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Pembantaian Guangzhou

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Pembantaian Guangzhou
LokasiGuangzhou, Dinasti Tang
Tanggal878–879
Korban tewas
120.000[1]–200.000 (jumlah korban bervariasi)
Korban luka
Tidak diketahui
PelakuPasukan pemberontak Huang Chao

Pembantaian Guangzhou adalah pembantaian terhadap penduduk di kota pelabuhan Guangzhou yang makmur pada tahun 878–879 oleh pasukan pemberontak pimpinan Huang Chao yang berusaha menggulingkan Dinasti Tang. Dari ratusan ribu korban termasuk puluhan ribu pedagang asing, terutama orang Arab dan Persia.

Latar belakang

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Sebelumnya telah terjadi pembantaian Yangzhou (760) ketika kaum pemberontak di bawah pimpinan Tian Shengong membantai komunitas pedagang Arab dan Persia yang kaya raya.[2][3][4] Menurut Liu Xu (887–946), pemimpin redaksi Kitab Dinasti Tang Lama, salah satu kitab yang termasuk dalam Dua Puluh Empat Sejarah, ribuan pedagang Arab dan Persia terbunuh ketika kota Yangzhou dijarah oleh tentara pemberontak Tian Sheng-Gong.[5]

Para perompak yang terdiri dari orang-orang Arab dan Persia telah menyerbu dan menjarah gudang-gudang di Guangzhou (dikenal sebagai Khanfu atau Sin-Kalan) pada 758 M, menurut laporan pemerintah lokal Guangzhou pada 30 Oktober 758, yang berhubungan dengan hari Guisi (癸巳) yaitu bulan kesembilan penanggalan Tiongkok pada tahun pertama era Qianyuan Kaisar Suzong dari Tang.[6][7][8][9] (大食, 波斯寇廣州)[10]

Ketika pasukan Huang tiba di gerbang Guangzhou pada 878. Pasukannya menyerbu Guangzhou, meneror kota dan menargetkan penduduk asing, yang telah menjadi kaya selama bertahun-tahun. Pasukan pemberontak Huang Chao memanfaatkan sentimen populer tentang kemorosotan dinasti Tang dan kehidupan ekonomi mereka sendiri yang diperburuk oleh kehadiran orang asing yang serakah. Menurut sumber-sumber Arab, pembalasan itu berlangsung brutal, jumlah korban tewas dalam apa yang dikenal sebagai "Pembantaian Guangzhou" mungkin mencapai 200.000 orang.

Pembantaian

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Menurut penulis Arab Abu Zayd Hasan As-Sirafi, pemberontak yang dipimpin oleh Huang Chao itu menaklukkan, menangkap dan membantai orang Yahudi, Muslim Arab, Muslim Persia, Zoroastrian (Majusi) dan orang Kristen. Pasukan Huang Chao berada di Guangzhou selama 878–879.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17] Mereka juga menghancurkan perkebunan mulberry.[18]

Sebagian besar para korban adalah orang asing dan kaya.[19]

Jumlah korban berkisar antara 120.000-200.000 termasuk orang-orang asing.[20][21][22]

Orang asing telah menetap di Tiongkok pada periode yang berbeda-beda, tetapi setelah beberapa lama, mereka dibantai. Misalnya, orang-orang Mohammad dan yang lainnya yang menetap di Kanton pada abad kesembilan, dan pada 889 dikabarkan bahwa 120.000 pemukim asing telah dibantai.[23]

— the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society, majalah misionaris The Baptist (1869)

Referensi

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  1. ^ Marshall Broomhall (1910). Islam in China: A Neglected Problem. Morgan & Scott, Limited. hlm. 31, 50. 
  2. ^ John Guy (1986). John Guy, ed. Oriental Trade Ceramics in South-East Asia, Ninth to Sixteenth Centuries: With a Catalogue of Chinese, Vietnamese and Thai Wares in Australian Collections (edisi ke-illustrated, revised). Oxford University Press. hlm. 7. Diakses tanggal March 12, 2012. Tang period onwards, were strong enough to sack that city in 758-59 in an act of frustration prompted by the corruption of Chinese port officials, and escape by sea, probably to Tonkin where they could continue their trading activities.11 The sacking of Yang-chou in 760 by Chinese rebels resulted in the deaths of "several thousand of Po'ssi and Ta-shih merchants".12 and when massacres occurred in Guangzhou in 878, a contemporary Arab geographer, Abu Zaid, recorded that "Muslims, Jews, Christians and Parsees perished".13 
  3. ^ Jacques Gernet (1996). A History of Chinese Civilization (edisi ke-2, illustrated, revised, reprint). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 292. ISBN 0521497817. Diakses tanggal March 12, 2012. In 760 several thousand Arab and Persian merchants were massacred at Yangchow by insurgent bands led by T'ien Shen-kung and a century later, in 879, it was also the foreign merchants who were attacked at Canton by the troops of Huang Ch'ao. 
  4. ^ Jacques Gernet (1996). A History of Chinese Civilization (edisi ke-2, illustrated, revised, reprint). hlm. 289. ISBN 0521497817. Diakses tanggal March 12, 2012. The sack of the city by Huang Ch'ao's troops in 879, 
  5. ^ electricpulp.com. "Chinese–Iranian Relations vii. SE. China – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2018-02-06. 
  6. ^ E. Bretschneider (1871). On the knowledge possessed by the ancient Chinese of the Arabs and Arabian colonies: and other western countries, mentioned in Chinese books. LONDON 60 PATERNOSTER ROW.: Trübner & co. hlm. 10. Diakses tanggal 2010-06-28. The merchant Soleyman visited China around the middle of the ninth century. He went there by sea and landed at a town which he calls Kanfou, situated several days' journey from the sea. Renaudot and Deguignes believed he meant Canton, but Reinaud is of the opinion that Soleyman landed at Hang chou fu (in Chekiang). Another Arabian merchant, Ibn Vahab, visited and described China in 872 AD and was received by the Emperor. It appears from the relations given by these two travelers that the Arabs at that time carried on commerce with the Chinese by sea. The Chinese records do not mention this. Only in one instance (T'ang shu, Chap. 258b, Article Po ssii (Persia)) is it said that the Arabs and Persians together AD 758 sacked and burned the city of Kuang chou (Canton) and went back by sea. The Chinese text (1.c.) says: $£ Ttj (Original from Harvard University)
  7. ^ Welsh, Frank (1974). Maya Rao, ed. A Borrowed Place: The History of Hong Kong. hlm. 13. ISBN 1-56836-134-3. 
  8. ^ Needham, Joseph (1954). Science & Civilisation in China. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 1, 179. 
  9. ^ Sima Guang. Zizhi Tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government). 
  10. ^ Schottenhammer, Angela (2012). "The "China Seas" in world history: A general outline of the role of Chinese and East Asian maritime space from its origins to c. 1800". Journal of Marine and Island Cultures. 1 (2): 63–86. doi:10.1016/j.imic.2012.11.002. 
  11. ^ Gabriel Ferrand, ed. (1922). Voyage du marchand arabe Sulaymân en Inde et en Chine, rédigé en 851, suivi de remarques par Abû Zayd Hasan (vers 916). hlm. 76. 
  12. ^ Sidney Shapiro (2001). Sidney Shapiro, ed. Jews in old China: studies by Chinese scholars. Hippocrene Books. hlm. 60. ISBN 0781808332. Diakses tanggal March 12, 2012. 3. Guangzhou (Canton). Toward the end of the Tang dynasty, that is, toward the end of the ninth century, Islamic traveler Aboul Zeyd al Hassan, also called Abu Zaid, visited India and China (40). He wrote: "During the Huang Chao rebellion near the end of Tang, 120,000 Muslims, Jews, Christians and Parsees in Guangfu [Chen Yuan's rendition of the French "Khanfu"] on business, were killed" (27 p. 29). Neither the New nor Old Tang History mentions this event, though they do say that Huang Chao occupied Guangzhou in 978 and that he withdrew the following year, the reason for the pull-out being that "... a great plague 
  13. ^ Sidney Shapiro (2001). Sidney Shapiro, ed. Jews in old China: studies by Chinese scholars. Hippocrene Books. hlm. 8. ISBN 0781808332. Diakses tanggal March 12, 2012. Toward the end of Tang (618-905) Arab traveller Abu Zaid Hassan notes that during Huang Chao's attack on Khanfu (Canton) many Muslims, Jews, Christians and Mazdaists (Persian Zoroastrians) were killed. At that time people of various races from Western Asia came to China since sea trade was brisk 
  14. ^ Rukang Tian (1988). Male anxiety and female chastity: a comparative study of Chinese ethical values in Ming-Chʻing times. Volume 14 of Tʻoung pao: Monographie (edisi ke-illustrated). BRILL. hlm. 84. ISBN 9004083618. Diakses tanggal March 12, 2012. In the waning years of the T'ang Dynasty Huang Chao, a scholar who had failed repeatedly in examinations, rose furiously in revolt. It was recorded by an Arab traveler that 120,000 Arabs, Persians and Jews were killed when the rebellious army captured Canton in 879. 
  15. ^ Ray Huang (1997). China: A Macro History (edisi ke-2, revised, illustrated). M.E. Sharpe. hlm. 117. ISBN 1563247305. Diakses tanggal March 12, 2012. An Arabic source says that in Guangzhou Huang's followers slew 120,000 Mohammedans, Jews, Christians and Persians. This, however, is not corroborated by the Chinese writers. 
  16. ^ William J. Bernstein (2009). A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World (edisi ke-illustrated). Grove Press. hlm. 86. ISBN 978-0802144164. Diakses tanggal March 12, 2012. As early as AD 840, the emperor Wuzong sought to blame foreign ideologies for China's plight. In 878, the rebel Huang Chao sacked Canton, slaughtering 120,000 Muslims (mainly Persians), Jews, and Christians living in that city's trade community. 
  17. ^ Morris Rossabi (28 November 2014). From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi. BRILL. hlm. 227–. ISBN 978-90-04-28529-3. 
  18. ^ William J. Bernstein (2009). A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World (edisi ke-illustrated). Grove Press. hlm. 86. ISBN 978-0802144164. Diakses tanggal March 12, 2012. 19 Not content to massacre traders, Huang Chao also tried to kill China's main export industry by destroying the mulberry groves of south China.20 
  19. ^ Jacques Gernet (1996). A History of Chinese Civilization (edisi ke-2, illustrated, revised, reprint). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 267. ISBN 0521497817. Diakses tanggal March 12, 2012. They then traveled around Anhwei and Chekiang, reaching Foochow and in 879 Canton, where they massacred the rich foreign merchants. 
  20. ^ "Salinan arsip". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-05-29. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-03. 
  21. ^ History of humanity
  22. ^ Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China
  23. ^ American Baptist Foreign Mission Society (1869). The Missionary magazine, Volume 49. VOLUME XLIX. BOSTON : MISSIONARY ROOMS, 12 BEDFORD STREET: American Baptist Missionary Union. hlm. 385. Diakses tanggal March 12, 2012. The Chinese and Foreigners. The position and treaty rights of foreigners in China have hitherto been maintained by military force; and though Mr. Burlingame's mission appears to be especially directed to the abolishment of the " force policy," yet without force, that is, a show of military force for protection, the position of foreigners of every class would not be tenable in China a month. Foreigners have at different periods settled in China; but after remaining for a time, they have been massacred. For instance, Mohammedans and others settled at Canton in the ninth century; and in 889, it is said that 120,000 foreign settlers were massacred. Again in the sixteenth century, the Portuguese commenced trade and formed a settlement at Ningpo; Spaniards and other foreigners also settled here. But in 1542, the whole settlement, consisting of over 3,000 persons, was destroyed, most of the settlers being put to death. Also at Cha-pu, about seventy or eighty miles north of Ningpo, on the Hangchow bay, there was a settlement of foreigners for the purposes of trade, about two hundred years since, who at length were massacred. It is often reported among the people at Ningpo, and other places in China where there are foreigners residing, that they and all the natives connected with them are to be put to death. So rife was such a report at Ningpo, two years since, and the excitement began to be so great that the foreign consuls requested the native officials to issue proclamations to quiet the people, and threaten punishment to those circulating inflammatory reports. 
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