Mkpụrụ ọka
Mkpụrụ ọka bụ obere mkpụrụ osisi siri ike, nke kpọrọ nkụ (caryopsis) - nke nwere ma ọ bụ na-enweghị akwa akwa akwa akwa akwa - ewetere maka oriri mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ. Mkpụrụ ọka bụ osisi na-amị mkpụrụ. Ụdị ihe ọkụkụ abụọ bụ́ isi a na-akụ n’ubi bụ ọka na mkpo.
Mgbe e wetachara ya, mkpụrụ osisi kpọrọ nkụ na-adịte aka karịa nri ndị ọzọ siri ike, dị ka mkpụrụ osisi starch (plantain, breadfruit, wdg) na tubers (poteto dị ụtọ, akpu, na ndị ọzọ). Ogologo oge a emewo ka ọka dị mma maka ọrụ ugbo nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ebe ọ bụ na a pụrụ iji ígwè chịkọta ha, ụgbọ okporo ígwè ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu ya, chekwaa ya ruo ogologo oge na silos, ma gwerie ya ka ọ bụrụ ntụ ọka ma ọ bụ pịa mmanụ. Ya mere, ahịa ọka bụ nnukwu ahịa ngwa ahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ nke gụnyere ihe ọkụkụ dịka ọka, osikapa, soybean, ọka wit na ọka ndị ọzọ.
Mkpụrụ ọka na ọka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mkpụrụ na ọka bụ otu ihe na caryopses, mkpụrụ nke ezinụlọ ahịhịa. Na agronomy na azụmahịa, a na-akpọ mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ sitere na ezinụlọ osisi ndị ọzọ ọka ma ọ bụrụ na ha yiri caryopses. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ere amaranth dị ka "ọka amaranth", a pụkwara ịkọwa ngwaahịa amaranth dịka "ọka niile". Mmepeanya ndị pre-Hispanic nke Andes nwere usoro nri dabeere na ọka, mana n'ebe dị elu ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ọka bụ ọka. Mkpụrụ ọka atọ niile sitere na Andes (kaniwa, kiwicha, na quinoa) bụ osisi nwere akwụkwọ sara mbara karịa ahịhịa dịka ọka, osikapa, na ọka wit.[1]
Nchịkọta
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Mkpụrụ ọka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mkpụrụ ọka n'oge okpomọkụ
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- Mkpụrụ osisi millet
- fonio
- ọka foxtail
- Mkpụrụ ọka nke Japan
- Anya mmiri Job
- Kodo millet
- ọka
- Mkpụrụ ọka
- pearl millet
- ọka
- sorghum
Mkpụrụ ọka n'oge oyi
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- ọka bali
- oats
- osikapa
- Rye
- spelt
- teff
- triticale
- ọka wit
- Osikapa ọhịa
Mkpụrụ osisi ndị e ji eme nri
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Mkpụrụ osisi Starchy sitere na ezinụlọ osisi broadleaf (dicot):
- amaranth (Ezinụlọ Amaranth) a na-akpọkwa kiwicha
- buckwheat (Ezinụlọ Smartweed)
- Chia (ezinụlọ Mint)
- quinoa (Ezinụlọ Amaranth, nke a na-akpọbu Ezinụlọ Goosefoot)
- kañiwa
Mgbapụta
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Mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ ọka ọka, ndị so n'Ezinụlọ pea, nwere protein dị elu karịa ọtụtụ nri osisi ndị ọzọ, na ihe dị ka 20%, ebe soybeans nwere ihe ruru 35%. Dị ka ọ dị na nri osisi ndị ọzọ niile, pulses nwekwara carbohydrates na abụba. Mmetụta ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere:
- Chickpeas
- agwa a na-ahụkarị
- peas nkịtị (peas ubi)
- Fava beans
- Lens
- Mkpụrụ osisi lima
- lupins
- Mọnk
- ahụekere
- nduru peas
- Beans na-agba ọsọ
- soybeans
Mkpụrụ mmanụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-akụ mkpụrụ ọka mmanụ maka iwepụta mmanụ ha a na-eri eri. Mmanụ akwụkwọ nri na-enye ike nri na ụfọdụ abụba acid dị mkpa. A na-ejikwa ha eme ihe dị ka mmanụ na mmanụ.[2]
Ezinụlọ Mustard
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- mustard ojii
- Mustard India
- rapeseed (gụnyere canola)
Ezinụlọ Aster
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- safflower
- mkpụrụ nke sunflower
Ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Mkpụrụ flax (Ezinụlọ flax)
- Mkpụrụ hemp (Ezinụlọ Hemp)
- mkpụrụ poppy (Ezinụlọ poppy)
Mkpụrụ osisi oge ochie
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Mkpa akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'ihi na mkpụrụ osisi dị obere, siri ike ma kpọọ nkụ, enwere ike ichekwa ha, tụọ ha, ma buru ha ngwa ngwa karịa ụdị ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ dị ka mkpụrụ osisi, mgbọrọgwụ na tubers. Mmepe nke ọrụ ugbo ọka mere ka e mepụta nri karịrị akarị ma chekwaa ya n'ụzọ dị mfe nke nwere ike iduga n'ịmepụta ebe obibi mbụ na nkewa nke ọha mmadụ n'ime klas.[3]
Echiche a na ọrụ ugbo ọka dugara n'ebe obibi mbụ na nhazi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ nke James Scott mara aka n'akwụkwọ ya bụ Against the Grain . [4] Ọ na-ekwu na mgbanwe site na ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na'ịchịkọta obodo gaa na ndị na - ndị na-arụ ọrụ ugbo abụghị nhọrọ afọ ofufo nke uru nke mmepụta nri na-abawanye n'ihi ikike nchekwa ogologo oge nke ọka, kama na mgbanwe gaa n'ebe obibi bụ mgbanwe a manyere ndị otu na-achọ ịgbasawanye ikike ịchịkwa ọrụ na akụ.
Azụmaahịa
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Nchebe na ahụike n'ebe ọrụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndị na-ejikwa ọka n'ụlọ ọrụ ọka nwere ike izute ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ na ikpughe ọrụ. Ihe ize ndụ gụnyere ijide ọka, ebe ndị ọrụ na-abanye n'ime ọka ma ghara iwepụ onwe ha; [5] mgbawa nke obere uzuzu ọka kpatara, [6] na ọdịda.
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ (1989) Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation, Office of International Affairs, National Academies of the. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press. DOI:10.17226/1398. ISBN 978-0-309-04264-2.
- ↑ Salunkhe (1992-02-29). World Oilseeds (in en). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9780442001124.
- ↑ Wessel (1984). "The Agricultural Foundations of Civilization". Journal of Agriculture and Human Values 1: 9–12. DOI:10.1007/BF01530609.
- ↑ Scott (2017). Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300240214.
- ↑ Frequently Asked Questions About Flowing Grain Entrapment, Grain Rescue and Strategies, and Grain Entrapment Prevention Measures. Agricultural Safety and Health Program, Purdue University (April 2011). Retrieved on November 4, 2012.
- ↑ Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Combustible Dust in Industry: Preventing and Mitigating the Effects of Fire and Explosions. Safety and Health Information Bulletin. United States Department of Labor. Retrieved on 29 October 2013.
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