Դիտել Մասնակից:Sembeot/Ավազարկղ/2 էջի աղբյուրը

{{short description|A Japanese term}}
{{distinguish|Otakou|Kotaku}}
{{For|the ''Ōta-ku'' ward<!--It is sometimes seen as "Otaku"-->|Ōta, Tokyo}}
{{good article}}
{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Japanese words and phrases]]}}
[[File:Akihabara picture.jpg|300px|thumb|The [[Akihabara]] neighborhood of Tokyo, a popular gathering site for ''otaku'']]
{{Anime and manga}}

{{Nihongo|'''''Otaku'''''|おたく/オタク}} is a Japanese term for people with obsessive interests, particularly in [[anime and manga fandom|anime and manga]]. Its contemporary use originated with [[Akio Nakamori]]'s 1983 essay in ''[[Manga Burikko]]''.<ref name="transscript of original essay text (Japanese)">{{cite web |url=http://www.burikko.net/people/otaku01.html |script-title=ja:『おたく』の研究（１） 街には『おたく』がいっぱい 中森明夫 （1983年6月号） |publisher=Burikko.net |language=ja |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122122952/http://www.burikko.net/people/otaku01.html |archive-date=2013-11-22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="English translation of original essay text">{{cite web |url=http://neojaponisme.com/2008/04/02/what-kind-of-otaku-are-you/ |title=Otaku Research #1 "This City is Full of Otaku" by Nakamori Akio (Translated by Matt Alt) |publisher=Néojaponisme |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201122727/http://neojaponisme.com/2008/04/02/what-kind-of-otaku-are-you/ |archive-date=2013-12-01 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Otaku'' may be used as a pejorative; its negativity stems from a stereotypical view of ''otaku'' and the media's reporting on [[Tsutomu Miyazaki]], "The Otaku Murderer", in 1989. According to studies published in 2013, the term has become less negative, and an increasing number of people now self-identify as ''otaku'',<ref name="mynavi"/> both in Japan and elsewhere.

''Otaku'' subculture is a central theme of various anime and manga works, documentaries and academic research. The subculture began in the 1980s as changing social mentalities and the nurturing of otaku traits by Japanese schools combined with the resignation of such individuals to become social outcasts. The subculture's birth coincided with the anime boom, after the release of works such as ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam]]'' before it branched into [[Comic Market]]. The ''otaku''  subculture continued to grow with the expansion of the internet and media, as more anime, video games, shows, and comics were created.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Okamoto|first=Takeshi|date=2014|title=Otaku Tourism and the Anime Pilgrimage Phenomenon in Japan|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09555803.2014.962565|journal=Japan Forum|volume=27|pages=12-36|via=}}</ref> The definition of ''otaku'' subsequently became more complex, and numerous classifications of ''otaku'' emerged. In 2005, the [[Nomura Research Institute]] divided ''otaku'' into twelve groups and estimated the size and market impact of each of these groups. Other institutions have split it further or focus on a single ''otaku'' interest. These publications classify distinct groups including anime, manga, camera, automobile, [[Japanese idol|idol]] and electronics ''otaku''. The economic impact of ''otaku'' has been estimated to be as high as ¥2 trillion ($18 billion).<ref name=money />

==Etymology==
''Otaku'' is derived from a Japanese term for another person's house or family ({{lang|ja|[[wikt:お宅|お宅]],}} ''otaku''). This word is often used metaphorically, as an [[honorific]] second-person pronoun. In this usage, its literal translation is "you". For example, early in the anime ''[[Macross]]'', first aired in 1982, the characters [[Hikaru Ichijyo]] and [[Lynn Minmay]] use the term this way to address one another, until they get to know each other better.<ref name="NRI"/><ref name="SDFMeps3and4"/> The modern slang form, which is distinguished from the older usage by being written only in [[hiragana]] (おたく), [[katakana]] (オタク or, less frequently, ヲタク) or rarely in [[rōmaji]], first appeared in public discourse in the 1980s, through the work of humorist and essayist [[Akio Nakamori]]. His 1983 series {{nihongo|''Research for "Otaku"''|『おたく』の研究|"Otaku" no Kenkyū}}, printed in the [[lolicon]] magazine ''[[Manga Burikko]]'', applied the term to unpleasant fans in caricature. Animators [[Haruhiko Mikimoto]] and [[Shōji Kawamori]] had used the term between themselves as an honorific second-person pronoun since the late 1970s.<ref name="NRI"/> Supposedly, some fans used it past the point in their relationships where others would have moved on to a less formal style. Because this misuse indicated social awkwardness, Nakamori chose the word itself to label the fans.<ref name="NRI"/> Morikawa Kaichirō, an author and lecturer at [[Meiji University]], identified this as the origin of its contemporary usage.<ref name="essay"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Otaku Encyclopedia|author=Patrick W. Galbraith|date=2009|publisher=Kodansha|page=14}}</ref>

Another claim for the origin of the term comes from the works of science fiction author [[Motoko Arai]], who used the word in her novels as a second-person pronoun and the readers adopted the term for themselves. However, a different claim points to a 1981 ''Variety'' magazine essay.<ref name="greece"/>{{refn|group=Note|The source contains an excerpt of the introduction of the book ''Otaku Spaces'' by Patrick W. Galbraith. Published Spring 2012, {{ISBN|978-0-9844576-5-6}}. This source was not consulted directly for this citation. An except also exists on Androniki Christodoulou's blog, the photographer of the book.}}<ref name="Otaku Spaces Book"/>

In 1989, the case of [[Tsutomu Miyazaki]], "The Otaku Murderer", brought the fandom, very negatively, to national attention.<ref name="essay" /> Miyazaki, who randomly chose and murdered four girls, had a collection of 5,763 video tapes, some containing anime and [[slasher film]]s that were found interspersed with videos and pictures of his victims. Later that year, the contemporary knowledge magazine ''Bessatsu Takarajima'' dedicated its 104th issue to the topic of ''otaku''. It was called {{nihongo|''Otaku no Hon''|おたくの本|lit. The Book of Otaku}} and delved into the subculture of ''otaku'' with 19 articles by ''otaku'' insiders, among them Akio Nakamori. This publication has been claimed by scholar Rudyard Pesimo to have popularized the term.<ref name="Nippon_Foundation"/>

==Usage==
In modern Japanese slang, the term ''otaku'' is mostly equivalent to "[[geek]]" or "[[nerd]]" (both broad sense; common sense of geek would be "tech otaku" (技術オタク) and common sense of nerd would be "intellectual otaku" (文化系オタク) or "gariben"(ガリ勉)), but in a more derogatory manner than used in the West.<ref name=essay /> However, it can relate to any [[Fan (person)|fan]] of any particular theme, topic, hobby or form of entertainment.<ref name=essay /> "When these people are referred to as otaku, they are judged for their behaviors - and people suddenly see an “otaku” as a person unable to relate to reality".<ref name="Otaku: Is it a dirty word?"/><ref name="gizmodo"/>  The word entered English as a [[loanword]] from the Japanese language. It is typically used to refer to a [[Fan (person)|fan]] of [[anime]]/[[manga]] but can also refer to Japanese video games or Japanese culture in general. The American magazine ''[[Otaku USA]]'' popularizes and covers these aspects.<ref name="Home - Otaku USA Magazine"/><ref name=fan /> The usage of the word is a source of contention among some fans, owing to its negative connotations and stereotyping of the fandom. Widespread English exposure to the term came in 1988 with the release of ''[[Gunbuster]]'', which refers to anime fans as ''otaku''. Gunbuster was released officially in English in March 1990. The term's usage spread throughout rec.arts.anime with discussions about ''[[Otaku no Video]]''{{'}}s portrayal of ''otaku'' before its 1994 English release. Positive and negative aspects, including the pejorative usage, were intermixed.<ref name="fan"/> The term was also popularized by [[William Gibson]]'s 1996 novel ''[[Idoru]]'', which references ''otaku''.<ref name="Modern boys and mobile girls"/>

==Sub-culture==
Morikawa Kaichirō identifies the subculture as distinctly Japanese, a product of the school system and society. Japanese schools have a class structure which functions as a [[caste system]], but clubs are an exception to the social hierarchy. In these clubs, a student's interests will be recognized and nurtured, catering to the interests of ''otaku''. Secondly, the vertical structure of Japanese society identifies the value of individuals by their success. Until the late 1980s, unathletic and unattractive males focused on academics, hoping to secure a good job and marry to raise their social standing. Those unable to succeed socially focused instead on their interests, often into adulthood, with their lifestyle centering on those interests, furthering the creation of the ''otaku'' subculture.<ref name=essay />

Even prior to the coinage of the term, the stereotypical traits of the subculture were identified in a 1981 issue of ''Fan Rōdo'' (Fan road) about "culture clubs".<ref name="essay"/> These individuals were drawn to anime, a counter-culture, with the release of hard science fiction works such as ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam]]''. These works allowed a congregation and development of obsessive interests that turned anime into a medium for unpopular students, catering to obsessed fans. After these fans discovered [[Comiket|Comic Market]], the term was used as a self-confirming and self-mocking collective identity.<ref name=essay />

The 1989 "Otaku Murderer" case gave a negative connotation to the fandom from which it has not fully recovered. The usage of "(interest) otaku", however, is used for teasing or self-deprecation, but the unqualified term remains negative.<ref name=essay /> The identification of ''otaku'' turned negative in late 2004 when [[Kaoru Kobayashi (murderer)|Kaoru Kobayashi]] kidnapped, sexually assaulted, and murdered a seven-year-old first-grade student. Japanese journalist [[Akihiro Ōtani]] suspected that Kobayashi's crime was committed by a member of the [[figure moe zoku]] even before his arrest.<ref name="picnic2004"/> Although Kobayashi was not an ''otaku'', the degree of social hostility against ''otaku'' increased. ''Otaku'' were seen by law enforcement as possible suspects for sex crimes, and local governments called for stricter laws controlling the depiction of eroticism in ''otaku'' materials.<ref name="Otaku harassed as sex-crime fears mount"/>

Not all attention has been negative. In his book, ''Otaku'', [[Hiroki Azuma (critic)|Hiroki Azuma]] observed: "Between 2001 and 2007, the otaku forms and markets quite rapidly won social recognition in Japan", citing the fact that "[i]n 2003, [[Hayao Miyazaki]] won the [[Academy Award]] for his ''[[Spirited Away]]''; around the same time [[Takashi Murakami]] achieved recognition for otaku-like designs; in 2004, the Japanese pavilion in the [[9th International Architecture Exhibition|2004 International Architecture exhibition]] of the [[Venice Biennale]] ([[Venice Biennale of Architecture|Biennale Architecture]]) featured “otaku”. In 2005, the word ''moe'' - one of the keywords of the present volume - was chosen as one of the top ten  “buzzwords of the year."<ref>{{cite book |last=Azuma |first=Hiroki |date=April 10, 2009 |title=Otaku |chapter-url=http://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/otaku |location=Minneapolis |publisher=University of Minnesota Press | chapter= Preface |page = xi|isbn=978-0816653515 |accessdate=January 31, 2014}}</ref> The former [[Prime Minister of Japan]] [[Tarō Asō|Taro Aso]] has also claimed to be an ''otaku'', using this subculture to promote Japan in foreign affairs.<ref name="Otaku uses manga and anime to improve Foreign Affairs"/> In 2013, a Japanese study of 137,734 people found that 42.2% self-identify as a type of ''otaku''. This study suggests that the stigma of the word has vanished, and the term has been embraced by many.<ref name="mynavi"/>

===Places===
The district of [[Akihabara]] in Tokyo, where there are [[maid café]]s featuring waitresses who dress up and act like maids or anime characters, is a notable attraction center for ''otaku''. Akihabara also has dozens of stores specializing in anime, manga, retro video games, figurines, card games and other collectibles.<ref name="Akihabara"/> Another popular location is [[Otome Road]] in Ikebukuro, Tokyo. In [[Nagoya]], students from [[Nagoya City University]] started a project on ways to help promote hidden tourist attractions related to the ''otaku'' culture to attract more ''otaku'' to the city.<ref name="japantimes"/>

===Subtypes===
There are specific terms for different types of ''otaku'', including {{nihongo|[[Fujoshi]]|腐女子||lit. "rotten girl"}}, a self-mockingly pejorative Japanese term for female fans of ''[[yaoi]]'', which focuses on [[homosexual]] male relationships.<ref name="Mari"/>  ''[[Reki-jo]]'' are female ''otaku'' who are interested in [[Japanese history]]. Some terms refer to a location, such as ''[[Akiba-kei]]'', a slang term meaning "[[Akihabara]]-style" which applies to those familiar with Akihabara's culture.  Another is {{Nihongo|[[Wotagei]] or otagei|ヲタ芸 or オタ芸}}, a type of cheering that is part of Akiba-kei.  Other terms, such as {{nihongo|[[Itasha]]|痛車}}, literally "painful car", describe vehicles who are decorated with fictional characters, especially [[bishōjo game]] or [[eroge]] characters.<ref name="Itasha: Japan's Creepiest Car Fetish"/><ref name="Behold.  A Fleet of Cars Owned by Nerds."/>

===Media===
''Otaku'' often participate in self-mocking through the production or interest in humor directed at their subculture. Anime and manga ''otaku'' are the subject of numerous self-critical works, such as ''Otaku no Video'', which contains a live-interview [[mockumentary]] that pokes fun at the ''otaku'' subculture and includes [[Gainax]]'s own staff as the interviewees.<ref name="Buried Treasure - In Praise of Nerdiness"/> Other works depict ''otaku'' subculture less critically, such as ''[[Genshiken]]'' and ''[[Comic Party]]''. A well-known novel-come-manga-come-anime is ''[[Welcome to the N.H.K.]]'', which focuses on the subcultures popular with ''otaku'' and highlights other social outcasts such as the [[hikikomori]] and [[NEET]]s. Works that focus on an ''otaku'' character include ''[[WataMote]]'', the story of an unattractive and unsociable [[otome game]] ''otaku'' who exhibits delusions about her social status.<ref name="animenewsnetwork"/> Watamote is a self-mocking insight that follows the heroine's delusion and attempts to reform herself only by facing reality with comedic results on the path to popularity. An American documentary, ''[[Otaku Unite!]]'', focuses on the American side of the ''otaku'' culture.<ref name="animenewsnetwork2004"/>

==Types and classification of Japanese otaku==
[[File:Railfantokyo.jpg|thumb|right|[[Railfan]]s or [[Anorak (slang)|Anorak]]s taking photos of trains at an annual depot open-day event in Tokyo in August 2011]]
The Nomura Research Institute (NRI) has made two major studies into ''otaku'', the first in 2004 and a revised study with a more specific definition in 2005.<ref name="nri2004"/><ref name="nri2005"/> The 2005 study defines twelve major fields of ''otaku'' interests. Of these groups, manga (Japanese comics) was the largest, with 350,000 individuals and ¥83 billion market scale. [[Japanese idol|Idol]] ''otaku'' were the next largest group, with 280,000 individuals and ¥61 billion. Travel ''otaku'' with 250,000 individuals and ¥81 billion. PC ''otaku'' with 190,000 individuals and ¥36 billion. Video game ''otaku'' with 160,000 individuals and ¥21 billion. Automobile ''otaku'' with 140,000 individuals and ¥54 billion. Animation (anime) ''otaku'' with 110,000 individuals and ¥20 billion. The remaining five categories include Mobile IT equipment ''otaku'', with 70,000 individuals and ¥8 billion; Audio-visual equipment ''otaku'', with 60,000 individuals and ¥12 billion; camera ''otaku'', with 50,000 individuals and ¥18 billion; fashion ''otaku'', with 40,000 individuals and ¥13 billion; and railway ''otaku'', with 20,000 individuals and ¥4 billion. Healthcare ''otaku'', with 4,200 individuals primarily in the Pasco county region and 2 billion yen.<ref name="nri2005" /> These values were partially released with a much higher estimation in 2004, but this definition focused on the consumerism and not the "unique psychological characteristics" of ''otaku'' used in the 2005 study.<ref name="nri2004" /><ref name="nri2005" />

NRI's 2005 study also put forth five archetypes of ''otaku''. The first is the family-oriented ''otaku'', who has broad interests and is more mature than other otaku; their object of interest is secretive and they are "closet otaku". The second is the serious "leaving my own mark on the world" ''otaku'', with interests in mechanical or business personality fields. The third type is the "media-sensitive multiple interest" ''otaku'', whose diverse interests are shared with others. The fourth type is the "outgoing and assertive otaku", who gain recognition by promoting their hobby. The last is the "fan magazine-obsessed otaku", which is predominately female with a small group of males being the "[[Moe (slang)|moe]] type"; the secret hobby is focused on the production or interest in fan works.<ref name="nri2005" /> The Hamagin Research Institute found that moe-related content was worth ¥88.8 billion ($807 million) in 2005, and one analyst estimated the market could be as much as ¥2 trillion ($18 billion).<ref name="money"/> Japan-based ''Tokyo Otaku Mode'', a place for news relating to ''otaku'', has been liked on Facebook almost 10 million times.<ref name="Tokyo Otaku Mode has 10 million Facebook fans but now what"/>

Other classifications of ''otaku'' interests include vocaloid, cosplay, figures and professional wrestling as categorized by the Yano Research Institute. Yano Research reports and tracks market growth and trends in sectors heavily influenced by ''otaku'' consumerism. In 2012, it noted around 30% of growth in [[dating sim]] and online gaming ''otaku'', while [[vocaloid]], [[cosplay]], idols and [[Maid café|maid services]] grew by 10%, confirming its 2011 predictions.<ref name="Otaku Market in Japan: Key Research Findings 2012"/><ref name="Otaku Market in Japan: Key Research Findings 2011"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Japan|Speculative fiction|Video games}}
<!--PLEASE DO NOT ADD LINKS HERE THAT ARE BROAD IN SCOPE, WORDS SUCH AS "FAN" and "GEEK" ARE ALREADY LINKED IN THE ARTICLE.-->
* [[Anorak (slang)]]
* ''[[Daicon III and IV Opening Animations]]''
* [[Geek]]
* ''[[Genshiken]]''
* [[Japanophile]]
* ''[[Otaku no Video]]''
* [[Hikikomori]]
* [[Nijikon]]

==Ծանոթագրություններ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="Akihabara">{{cite web | url=http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e3003.html | title=Akihabara | publisher=japanguide.com | date=July 24, 2013 | accessdate=August 19, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427005552/http://japan-guide.com/e/e3003.html | archive-date=April 27, 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Behold. A Fleet of Cars Owned by Nerds.">{{cite web | url=http://kotaku.com/5848520/behold-a-fleet-of-cars-owned-by-nerds/ | title=Behold. A Fleet of Cars Owned by Nerds. | publisher=Kotaku | date=11 October 2011 | accessdate=13 August 2013 | author= | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824161631/http://kotaku.com/5848520/behold-a-fleet-of-cars-owned-by-nerds/ | archive-date=24 August 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>

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<ref name="Modern boys and mobile girls">{{cite news | url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/life/story/0,6903,466391,00.html | title=Modern boys and mobile girls | newspaper=[[The Observer]] | date=2001-04-01 | accessdate=August 19, 2013 | last=Gibson | first=William | location=London | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706143608/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/life/story/0,6903,466391,00.html | archive-date=July 6, 2008 | url-status=live }}</ref>

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<ref name="Nippon_Foundation">{{cite book|last=Pesimo |first=Rudyard C. |title=Reflections on the Human Condition: Change, Conflict and Modernity |publisher=The Nippon Foundation |year=2007 |pages=167 |chapter=“Asianizing” Animation in Asia: Digital Content Identity Construction within the Animation Landscapes of Japan and Thailand}}</ref>

<ref name="Otaku Market in Japan: Key Research Findings 2011">{{cite web | url=http://www.yanoresearch.com/press/pdf/1002.pdf | title=Otaku Market in Japan: Key Research Findings 2011 | publisher=Yano Research | accessdate=12 August 2013 | author=October 26, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218055751/http://www.yanoresearch.com/press/pdf/1002.pdf | archive-date=18 December 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Otaku Market in Japan: Key Research Findings 2012">{{cite web | url=http://www.yanoresearch.com/press/press.php/001002 | title=Otaku Market in Japan: Key Research Findings 2012 | publisher=Yano Research Institute | date=October 15, 2012 | accessdate=12 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630031233/http://www.yanoresearch.com/press/press.php/001002 | archive-date=30 June 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

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<ref name="Otaku uses manga and anime to improve Foreign Affairs">{{cite web | url=http://paper.wenweipo.com/2008/09/23/GJ0809230014.htm | title=Otaku uses manga and anime to improve Foreign Affairs | date=23 August 2008 | accessdate=15 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603193105/http://paper.wenweipo.com/2008/09/23/GJ0809230014.htm | archive-date=3 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Otaku: Is it a dirty word?">{{cite web | url=http://geekout.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/12/otaku-is-it-a-dirty-word/ | title=Otaku: Is it a dirty word? | work=cnnblogs.com | date=12 September 2011 | accessdate=19 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522190438/http://geekout.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/12/otaku-is-it-a-dirty-word/ | archive-date=22 May 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Tokyo Otaku Mode has 10 million Facebook fans but now what">{{cite web | url=http://www.startup-dating.com/2013/02/tokyo-otaku-mode-has-10-million-facebook-fans-but-now-what | title=Tokyo Otaku Mode has 10 million Facebook fans but now what | publisher=Startup-dating.com | date=February 1, 2013 | accessdate=August 19, 2013 | author=Martin, Rick | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816072102/http://www.startup-dating.com/2013/02/tokyo-otaku-mode-has-10-million-facebook-fans-but-now-what | archive-date=August 16, 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="animenewsnetwork">{{cite news | url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2013-07-09/sentai-filmworks-licenses-watamote | title=Sentai Filmworks Licenses WataMote ~ No Matter How I Look at it, It's You Guys' Fault I'm not Popular! | work=Anime News Network | date=9 July 2013 | accessdate=13 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824094230/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2013-07-09/sentai-filmworks-licenses-watamote | archive-date=24 August 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="animenewsnetwork2004">{{cite news | url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/otaku-unite | title=Otaku Unite! - Review | work=Anime News Network | date=2 March 2004 | accessdate=13 August 2013 | author=Dong, Bamboo | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824174339/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/otaku-unite | archive-date=24 August 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="essay">{{cite web | url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/5zb9r8cr# | title=おたく/ Otaku / Geek | publisher=Center for Japanese Studies UC Berkeley | date=20 April 2012 | accessdate=13 August 2013 | author=Morikawa, Kaichirō | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103210102/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5zb9r8cr | archive-date=3 November 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="fan">{{cite book | last=Eng | first=Lawrence | editor1-last=Ito | editor1-first=Mizuko | editor2-last=Okabe | editor2-first=Daisuke | editor3-last=Tsuji | editor3-first= Izumi | title=Fandom Unbound: Otaku Culture in a Connected World | publisher=Yale University Press | date=February 28, 2012 | pages=85–104 | chapter=Chapter 4: Strategies of Engagement: Discovering, Defining, and Describing Otaku Culture in the United States | isbn=978-0-300-15864-9}}</ref>

<ref name="gizmodo">{{cite web | url=https://gizmodo.com/5321350/japans-2+d-lovers-falling-in-love-with-a-body-pillow | title=Japan's 2-D Lovers: Falling In Love with a Body Pillow | work=gizmodo.com | date=July 23, 2009 | accessdate=August 19, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201121104/http://gizmodo.com/5321350/japans-2+d-lovers-falling-in-love-with-a-body-pillow | archive-date=December 1, 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="greece">{{cite web | url=http://www.greecejapan.com/oi-otaku-tis-andronikis-xristodoulou/ | title=Οι Οτάκου της Ανδρονίκης Χριστοδούλου | publisher=Greece Japan | accessdate=19 August 2013 | author=19 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826051856/http://www.greecejapan.com/oi-otaku-tis-andronikis-xristodoulou/ | archive-date=26 August 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="japantimes">{{cite news | url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/02/02/national/cosplay-students-promote-nagoyas-highlights/ | title='Cosplay' students promote Nagoya's highlights | newspaper=The Japan Times | date=2013-02-02 | accessdate=2013-02-08 | author=Chunichi Shimbun credited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701164211/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/02/02/national/cosplay-students-promote-nagoyas-highlights/ | archive-date=2013-07-01 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="money">{{cite web | url=http://web-japan.org/trends/business/bus050830.html | title=Otaku Business Gives Japan's Economy a Lift | publisher=Web-Japan.org | date=30 August 2005 | accessdate=19 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314144838/http://web-japan.org/trends/business/bus050830.html | archive-date=14 March 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="mynavi">{{cite web | url=http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2013/04/27/076/ | title=自分のことを「オタク」と認識してる人10代は62％、70代は23％ |trans-title=62% of Teens identify as "otaku", 70's 23% | publisher=Mynavi | date=27 April 2013 | accessdate=4 February 2014 | author=Michael Jakusoso | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703184904/http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2013/04/27/076 | archivedate=3 July 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="nri2004">{{cite web | url=http://www.nri.co.jp/english/opinion/papers/2004/pdf/np200484.pdf | title=The Otaku Group from a Business Perspective: Revaluation of Enthusiastic Consumers | publisher=Nomura Research Institute | date=1 December 2004 | accessdate=12 August 2013 | author=Kitabayashi, Ken | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507221927/http://www.nri.co.jp/english/opinion/papers/2004/pdf/np200484.pdf | archive-date=7 May 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="nri2005">{{cite web | url=http://www.nri.co.jp/english/news/2005/051006.html | title=New Market Scale Estimation for Otaku: Population of 1.72 Million with Market Scale of ¥411 Billion — NRI classifies 5 types of otaku group, proposing a "New 3Cs" marketing frame — | publisher=Nomura Research Institute | date=6 October 2005 | accessdate=12 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713033155/http://www.nri.co.jp/english/news/2005/051006.html | archive-date=13 July 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="picnic2004">{{cite web|url=http://picnic.to/~ami/ool.htm |title=公開質問状 (Open letter ) |work=NGO-AMI |date=2004-12-09 |accessdate=2008-03-04 |author=NGO-AMI |language=Japanese |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501103354/http://picnic.to/~ami/ool.htm |archivedate=2008-05-01 }}</ref>

<ref name="SDFMeps3and4">{{Cite episode |title=Episodes three (スペース・フォールド/Supēsu Fōrudo/Space Fold) and four (リン・ミンメイ/Rin Minmei/Lynn Minmay) |series=超 時空 要塞マクロス (Chō J<br>
ikū Yōsai Makurosu/Super Dimensional Fortress Macross) |series-link=The_Super_Dimension_Fortress_Macross |network=MBS (Mainichi Broadcasting System) |date=October 1982 |season=1 |language=Japanese}}</ref>
}}

==Արտաքին հղումներ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wiktionary}}
* [http://www.cjas.org/~leng/otaku-e.htm "I'm alone, but not lonely"] – an early article about Japanese otaku, December 1990
* [http://benayoun.com/projetwords.php?id=52"] – "L'Ethique Otaku: Tous seuls ensemble" ("Otaku Ethics: All Alone Together") a lecture about otaku culture and its social implications by [[Maurice Benayoun]], Maison de la Culture du Japon, Paris, France, September 1999
* [http://www.cjas.org/~leng/otaku-p.htm The Politics of Otaku] – a general commentary on the usage and meanings of "otaku" in Japan and internationally, September 2001
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120306022123/http://www.brunel.ac.uk/4042/entertext4.1/lamarre1.pdf Archive.org An Introduction to the Otaku Movement] Archived by Archive.org
* [https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.07/posts.html?pg=5 Meet the Geek Elite], [[Wired Magazine]], July 2006
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010073854/http://www.transcript-verlag.de/ts313/ts313.htm Michael Manfé – Otakismus] {{in lang|de}}

{{Japanese subcultures}}
{{Fandom}}
{{authority control}}
[[:Կատեգորիա:Otaku| ]]
[[:Կատեգորիա:Anime and manga terminology]]
[[:Կատեգորիա:Fandom]]
[[:Կատեգորիա:English-language slang]]
[[:Կատեգորիա:Pejorative terms for people]]
[[:Կատեգորիա:Japanese culture]]
[[:Կատեգորիա:Japanese idols]]
[[:Կատեգորիա:Japanese popular culture]]
[[:Կատեգորիա:Japanese society]]
[[:Կատեգորիա:Japanese subcultures]]
[[:Կատեգորիա:Japanese values]]
[[:Կատեգորիա:Japanese youth culture]]
[[:Կատեգորիա:Nerd culture]]