. E biputekwala microplastics ka ọ kpata iwe GI, mgbanwe nke microbiome, ọgba aghara nke ike na metabolism lipid, na nrụgide oxidative.
Ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ, dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, nwere ike ịbanye n'ime ihe ndị na-etinye microplastics, yana ọla ndị dị ize ndụ dị ka lead na cadmium.
Ebe ndị a na-achịkọta
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Mpekere rọba na-achọkarị ịgbakọta n'etiti etiti oke osimiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, North Pacific Gyre achịkọtala ihe a na-akpọ "Great Pacific Garbage Patch", nke a na-eche ugbu a na ọ ga-ewe otu ugboro na iri abụọ karịa Texas (ihe dịka 700,000 ruo 15,000,000 square kilomita). Enwere ike ịnwe rọba dị ka azụ n'oké osimiri. Ọ nwere ọkwa dị elu nke plastic particulate kwụsịtụrụ na kọlụm mmiri dị elu. N'ihe atụ ndị e tere na North Pacific Gyre na 1999, ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ plastik karịrị nke zooplankton (ndụ anụmanụ kasịnụ n'ógbè ahụ) site n'ihe dị ka isii.
Midway Atoll, jikọtara ya na Agwaetiti Hawaii niile, na-enweta nnukwu irighiri ihe sitere na ihe mkpofu. Pasent 90 nke plastik, irighiri ihe a na-akwakọba n'akụkụ osimiri Midway ebe ọ na-aghọ ihe ize ndụ nye ndị nnụnụ nke agwaetiti ahụ.
Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi
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Awụba mmiri nke a na-ebuga n'ime oke osimiri bụ ihe na-egbu egbu na ndụ mmiri, na ụmụ mmadụ. Nsi nke bụ akụkụ nke rọba gụnyere diethylhexyl phthalate, nke bụ carcinogen na-egbu egbu, yana lead, cadmium, na mercury.
Plankton, azụ, na n'ikpeazụ agbụrụ mmadụ, site n'usoro nri, na-etinye carcinogens ndị a na-egbu egbu na kemịkalụ. Iri azụ̀ ndị nwere nsí ndị a nwere ike ime ka ọrịa cancer na-abawanye, ọrịa ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, na nkwarụ ịmụ nwa. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị nanị na a na-achọta nsí ndị a n'ime azụ kamakwa n'ihe oriri ndị bụ́ isi, mmiri ọṅụṅụ, nnu tebụl, ntacha eze, na ụdị nri ndị ọzọ dị n'oké osimiri. Enwere ike ịchọta okwu ndị a na Indonesia, bụ nke abụọ kacha enye aka na mkpofu rọba, ebe a na-anakọta stool mmadụ site n'aka ndị ọkụ azụ na-achọpụta na 50% nwere mkpokọta microplastics. Stool mmadụ ọ bụla nwere microplastics nwere ntinye n'etiti 3.33 ruo 13.99 µg nke microplastic kwa gram nke nsị.
Ihe ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ n'awụba n'oké osimiri dị nso na nke dị n'oké osimiri bụ plastik mebere ma bụrụ ebe na-adịgide adịgide nke mmetọ mmiri. N'ọtụtụ mba, njikwa na-adịghị mma nke mkpofu siri ike pụtara na ọ nweghị njikwa plastik na-abanye na usoro mmiri. Dị ka nke 2016, e nwere 5.25 trillion nke mmetọ rọba na-atụ ihe ruru tọn 270,000. Kemgbe ahụ, nchọpụta achọpụtala na ọnụọgụ plastik amụbaala ebe site na 15 ruo 51 trillion particles na 2021. A na-ewere rọba a site na mmiri mmiri na-agbakọba na nnukwu vortexes a maara dị ka oké osimiri gyres. Ọtụtụ n'ime gyres na-aghọ ihe mkpofu mmetọ jupụtara na rọba.
Nnyocha banyere ihe mkpofu rọba na-ese n'elu mmiri n'oké osimiri bụ isiokwu na-eto ngwa ngwa n'etiti isiokwu nkwado 56 nke a na-enyocha na nyocha nke mbipụta sayensị nke mba 193 na-ebipụta n'elu 2011 ruo 2019. N'ime afọ itoolu, nchọpụta zuru ụwa ọnụ na-edepụta ihe a na-esi na 46 (2011) gaa na 853 (2019) akwụkwọ.
Usoro okike nke mmiri
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nchegbu n'etiti ndị ọkachamara etoola kemgbe afọ 2000 na ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị ndụ na-emezigharị ka ha dịrị ndụ na irighiri ihe ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri, na-enye ha ohere ịgbasa site na mmiri mmiri ma si otú ahụ nwee ike ịghọ ụdị ndị na-akpa ike na gburugburu ebe obibi dị anya. Nnyocha e mere na 2014 na mmiri dị gburugburu Australia kwadoro ọtụtụ ndị na-achị obodo, ọbụna na obere flakes, ma hụkwa na nje bacteria na-eto eto na-eri nri n'ime rọba iji mepụta olulu na oghere. Ndị nchọpụta a gosiri na "plastic biodegradation na-eme n'elu oké osimiri" site n'omume nje bacteria, ma kwuo na nke a kwekọrọ na nyocha ọhụrụ nke nje bacteria ndị dị otú ahụ. Nchoputa ha kwekọrọ na nyocha ndị ọzọ bụ isi emere na 2014, bụ ndị chọrọ ịza ilu nke enweghị njupụta nke plastik na-ese n'elu mmiri n'ime oke osimiri, n'agbanyeghị oke mkpofu na-aga n'ihu. Achọtara rọba dị ka microfibres n'ime ihe atụ ndị a gbapụrụ site na sedimenti dị na ala nke oke osimiri miri emi. A chọpụtabeghị ihe kpatara oke ogbu mmiri dị otú ahụ zuru ebe niile.
Ọdịdị hydrophobic dị n'elu plastik na-akpali nhazi ngwa ngwa nke biofilms, nke na-akwado ọrụ dịgasị iche iche nke metabolic, na-eme ka usoro nke micro- na macro-organisms ndị ọzọ.
Photodegradation nke plastik
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Ngwunye ihe mkpofu bụ otu n'ime mpaghara oke osimiri ebe ndị nyocha enyochala mmetụta na mmetụta nke photodegradation plastik na oyi akwa neustonic. N'adịghị ka irighiri ihe ndị dị ndụ, nke na-emebi emebi, rọba na-agbasa n'ime obere iberibe ka ọ na-anọgide na-polima (na-agbanweghị kemịkalụ). Usoro a na-aga n'ihu ruo n'ọkwa molekụla. Ụfọdụ plastik na-emebi n'ime otu afọ nke ịbanye na mmiri, na-ahapụ kemịkalụ nwere ike na-egbu egbu dị ka bisphenol A, PCBs na ihe mmepụta nke polystyrene.
Ka plastic flotsam photodegrades n'ime obere na obere iberibe, ọ na-elekwasị anya na elu mmiri kọlụm. Ka ọ na-agbakasị, iberibe ahụ na-adị ntakịrị nke ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-ebi n'akụkụ elu oké osimiri ga-erinye ha. Plastic nwere ike itinye uche na neuston, wee banye n'agbụ nri. Mgbasa pụtara na ọtụtụ n'ime plastik dị ntakịrị nke a na-apụghị ịhụ. Ọzọkwa, plastik ekpughere na ìhè anyanwụ na gburugburu ebe a na-agba mmiri na-emepụta gas na-ekpo ọkụ, na-eduga na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ọzọ.
Dị ka a na-ahụta ihe ndị ahụ rọba n'ime pelagic oyi akwa nke oké osimiri, ha na-enweta ọkwa dị elu nke photodegradation, nke na-eme ka plastik ahụ daa n'ime obere iberibe. Iberibe ndị a na-emecha dị ntakịrị nke na ọbụna microorganisms nwere ike ịbanye na metabolize ha, na-eme ka plastik ghọọ carbon dioxide. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, microplastics ndị a na-abanye ozugbo n'ime biomolecules nke microorganism. Agbanyeghị, tupu erute steeti a, ọnụọgụ ọ bụla nke ntule nwere ike imekọrịta ihe na plastik ndị a.
Mgbanwe ihu igwe na akụkụ mmetọ ikuku
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-ejikọta mmetọ plastik na mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta nke abụọ ahụ bụ ihe mmeju. Nsí ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emetọ rọba na-agbaji ma na-ahapụ n'ikuku na-eme ka ọnụọgụ mgbanwe ihu igwe na-arị elu ma na-akawanye njọ dị ka ngwa ngwa. Ụzọ plastik si etinye aka na nsogbu mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ n'ihi otú e si emepụta plastik. Site na mmanụ ọkụ ka a na-eji na-arụ igwe na-emepụta plastik karịa, a na-ahapụ ya n'ikuku nke na-ebute ikuku ikuku griin haus. Oké osimiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ nde paụnd nke ihe fọdụrụ plastik na nnukwu iberibe, mana nwekwara ọtụtụ n'ime ikuku griin na-emepụta. Plastics dị n'oké osimiri na-ebunye gas na-ekpo ọkụ ka ọ na-akụda n'ime mmiri.
Igwe ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-emepụta site na imepụta plastik na-eme ka o siere oké osimiri ike ịbanye na carbon ma nyere aka belata usoro mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ụzọ ọzọ oriri rọba na mmetọ na-esi ebute mmụba mgbanwe ihu igwe, bụ site n'ịkpọ ihe mkpofu rọba ọkụ. Nke a na-ahapụ ọtụtụ nsị n'ikuku wee rie ya niile site na mmiri oké osimiri. Oke osimiri na-ejedebe na-eburu kemịkalụ, kamakwa obere iberibe plastik na-emebibeghị nke ọma. Nke a na-ebute mmiri mmiri ruru unyi ma na-emetụta ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime oke osimiri. Ọkụ nke ngwaahịa rọba na-eme ka carbon ojii banye n'ikuku. Carbon ojii na-abịa site na anwuru ọkụ ma bụrụkwa ihe na-enye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe.
Mmetụta ọ na-enwe n'ahụ ụmụ anụmanụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ihe mkpofu rọba eruola oke osimiri ụwa niile. Mmetọ rọba a na-emerụ ihe dị ka nduru 100,000 na anụ mmiri na anụ 1,000,000 kwa afọ. Plastics buru ibu (nke a na-akpọ "macroplastics") dị ka akpa ịzụ ahịa rọba nwere ike mechie traktị nri nri nke anụmanụ buru ibu mgbe ha na-eri ya ma nwee ike ịkpata agụụ site na igbochi mmegharị nke nri, ma ọ bụ site n'imeju afọ na ịghọgbu anụmanụ na-eche na ọ juru. . Microplastics n'aka nke ọzọ na-emerụ obere ndụ mmiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, iberibe plastik pelagic dị n'etiti gyres nke oke osimiri anyị karịrị ọnụ ọgụgụ mmiri plankton dị ndụ, a na-agafekwa n' yinye nri iji ruo ndụ mmiri niile.
Ngwa ịkụ azụ dị ka ụgbụ, ụdọ, ahịrị, na ngịga na-apụkarị n'oké osimiri ma nwee ike ịga ebe dị anya nke emetụtala ọtụtụ anụmanụ mmiri dị ka coral n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma. Ngwa a na-akụ azụ bụ rọba na-anaghị emebi emebi n'ọtụtụ ụdị coral dị iche iche na-agbakọta na ya nke na-eme ka anụ ahụ daa ma nwee ike ịnwụ.
Mmetọ rọba nwere ike imebi anụmanụ, nke nwere ike imetụta oke nri mmadụ. A kọwawo mmetọ rọba dị ka ihe na-emebi nnukwu anụ mamma nke mmiri, nke akọwara n'akwụkwọ Introduction to Marine Biology dị ka ihe na-etinye "otu egwu kachasị ukwuu" nye ha. A chọpụtala na ụfọdụ ụdị mmiri, dị ka nduru mmiri, nwere nnukwu plastik n'ime afọ ha. Mgbe nke a mere, anụ ahụ na-agụkarị agụụ, n'ihi na plastik na-egbochi tract digestive anụmanụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, anụ mamma na mmiri na-agbanye na ngwaahịa rọba dị ka ụgbụ, nke nwere ike imerụ ha ahụ ma ọ bụ gbuo ha.
Entanglement
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Nchikota na irighiri ihe eji eme plastik bu ihe kpatara onwu nke otutu ihe di n'ime mmiri, dika azu, akàrà, nduru, na nnunu. Anụmanụ ndị a na-ejide n'ime irighiri ihe na-emesị kụgbuo ma ọ bụ rie mmiri. Ebe ọ bụ na ha enweghị ike ịtọpụ onwe ha, ha na-anwụkwa n’ihi agụụ ma ọ bụ n’ihi enweghị ike ịgbanahụ ndị na-eri anụ. Ịkekọta onwe ya na-ebutekarị ọnya na ọnya. A na-eme atụmatụ na ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị anụmanụ 267 dị iche iche atawo ahụhụ site na nchikota na iri ihe mkpofu rọba. A na-eme atụmatụ na ihe karịrị anụmanụ 400,000 na-anwụ anwụ kwa afọ n'ihi mmetọ rọba n'oké osimiri. A na-ejide ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri n'ime ngwa ịkụ azụ atụfuru, dị ka ụgbụ mmụọ. A na-ejikarị ụdọ na ụgbụ a na-eji azụ azụ eme ihe dị ka naịlọn, na-eme ka akụrụngwa ịkụ azụ dịkwuo ogologo ma na-ekpo ọkụ. A pụkwara ijide ihe ndị a n'ime ihe ndị a na-akwakọba plastik okirikiri, ma ọ bụrụ na anụmanụ ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto, rọba ahụ nwere ike bee n'ime anụ ahụ ha. Akụrụngwa dị ka ụgbụ nwekwara ike ịdọrọ n'akụkụ oke osimiri, na-emebi coral reef.
Ụfọdụ anụmanụ mmiri na-ahụ onwe ha n'ime iberibe ihe mkpofu buru ibu nke na-akpata mmerụ ahụ dị ka microplastics a na-ahụkebe. Ahịhịa nke nwere ike ijikọ onwe ya gburugburu ihe dị ndụ nwere ike ịkpata nhụhụ ma ọ bụ imikpu. Ọ bụrụ na ihe mkpofu ahụ na-arapara n'akụkụ eriri nke na-adịghị mkpa maka ikuku, eriri ahụ nwere ike ịmalite site na adịghị arụ ọrụ. Ịdị adị plastik dị n'oké osimiri na-aghọ ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ihi na ndụ mmiri nke ọ na-egbu na-emecha ree n'ime oké osimiri, na-ewepụtaghachi plastik n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi.
Ụmụ anụmanụ nwekwara ike ịbanye na ụgbụ rọba na mgbanaka, nke nwere ike ịkpata ọnwụ. Mmetọ rọba na-emetụta ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị mmiri 700, gụnyere nduru mmiri, akara, nnụnụ mmiri, azụ, whale na dolphins. A hụla Cetaceans n'ime patch ahụ, nke na-ebute ọnyà na ntinye ihe egwu nye ụmụ anụmanụ na-eji nnukwu ihe mkpofu Pacific dị ka okporo ụzọ mbata ma ọ bụ ebe obibi.
Iri nri
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Laysan_albatross_chick_remains.jpg/220px-Laysan_albatross_chick_remains.jpg)
Ọtụtụ anụmanụ ndị bi n'elu ma ọ bụ n'oké osimiri na-eri flotsam n'amaghị ama, ebe ọ na-adịkarị ka anụ anụ ha. Mpekere rọba, mgbe nnukwu ma ọ bụ gbagọrọ agbagọ, na-esiri ike ịgafe, ma nwee ike ịbanye na traktị nri nke anụmanụ ndị a. Karịsịa mgbe mgbanwe mgbanwe evolushọn na-eme ka ọ ghara ikwe omume ndị na-amasị nduru ịjụ akpa rọba, nke yiri jeliifish mgbe a na-emikpu n'ime mmiri, ebe ha nwere usoro na akpịrị ha iji kwụsị nri ndị na-amị amị site n'ịgbanahụ ọzọ. Nke a na-egbochi ụzọ nri na-ebute ọnwụ site na agụụ ma ọ bụ ọrịa.
Ọtụtụ n'ime iberibe ndị a na-adịte aka na-ejedebe n'afọ nke nnụnụ na anụmanụ, gụnyere nduru oké osimiri, na albatross nwere ụkwụ ojii. Nke a na-ebute nkwụsị nke ụzọ mgbari nri, nke na-eduga n'ịbelata agụụ ma ọ bụ ọbụna agụụ. N'ime njem njem Gyre Pacific nke 2008, ndị nyocha Algalita Marine Research Foundation malitere ịchọpụta na azụ na-eri iberibe plastik na irighiri ihe. N'ime azụ 672 a nwụdere n'oge njem ahụ, 35% ejirila iberibe rọba.
Site na ụbara plastik dị n'oké osimiri, ihe ndị dị ndụ nọ ugbu a n'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu nke mmerụ ahụ site na oriri rọba na njikọ. Ihe dị ka 23% nke anụ mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ, na 36% nke nnụnụ mmiri ahụ enwetala mmebi nke ọnụnọ plastik na oke osimiri. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe ruru 70% nke ahịhịa a na-eche na ọ dị n'elu oke osimiri, na microplastics dị naanị milimita n'obosara, ndụ mmiri n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkwa ọ bụla nke nri nri na-emetụta. Anụmanụ ndị na-eri nri n'ala ala oké osimiri nwere ihe ize ndụ na-ekpochapụ microplastics n'ime sistemu ha mgbe ha na-achịkọta nri. Ndụ obere mmiri dị ka mọsel na ikpuru mgbe ụfọdụ na-emehie plastik maka anụ oriri ha.
Oriri rọba na-emetụtakwa anụmanụ ndị buru ibu n'ihi na ha na-eri azụ̀, ma na-erikwa microplastics ndị tọrọ n'ime anụ oriri ha n'ụzọ na-edoghị anya. N'otu aka ahụ, ụmụ mmadụ na-enwekwa ike ịnweta microplastic oriri. Ndị na-eri ihe oriri n'oké osimiri na-erikwa ụfọdụ n'ime microplastics nke ndụ mmiri riri. Oysters na clams bụ ụgbọ ala ewu ewu maka oriri microplastic mmadụ. Anụmanụ ndị nọ n'okirikiri mmiri na-emetụtakwa plastik dị n'oké osimiri. Nnyocha egosiwo na 36% ụdị nnụnụ mmiri na-eri plastik n'ihi na ha na-emehie nnukwu plastik maka nri. Plastic nwere ike ịkpata mgbochi eriri afọ yana dọkasịa afọ ime na eriri afọ nke ndụ mmiri, n'ikpeazụ bute agụụ na ọnwụ.
Ụfọdụ plastik na-adịte aka na-ejedebe n'ime afọ ụmụ anụmanụ mmiri. Plastic na-adọta nnụnụ mmiri na azụ. Mgbe ndụ mmiri na-eri rọba na-enye ya ohere ịbanye n'agbụ nri, nke a nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu ka ukwuu mgbe anụ ndị ọzọ na-eri anụ ndị riri plastik.
Ọtụtụ nchọpụta achọpụtala plastik na microplastics n'ime afọ nke anụmanụ mmiri.
Iri ihe mkporisị rọba buru ibu, dị ka ụgbụ azụ na ụdọ, nwere ike bute ọnwụ anụmanụ mmiri site na mmetụta afọ.
Anụ na-enye nwa ara na azụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nyocha akwụkwọ 2021 nke e bipụtara na Sayensị chọpụtara ụdị mmiri 1,288 nke amara na-etinye plastik. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị ndị a bụ azụ.
Mmetọ rọba na-emetụta mbe oké osimiri. Ụdị ụfọdụ bụ ndị na-eri azụ̀ jelii, ma na-ehiekarị akpa rọba maka anụ oriri ha. Mpekere rọba a nwere ike igbu mbe mmiri site na igbochi esophagus. Nduru nke oke osimiri na-adighi ike nke ọma dịka nyocha 2018 nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Australia mere.
Ụdị whale dị iche iche na-etinye plastik, dị ka whale beaked, whale baleen, na sperm whales. Ha nwere ike imehie plastik maka nri ma rie ya na mberede mgbe ha na-eri nri anụ anụ ndị a na-achịkọta n'akụkụ plastik. Plastics nwekwara ike ịbanye n'ime usoro ha ma ọ bụrụ na anụ oriri ha enweelarị irighiri plastik sịntetik na tract digestive ha site na nchịkọta bioaccumulation. A chọtala nnukwu plastik n'ime afọ whale ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri. Mpekere rọba malitere ịpụta n'ime afọ sperm whale kemgbe 1970s, a chọpụtakwara na ọ bụ ihe kpatara ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ whale. Na June 2018, a hụrụ ihe karịrị akpa rọba 80 n'ime ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-anwụ anwụ nke na-asachapụ n'ikpere mmiri Thailand. Na Maachị afọ 2019, otu anụ ọhịa Cuvier nwụrụ anwụ ji rọba dị kilogram 88 sachara na Philippines. N'April 2019, na-esochi nchoputa nke sperm whale nwụrụ anwụ nke Sardinia nwere rọba paụnd 48 n'ime afọ ya, World Wildlife Foundation dọrọ aka ná ntị na mmetọ rọba bụ otu n'ime ihe iyi egwu kachasị egwu na ndụ oké osimiri, na-achọpụta na egbuola whale ise. site na plastik n'ime afọ abụọ.
Azụ obere azụ na-eri ụfọdụ n'ime obere rọba dị ntakịrị, n'akụkụ mpaghara pelagic dị n'oké osimiri a na-akpọ Mesopelagic zone, nke dị mita 200 ruo 1000 n'okpuru oke osimiri, na ọchịchịrị kpamkpam. A maghị ọtụtụ ihe gbasara azụ̀ ndị a ma e wezụga na e nwere ọtụtụ n’ime ha. Ha na-ezo n'ọchịchịrị nke oké osimiri, na-ezere ndị na-eri anụ ma na-egwu mmiri n'elu oké osimiri n'abalị iji rie nri. A na-anakọta plastik ndị a chọtara n'ime afọ azụ ndị a n'oge njem Malaspina, ọrụ nyocha nke na-enyocha mmetụta mgbanwe ụwa na-enwe na oke osimiri.
Nnyocha nke Scripps Institution of Oceanography mere gosiri na nkezi plastic dị n'ime afọ nke azụ azụ mesopelagic 141 karịa ụdị 27 dị iche iche bụ 9.2%. Atụmatụ ha maka nha azụ̀ ndị a dị na North Pacific na-etinye ihe mkpofu rọba n'agbata tọn 12,000 na 24,000 kwa afọ. Azụ mesopelagic kacha ewu ewu bụ azụ lantern. Ọ na-ebi n'etiti gyres nke oké osimiri, nnukwu usoro nke na-atụgharị n'oké osimiri. Ebe ọ bụ na azụ lantern bụ isi nri maka azụ ndị na-azụ ahịa na-azụta, gụnyere tuna na swordfish, rọbas ndị ha na-etinye na-aghọ akụkụ nke agbụ nri. Azụ lantern bụ otu n'ime azụ azụ ndị na-eri nri n'oké osimiri, ọ na-erikwa mpekere rọba buru ibu, nke n'aka nke ya agaghị eme ka ha na-edozi ahụ nke ọma maka azụ ndị ọzọ iri.
Nnyocha ọzọ chọpụtara ntakịrị rọba karịa azụ̀ ụmụaka asaa ruo otu n'ime mmiri ụmụaka dị na Hawaii. Mgbe ha gbasasịrị ọtụtụ narị azụ̀ larval, ndị nchọpụta ahụ chọpụtara na ọtụtụ ụdị azụ̀ na-etinye ihe dị n’ime rọba. A na-ahụkwa rọba n'ime azụ na-efe efe, nke ndị oke anụ dị ka tuna na ọtụtụ nnụnụ mmiri Hawaii na-eri.
A hụla anụmanụ ndị dị omimi n'oké osimiri nwere plastik n'ime afọ ha. N'afọ 2020, a chọtara ụdị oké osimiri dị omimi Eurythenes plasticus, nke nwere otu n'ime ihe atụ nke nwere plastik na eriri afọ ya; akpọrọ aha ya iji mee ka mmetụta mmetọ rọba pụta ìhè.
Achọpụtara ya na 2016-2017 na ihe karịrị 35% nke ndịda Pacific Lanternfish riri irighiri ihe rọba. Mgbe azụ̀ na-erinye ya, ngwakọta kemịkal dị na rọba ndị a enweghị ike igbari. Nke a nwere ike imetụta mmadụ, n'ihi na Lanternfish bụ ebe nri maka salmon na tuna. Azụ na whales nwekwara ike imehie plastik dị ka isi iyi nri.
Nnụnụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mmetọ rọba anaghị emetụta naanị anụmanụ ndị bi naanị n'oké osimiri. A na-emetụtakwa nnụnụ mmiri nke ukwuu. N'afọ 2004, e mere atụmatụ na gulls ndị dị n'Oké Osimiri North nwere nkezi nke iberibe iri atọ n'ime afọ ha. Nnụnụ oké osimiri na-emekarị ka ahịhịa na-ese n'elu oké osimiri dị ka anụ oriri. Ebe nri ha na-abanyekarị n'ihe mkpofu rọba, si otú a na-ebufe plastik ahụ site na anụ anụ gaa na anụ ọhịa. Ihe mkpofu e tinyere n’ime ya nwere ike igbochi ma mebie usoro mgbari nri nke nnụnụ, na-ebelata ikike mgbari nri ma nwee ike ibute erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ, agụụ na ọnwụ. Kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu a na-akpọ polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) na-etinyekwa uche n'elu plastik dị n'oké osimiri ma na-ahapụ ya mgbe nnụnụ mmiri riri ya. Kemịkalụ ndị a nwere ike ịgbakọba n'anụ ahụ ma nwee mmetụta na-egbu egbu na ikike ịmụ nwa, usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, na nguzozi nke homonụ. Mpekere rọba na-ese n'elu mmiri nwere ike ibute ọnya, ọrịa na-ebute ọnwụ. Mmetọ mmiri rọba n’ime mmiri pụrụ ọbụna iru nnụnụ ndị na-agatụbeghị n’oké osimiri. Ndị nne na nna nwere ike na-azụ ụmụ nwa ha na mberede rọba, na-eche na ọ bụ nri. Chicks Seabird bụ ndị kachasị mfe na ntinye plastik ebe ọ bụ na ha enweghị ike ịgbọpụta nri ha dị ka nnụnụ ndị toro eto.
Plasticosis bụ ụdị ọrịa fibrotic nke a hụrụ na mbụ n'otu ụdị nnụnụ na 2023.[10][11]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Great_Blue_Heron_Swallows_Fish_in_Plastic_Bag_-_Flickr_-_Andrea_Westmoreland.jpg/220px-Great_Blue_Heron_Swallows_Fish_in_Plastic_Bag_-_Flickr_-_Andrea_Westmoreland.jpg)
Mgbe nlebanya mbụ na ọtụtụ n'ime osimiri ndị dị na New Zealand nwere nnukwu pellet rọba, nchọpụta ndị ọzọ chọpụtara na ụdị prion dị iche iche na-etinye ihe mkpofu plastik. Prions agụụ na-agụ na-aghọtaghị pellets ndị a maka nri, a hụkwara ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na-emebibeghị n'ime gizzards nnụnụ na proventriculi. A na-ahụ akara pecking yiri nke ndị fulmars nke ugwu na-eme n'ọkpụkpụ rọba, dị ka styrofoam, n'ụsọ osimiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Dutch, na-egosi na ụdị nnụnụ a na-emehiekwa irighiri plastik maka nri.
N'ime nde 1.5 Laysan albatrosses nke bi na Midway Atoll, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ha niile nwere ike ịnwe rọba n'ime eriri afọ ha. Ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ụmụ ha na-anwụ, na ọtụtụ n'ime ọnwụ ndị ahụ sitere na rọba n'amaghị ama nke ndị mụrụ ha na-enye ha nri. Tọn iri abụọ nke irighiri plastik na-asachapụ n'etiti Midway kwa afọ yana tọn ise na-ejedebe n'ime afọ ụmụ chicks albatross. Nnụnụ mmiri ndị a na-ahọrọ iberibe rọba uhie, pink, aja aja, na acha anụnụ anụnụ n'ihi myirịta na ebe nri ha si enweta. N'ihi ntinye plastik, enwere ike igbochi tract digestive na-akpata agụụ. A pụkwara igbochi ikuku ikuku, nke na-ebute nkwụsịtụ. Mpekere ahụ nwekwara ike ịgbakọta n'ime eriri afọ anụ ahụ, ma nye ha echiche ụgha nke izu oke nke ga-ebutekwa agụụ. N'ikpere mmiri ahụ, a na-ahụ ọtụtụ puku ozu nnụnụ na plastik fọdụrụ ebe afọ dịbu. A na-ahụ ogologo oge nke plastik n'etiti ihe fọdụrụnụ. N'ụfọdụ oge, ikpo rọba ka dị ebe ozu nnụnụ na-erekasịla.
N'otu aka ahụ na ụmụ mmadụ, anụmanụ ndị na-ekpuchi plastik nwere ike ịnweta ntụpọ mmepe. Kpọmkwem, a chọpụtala na atụrụ na-enwe obere ibu ọmụmụ mgbe ekpughere ya na bisphenol A. Ịhụta na BPA nwere ike ime ka anya dị n'etiti anya tadpole dị mkpụmkpụ. Ọ nwekwara ike ịkwụsị mmepe na frogs ma nwee ike ibute mbelata ogologo ahụ. N'ụdị azụ dị iche iche, ikpughe nwere ike ịkwụsị ịwa akwa akwa ma mee ka ibelata ibu ahụ, ogologo ọdụ na ogologo ahụ.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Albatross_at_Midway_Atoll_Refuge_%288080507529%29.jpg/220px-Albatross_at_Midway_Atoll_Refuge_%288080507529%29.jpg)
Nnyocha e mere gosiri na n'afọ 1960, a chọpụtara na ihe na-erughị 5% nke nnụnụ mmiri riri ihe mkpofu, ebe n'August 2015 ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ rịgoro ihe dị ka pasent 90. A na-ebu amụma na n'afọ 2050, 99% nke nnụnụ mmiri ga-eri ihe ndị dị otú ahụ. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ ihe dị n'ime afọ nke ụmụ ọkụkọ Laysan Albatross na-akọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ 40% tupu ha etoo. Mgbe a nyochachara ihe dị n'ime afọ na-eso necropsies, ahụrụ na ha nwere ihe mkpofu rọba. Ọ bụghị nanị na pellet rọba ndị e ji emepụta ihe n’ụwa nile na-enweta kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu dị ka DDT na PCB site na mmiri, ma ha pụrụ ọbụna ịcha kemịkalụ dị ka biphenyl. A na-eme atụmatụ na ihe ruru ụdị mmiri 267 na-emetụta mmetọ rọba.
Phytoplankton
N'afọ 2019 na 2020, enwere ọmụmụ ihe ogologo izu mere na Australia n'akụkụ Osimiri Georges iji tụọ ọnụọgụ microplastics. Ebumnuche nke ọmụmụ ihe ndị a bụ iji chọpụta ma microplastics dị na mmiri na-emetụta phytoplankton bi na osimiri ahụ. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ gụnyere imecha nnwale microcosm ebe a na-anakọta ihe nlele mmiri n'ime karama sitere na osimiri wee kpochaa ya. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, e mere ihe ngwọta microplastic tinyere nchịkọta phytoplankton site n'otu osimiri ahụ. Mgbe ọmụmụ ihe mechara, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụtara na enwere nnukwu microplastics dị n'osimiri ahụ bụ nke emetụtala phytoplankton dị ka cyanobacteria.
Dị ka a na-ekpughere ọtụtụ ụdị phytoplankton dị iche iche na microplastics na Osimiri Georges, ọ bụghị nanị na nke a na-emetụta ndụ nke phytoplankton n'onwe ha, kamakwa ọ na-emetụta anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na nri ha. Phytoplankton bụ ndị na-emepụta ihe mbụ; ya mere, mgbe a na-etinye microplastics, ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na-eri nri na phytoplankton na-etinyekwa microplastics.
Azụ whale
N'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian, e mewo nnyocha iji chọpụta otú ọnụ ọgụgụ microplastics dị n'elu ala nke oké osimiri siri metụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke azụ whale. N'ime ọmụmụ ihe ahụ, ndị nchọpụta chịkọtara ihe nlele nke microplastics n'ụbọchị mgbe ọ na-enweghị obere ihe ọ bụla na-efegharị efegharị. A na-ahụzi iberibe plastik ndị a na-anakọta na ihe nlele ahụ n'okpuru microscope iji chọpụta nha ha na ma hà bụ microplastics ma ọ bụ mesoplastics. A na-ahụkwa ebe obibi fin whale ebe a tụrụ ọnụọgụ zooplankton yana ọkwa chlorophyll nke oke osimiri dị n'ime ebe obibi ha. A na-eji ihe atụ Tyrreno-ROMS tụọ oke osimiri ma ọ bụ gyres yana okpomọkụ dị n'elu ebe obibi azụ whale n'ime Oké Osimiri Mediterenian.
Nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ ahụ gosiri na enwere nnukwu microplastics dị n'ogo elu nke Oké Osimiri Mediterenian nke bụ ebe obibi whale na azụ ma na-eje ozi dị ka ebe nri ha si enweta karịsịa n'oge ọnwa okpomọkụ. Nsonaazụ na-egosi na mgbe whale azụ na-achọ nri ha ga-eri n'elu oke osimiri, ha na-erikarị microplastics na mberede. Microplastics ndị a nwere ọtụtụ nsị na kemịkalụ nwere ike imerụ azụ whale ma ọ bụrụ na ha rie ya ka a na-echekwa nsị ndị a n'ime anụ ahụ nke whale azụ ruo ogologo oge.
Ndị ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nnyocha sitere na 2019 na-egosi na nnukwu plastik dị na nnukwu ihe mkpofu Pacific nwere ike imetụta omume na nkesa nke ụfọdụ anụmanụ mmiri, n'ihi na ha nwere ike ime dị ka ngwaọrụ nchịkọta azụ (FAD). FADs nwere ike ịdọta cetaceans na-enye nri, si otú a na-abawanye ohere nke ikekọta ma ọ bụ itinye plastik ọzọ.
Mmetụta ọ na-enwe n'ahụ ụmụ mmadụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nanoplastics nwere ike banye n'ime anụ ahụ eriri afọ n'ime ihe ndị dị na mmiri ma nwee ike ịbanye n'agbụ nri mmadụ site na iku ume (ume) ma ọ bụ iri nri, karịsịa site na azụ azụ na crustaceans. Ejikọtala ntinye nke plastik na mmetụta dị iche iche nke ịmụ nwa, carcinogenic na mutagenic. Ngwakọta sịntetik organic a kacha mara amara nke ejiri mee ọtụtụ plastik bụ bisphenol A (BPA). Ejikọtala ya na ọrịa autoimmune na ọrịa endocrine na-akpaghasị mmadụ, na-eduga n'ịbelata ọmụmụ nwoke na ọrịa ara ara. A na-ejikọkwa phthalate esters na-akpata mmetụta ịmụ nwa n'ihi na a na-ahụ ya na nkwakọ ngwaahịa maka nri. Ihe nsị sitere na phthalate esters na-emetụta usoro ọmụmụ nwoke na-etolite. A na-enyo enyo na Diethylhexyl phthalate na-akpaghasị ọrụ nke thyroid; Otú ọ dị, ọmụmụ ihe na-adịghị ugbu a.
Plastics dị n'ahụ mmadụ nwere ike ịkwụsị ma ọ bụ mee ka usoro nkwụsịtụ kwụsịlata, na-ebute oke nsi na egbu egbu. Ha nwere ike imetụta usoro ụjọ ahụ nke etiti na usoro ọmụmụ, ọ bụ ezie na nke a agaghị ekwe omume ma ọ bụrụ na ọkwa ekpughere dị elu ma na-abawanye ọkwa nnabata. Ihe omumu nke vitro sitere na sel mmadu gosiputara ihe akaebe na a na-ewere polystyrene nanoparticles ma nwee ike ibute nrụgide oxidative na nzaghachi pro-inflammatory.
Mgbalị ndị e mere iji belata
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A ga-ejikọta ihe ngwọta maka mmetọ rọba mmiri mmiri, yana mmetọ plastik n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbanwe mgbanwe na mmepụta ihe na nkwakọ ngwaahịa, na mbelata ojiji, karịsịa, ngwaahịa plastik otu ma ọ bụ obere oge. Ọtụtụ echiche dị maka ihicha rọba n'ime oke osimiri gụnyere ịdo irighiri rọba n'ọnụ osimiri tupu ịbanye n'oké osimiri, na ihicha gyres nke oke osimiri.
Nchịkọta n'oké osimiri
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Marine_Debris_Removal_...Hawaiian_Islands.jpg/220px-Marine_Debris_Removal_...Hawaiian_Islands.jpg)
Mmetọ rọba n'ime oke osimiri nwere ike ọ gaghị agbanwe agbanwe. Ozugbo microplastics na-abanye na gburugburu mmiri, ha na-esi nnọọ ike ma dị oke ọnụ iji wepụ ya.
Òtù ahụ "The Ocean Cleanup" na-agbalị iji ụgbụ na-anakọta ihe mkpofu plastik n'oké osimiri. Enwere nchegbu site na mmerụ ahụ na ụdị ụfọdụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri, karịsịa neuston.
Na TEDxDelft2012, Boyan Slat kpugheere echiche maka iwepụ nnukwu irighiri mmiri dị na gyres oké osimiri. N'ịkpọ ọrụ ya The Ocean Cleanup, ọ tụrụ aro ka a na-eji mmiri dị n'elu mee ka irighiri ihe kpafuo n'elu ikpo okwu. Ọnụ ego eji arụ ọrụ ga-adị ntakịrị ma ọrụ ahụ ga-arụ ọrụ nke ọma nke na ọ nwere ike ịba uru. Echiche a na-eji ọganihu na-ese n'elu mmiri na-atụgharị kama ijide irighiri ihe. Nke a na-ezere njide, ebe ọ na-anakọta ọbụna obere irighiri ihe. Dabere na ngụkọ Slat, enwere ike ihicha gyre n'ime afọ ise, nke ruru opekata mpe 7.25 nde tọn plastik n'ofe gyres niile. Ọ kwadokwara "ụzọ mgbochi mmetọ plastik radical" iji gbochie gyres ime mgbanwe. N'afọ 2015, oru ngo Cleanup Ocean bụ onye mmeri otu na onyinye ihe ngosi nka nke afọ 2015 nke Design. Otu ụgbọ mmiri nke ụgbọ mmiri 30, gụnyere nne nne dị mita 32 (105-ụkwụ), sonyere na njem otu ọnwa iji chọpụta ole plastik dị site na iji trawl na nyocha ikuku.
Òtù ahụ "everwave" na-eji ụgbọ mmiri na-anakọta ihe mkpofu pụrụ iche na osimiri na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri iji gbochie ihe mkpofu ịbanye n'oké osimiri nke ụwa.
Ebe a bụkwa Ocean Plastic Utilisation Ships System R&D project (OPUSS). Ebumnuche bụ isi nke ọrụ a bụ ime ka usoro ihicha oke osimiri bụrụ nke a na-azụmaahịa n'oge, na gburugburu ebe obibi ma dị irè n'ozuzu ya. Echiche bụ isi nke ọrụ OPUSS bụ n'ịmepụta atụmatụ mgbanaka okirikiri ọhụrụ nke mkpocha oke osimiri, ebe ọ bụ na ụdọ ndị na-ebubata ngwa agha ndị dị ugbu a enweghị ike ijide nkọwapụta nke mkpofu plastik na-apụta n'oké osimiri. Ebumnuche bụ isi nke ọrụ bụ ihicha oke osimiri site na nsonaazụ kacha mma n'ihe gbasara ngwa ngwa na ọnụ ahịa ihe owuwu, yana obere ego eji arụ ọrụ.
Usoro ntụgharị plastik gaa na mmanụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]The Clean Oceans Project (TCOP) na-akwalite ntughari nke ihe mkpofu plastik ka ọ bụrụ mmanụ ọkụ bara uru, gụnyere mmanụ ụgbọala, mmanụ dizel na kerosene, na-eji teknụzụ ntụgharị plastik-na mmanụ nke Blest Co. Ltd., ụlọ ọrụ injinịa gburugburu ebe obibi Japan mepụtara. TCOP na-ezube ịkụziri obodo ndị dị n'ime obodo ma mepụta ihe mkpali ego maka ha imegharị plastik, dobe oke osimiri ha ọcha, na ibelata ihe mkpofu rọba.
N'afọ 2019, otu nyocha duuru ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke Mahadum Washington State chọtara ụzọ isi gbanwee ngwaahịa mkpofu plastik ka ọ bụrụ mmanụ ụgbọ elu.
Ọzọkwa, ụlọ ọrụ "Recycling Technologies", ewepụtala usoro dị mfe nke nwere ike ịmegharị ihe mkpofu plastik na mmanụ a na-akpọ Plaxx. Otu ndị injinia sitere na mahadum Warwick na-edu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.
Ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ na usoro maka ịtụgharị plastic mkpofu na mmanụ ụgbọala gụnyere GRT Group na OMV.
Iwu na iwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mkpebi dị n'usoro amụma mba ụwa dị ugbu a gụnyere: "nlekwasị anya na isi mmalite nke mmetọ rọba mmiri nke sitere n'oké osimiri; oke nke ngwa iwu dị nro; na nkewa nke usoro iwu mba ụwa dị ugbu a". Akụkụ anọ dị mkpa maka usoro agbakwunyere iji dozie nsogbu nke mmetọ plastik mmiri: nkwekọ nke iwu mba ụwa (ihe atụ omume: ịmepụta nkwekọrịta plastik ụwa ọhụrụ); njikọta n'ofe amụma mba; nhazi nke òtù mba ụwa (ihe atụ omume: chọpụta otu ndị isi nhazi nhazi (dịka, UN Environment Programme (UNEP)); na mmekọrịta sayensị na amụma. A na-edekarị mmejọ ndị a dị ka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala maka ọganihu nke nkwekọrịta plastik zuru ụwa ọnụ. Mmepe nke dị otú ahụ. Nkwekọrịta na-aga n'ihu dịka nke Machị 2022 ma a na-atụ anya na ọ ga-agwụ na njedebe nke 2024.
Na EU, a na-eme atụmatụ na machibido ntinye nke microplastics na ihe ịchọ mma, detergents, paints, polish na mkpuchi, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, ga-ebelata ikuku microplastics site n'ihe dị ka tọn 400,000 n'ime afọ 20.
Achọpụtara ahịa mkpofu rọba sitere na mba mepere emepe gaa na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe dị ka isi ihe na-ebute mkpofu mmiri n'ihi na mba ndị na-ebubata plastik mkpofu na-enwekarị ikike ịhazi ihe niile. Ya mere, United Nations amachibidoro ịzụ ahịa rọba n'efu ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ruru ihe ụfọdụ. Azụmaahịa mkpofu plastik zuru ụwa ọnụ mgbe ọ malitere na Jenụwarị 2021.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ebu ụzọ hụ mmetọ rọba na etiti gyres, ma ọ bụ oke osimiri na-agbanwe agbanwe nke etinyere nlebanya ndị a sitere na Osimiri Sargasso na 1972 Journal Science. N'afọ 1986, otu ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agụghị akwụkwọ mere nyocha site na ịdekọ ole plastic ha nwetara n'ụgbọ mmiri ha mgbe ha na-eme njem n'osimiri Atlantic. Nnyocha ha mere ka ha nwee ike ịnakọta data bara uru na ogologo oge gbasara rọba na Atlantic Ocean yana Charles Moore na-enwe ike ịchọpụta nnukwu ihe mkpofu Pacific. Na mgbakwunye, nyocha nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agụghị akwụkwọ nyere aka mee ka e mepụta okwu ahụ bụ "microplastics".
Okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Microplastics
Richard Thompson jiri okwu a bu "microplastics" mee ihe na 2004 ka ọ kọwara microplastics ka ọ bụrụ obere iberibe rọba, kpọmkwem ihe na-erughị 5 mm, nke a na-ahụ n'oké osimiri na akụkụ mmiri ndị ọzọ. Mgbe Thompson chepụtachara okwu ahụ bụ "microplastics", ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị emeela nyocha iji gbalịa chọpụta mmetụta microplastics nwere n'oké osimiri.
Plastic soup
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Charles J. Moore chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "ofe plastik" na 1997, mgbe ọ chọtara patches nke mmetọ plastik na North Pacific Gyre n'etiti Hawaii na California. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị bụ ndị ji okwu ahụ bụ neuston plastic kọwara na mbụ na 1988 Great Pacific Garbage Patch kọwara "Nha irighiri irighiri ihe ndị a na-etinye na ụgbụ e mere iji jide n'elu plankton (nke a na-akpọ ya plastic neuston)", ma kweta na mbụ. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ ndị 1970 egosila na "plastic neuston juru ebe niile, dị ukwuu na etiti na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ North Pacific, na-ekesa site na mmiri iyi na ifufe".
Na 2006, Ken Weiss bipụtara otu akụkọ na Los Angeles Times nke bụ onye mbụ mere ka ọha na eze mara banyere mmetụta nke ahịhịa ahịhịa na Pacific Ocean. Mgbe e mesịrị na 2009, otu ndị nchọpụta kpebiri ịpụ na Pacific Ocean iji gosi ma ọ bụrụ na mkpofu ahịhịa ọ bụ eziokwu ma ọ bụ akụkọ ifo. Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gachara n'oké osimiri, ndị otu nyocha ahụ hụrụ ọtụtụ narị iberibe rọba n'oké osimiri nke a hụrụ dị ka ofe nke microplastics karịa nnukwu plastik dị ka a tụrụ anya ya.
A na-eji okwu ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ na-ezo aka naanị na mmetọ site na microplastics, mpempe plastik na-erughị 5mm n'ogo dị ka eriri ndị a na-esi na textiles sịntetik na-asa ákwà: British National Federation of Women's Institutes kwadoro mkpebi na 2017 nke isiokwu ya bụ "End Plastic Soup" mana. na-etinye uche n'akụkụ a nke mmetọ.
Plastic Soup Foundation nke dabeere na Amsterdam bụ otu nkwado nke na-achọ ime ka mmadụ mara nsogbu ahụ, kuziere ndị mmadụ, na ịkwado mmepe nke ngwọta.
Dị ka nke Jenụwarị 2019, Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Oxford agụnyeghị okwu ofe rọba, plastik neuston ma ọ bụ plastik neustonic, mana ọ kọwara okwu ahụ microplastic (ma ọ bụ micro-plastic) dị ka “obere obere plastik, emepụtara dị ka nke a (n'ụdị). nke nurdles ma ọ bụ microbeads) ma ọ bụ sitere na mkpofu na nbibi nke ngwaahịa plastik na ihe mkpofu" na nkọwa nkọwa ya niile metụtara mmetọ mmiri, nke mbụ bụ ntụaka 1990 na akwụkwọ akụkọ Sayensị South Africa: "Otu oge micro-plastic pụtara. Ihe dị iche iche mụbara site na 491 m1 nke osimiri na 1984 ruo 678 m1 na 1989".
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Mmetọ plastik
Ebe e si nweta ya
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ihe odide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Driedger (2015). "Plastic debris in the Laurentian Great Lakes: A review". Journal of Great Lakes Research 41 (1): 9–19. DOI:10.1016/j.jglr.2014.12.020.
- ↑ Lebreton (2019-01-29). "Future scenarios of global plastic waste generation and disposal" (in en). Palgrave Communications 5 (1): 6. DOI:10.1057/s41599-018-0212-7. ISSN 2055-1045.
- ↑ Great Pacific Garbage Patch. Marine Debris Division – Office of Response and Restoration. NOAA (2013-07-11). Archived from the original on 2014-04-17. Retrieved on 2019-09-03.
- ↑ De-la-Torre (2020). "Abundance and distribution of microplastics on sandy beaches of Lima, Peru". Marine Pollution Bulletin 151. DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110877. PMID 32056653.
- ↑ Karlsson (2020). "Comparison between manta trawl and in situ pump filtration methods, and guidance for visual identification of microplastics in surface waters". Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27 (5): 5559–5571. DOI:10.1007/s11356-019-07274-5. PMID 31853844.
- ↑ Microplastics discovered blowing ashore in sea breezes. TheGuardian.com (12 May 2020).
- ↑ Stack. "Ocean-Clogging Microplastics Also Pollute the Air, Study Finds", The New York Times, 18 April 2019.
- ↑ Barry (20 August 2009). Plastic Breaks Down in Ocean, After All And Fast. National Geographic Society.
- ↑ Eriksen (10 December 2014). "Plastic Pollution in the World's Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea". PLOS ONE 9 (12): e111913. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0111913. PMID 25494041.
- ↑ 'Plasticosis': a new disease caused by plastic that is affecting seabirds. Natural History Museum (March 3, 2023). Retrieved on March 5, 2023.
- ↑ New disease caused by plastics discovered in seabirds. The Guardian (March 3, 2023). Retrieved on March 5, 2023.