Sablon:0it-verb

0it-verb

A sablonról [sablondok. infó] [szerkesztés]

Usage

This template is designed for the lemma of all Italian verbs. Only use this template for the verb's lemma entry. For non-lemma forms, use {{head|it|verb form}}.

This template should be placed in all Italian verb sections, immediately following the ===Verb=== section header. It provides the inflection line for the entry. The template also automatically categorizes the entry in Category:Italian verbs and the appropriate category for the auxiliary, e.g. Category:Italian verbs taking essere as auxiliary.

As with other Wiktionary inflection templates, please do not use subst:.

Quick reference

Page	Example // Outcome // Comment
ordinare (’to order’)	{{0it-verb|a/ó}}
	For non-reflexive verbs, use AUX/VOWEL where AUX is a (for avere) or e (for essere) and the single-vowel spec VOWEL is the stressed vowel marked for quality.
detestare (’to detest’)	{{0it-verb|a/è+}}
	If the last two stem vowels are the same, add - to indicate the second-from-last (more leftmost) vowel and + to indicate the last (more rightmost) vowel.
metallificare (’to become metallic’)	{{0it-verb|e/ì-}}
	The - indicates the second-from-last stem vowel is stressed.
scricchiolare (’to creak’)	{{0it-verb|a/ì--}}
	Use -- if the third-from-last written stem vowel is stressed.
abbandonarsi (’to give up, to give in, to surrender’)	{{0it-verb|ó}}
	Omit the auxiliary for reflexive verbs, as it is always essere.
partire (’to depart’)	{{0it-verb|e/à}}
	Regular -ire verbs that do not take the -isc infix use the same form as for -are verbs.
punire (’to punish’)	{{0it-verb|a/+isc}}
	Regular -ire verbs that take the -isc infix use +isc.
temere (’to fear’)	{{0it-verb|a/é}}
	Regular -ere verbs stressed on the ending use the same form as for -are verbs.
abbattere (’to throw down’)	{{0it-verb|a\à+}}
	Regular -ere verbs stressed on the stem use a backslash in place of the slash.
rendere (’to give back’)	{{0it-verb|a\@}}
	Most irregular verbs can be handled by specifying @ instead of the single-vowel spec.
scomparire (’to disappear’)	{{0it-verb|e/scompàio,scompàrvi,scompàrso}}
	Alternatively, if an irregular verb is not recognized by @ it can be handled by specifying up to three principal parts (first-singular present, first-singular past historic, and past participle), separated by commas.
piacere (’to please’)	{{0it-verb|e/piàccio,piàcqui}}
	You may omit principal parts that are formed regularly, or use +.
scuotere (’to shake’)	{{0it-verb|a\ò,scòssi,scòtto}}
	Root-stressed verb in -ere; use backslash, as above.
scegliere (’to choose’)	{{0it-verb|a\é\scélgo,scélsi,scélto}}
	Root-stressed verb in -ere with irregular present tense.
riempire (’to choose’)	{{0it-verb|a/riémpio,riempìi,riempìto:riempiùto}} or {{0it-verb|a/riémpio,+,+:riempiùto}}
	Separate multiple possibilities for a principal part with a colon.
comparire (’to appear, to manifest, to seem; (law) to appear before a tribunal’)	{{0it-verb|e/compàio:+isc[less common],compàrvi:comparìi[less common]:compàrsi[in the legal sense],compàrso}}
	Specify qualifiers following a given form to give usage notes, e.g. when there are multiple forms with differing uses.
soccombere (’to succumb’)	{{0it-verb|e\ó+,+,+[rare]}}
	There is no requirement that multiple forms be present when qualifiers are used.

Quick Reference (Tokens)

Various tokens used by the template.

Token	Description
/ or \	Used in the AUX/VOWEL specification to indicate whether the verb is end-stressed or root-stressed respectively. (Read more…)
* or **	An asterisk after the word indicates syntactic germination, or a double asterisk to indicate the syntactic germination is optional. (Read more…)
:	To separate multiple possibilites/alternatives for a principal part, override or auxiliary verb (Read more…)
. and :	(dot-separated elements) The . is used to isolate dot-separated elements from each other and from the rest of the specification, i.e. from the AUX/VOWEL part. The : separates the element name from the value. e.g. .pp:sapùto.fut:saprò
[…]	Place bracketed text after a form to add a qualifier. e.g. ([rare], [less common], [in the legal sense], etc… (Read more…)
+	Use in place of a word form to request the default in a principal part or override spec. e.g. {{0it-verb|a/riémpio,+,+:riempiùto}} (Read more…)
-	Use in place of a word form to indicate corresponding forms are not used by this verb. e.g. to indicate the past participle is not used: {{0it-verb|a/à,+,-}} (Read more…)
+isc	Use in place of the single-vowel spec of an -ire verb that takes the -isc- infix such as finire (finisco). e.g. {{0it-verb|e/+isc}} (Read more…)
+, -, or --	Suffix to the single-vowel spec when there is more than one of the given vowels to indicate the rightmost (+), 2nd from right (-), or 3rd from right (--) should be stressed.
! (suffix)	An exclamation after a monosyllabic word indicates the accent is retained when written (a link to the accented form will be generated). (Read more…)
!, !!, and # (prefixes)	Add a footnote (decorator) to a word form. "careful style" (!); "elevated style" !!; "traditional" #
<…>	To conjugate multi-word vowels. The angle brackets go after the word to be conjugated. Place the full spec inside the brackets (Read more…)
^	used only with the 'pres' override in the form of pres:PRES^PRES3S to specify both 1st person & 3rd person singular with one directive. This is effectively the same as specifying both the pres and the pres3s overrides.

Basic usage

Regular -are verbs

This template normally takes a single parameter, which specifies the auxiliary as well as the first singular present indicative, first singular past historic, and past participle. If you are not sure of the correct conjugation, you can leave out all parameters, and the headword will not have any inflected forms specified. However, this is not recommended.

For regular -are verbs, the parameter normally takes the form AUX/VOWEL, where AUX is either a for avere or e for essere, and VOWEL (termed a single-vowel spec) is the stressed vowel in the present singular with the appropriate stress mark (acute or grave) added to indicate the vowel quality (i.e. it should be one of à è é ì ò ó ù). For example, for ordinare (’to order’), use the following:

{{it-verb|a/ó}}

which produces

Note that all the verb forms in the headword include an accent specifying the stress as well as the quality of stressed e and o, even though Italian normally does not mark the stress or quality except when the stress is word-final. Accordingly, the verb forms are linked using the appropriate standard spelling without the extra stress marks.

If the last two vowels of the stem are the same, add - after the vowel to specify that the leftmost of the two vowels (i.e. the antepenultimate) is stressed, and + to indicate that the rightmost of the two vowels (the penultimate) is stressed. For example, for detestare (’to detest’), use the following:

{{it-verb|a/è+}}

which produces

Meanwhile, for metallificare (’to become metallic’), use:

{{it-verb|e/ì-}}

which produces

If the third-from-last written vowel is stressed, as in scricchiolare (’to creak’), use -- after the vowel:

{{it-verb|a/ì--}}

which produces

Regular -ire verbs

For regular -ire verbs that do not take the -isc- infix, use the same form as for -are verbs. For example, for partire (’to depart’), present tense io pàrto, use:

{{it-verb|e/à}}

which produces

For regular -ire verbs that take the -isc- infix, use +isc in place of the vowel spec. For example, for punire (’to punish’), present tense io punìsco, use:

{{it-verb|a/+isc}}

which produces

Regular -ere verbs

For regular -ere verbs stressed as -ére, use the same form as above. For example, for temére (’to fear’), present tense io témo, use:

{{it-verb|a/é}}

which produces

Note that both alternative past historic forms are given in the output by default.

For regular -ere verbs stressed on the stem, use a backslash in place of the slash (mnemonic: the forward slash leans to the right for the more rightward stress, and the backslash leans to the left for the more leftward stress). For example, for abbàttere (’to throw down, to knock down’), present tense io abbàtto, use:

{{it-verb|a\à+}}

which produces

Here à+ must be used because there are two a's among the last two vowels of the stem. The backslash indicates that the stress on the infinitive, displayed in the headword, should be taken from the present tense rather than placed on the ending.

Note that the default for verbs in -cere and -gere uses a hard c/g in the present but a soft ci/gi in the past participle, which is correct for the majority of verbs, e.g. conoscere (’to know (a person), to recognize’), with present io conósco, past participle conosciùto.

Irregular verb handling built into the template

The template knows how to handle most irregular verbs including derivatives such as biscuocere (from cuocere) and schiudere (from chiudere). Indicate an irregular verb by placing @ after the slash in place of VOWEL. For example for volere (’to want’):

{{it-verb|a/@}}

which produces

The AUX (a or e) and the slash (forward / or back \) indicators work the same as before to indicate the auxiliary verb and whether the verb is end-stressed or root-stressed respectively. Example for root-stressed scrivere (’to write’):

{{it-verb|a\@}}

which produces

Irregular verb handling by specifying principal parts

For irregular verbs not recognized by @, specify up to three principal parts (first-singular present, first-singular past historic, and past participle), separated by commas.

Note: All or most of the examples below could be handled with @, but these help to illustrate the capabilities available in the template.

For example for scomparire (’to disappear, to die’), use:

{{it-verb|e/scompàio,scompàrvi,scompàrso}}

which produces

You can omit the past participle if it is regularly constructed, or both the past historic and past participle if both are regularly constructed. For example, for piacere (’to please’), with regularly formed past participle piaciùto, use:

{{it-verb|e/piàccio,piàcqui}}

which produces

For root-stressed verbs in -ere, use a backslash in place of a slash, as above, e.g. for scuotere (’to shake’):

{{it-verb|a\ò,scòssi,scòtto}}

which produces

As mentioned above, when a backslash is specified the position and quality of the stress is derived from the present tense single-vowel spec. If the present tense is irregular, specify it in full and include the single-vowel spec before the backslash, e.g. as follows for scegliere (’to choose’):

{{it-verb|a\é\scélgo,scélsi,scélto}}

which produces

If a given principal part has more than one possibility, separate the possibilities by a colon, e.g. for riempire (’to fill’):

{{it-verb|a/riémpio,riempìi,riempìto:riempiùto}}

which produces

Note that you can use a + to request the default form(s). Thus, the above spec for riempire could (and preferably would) be written as follows:

{{it-verb|a/riémpio,+,+:riempiùto}}

You can specify qualifiers following a given form, which helps give usage notes when there are multiple forms with differing uses, e.g. for comparire (’to appear, to manifest, to seem; (law) to appear before a tribunal’):

{{it-verb|e/compàio:+isc[less common],compàrvi:comparìi[less common]:compàrsi[in the legal sense],compàrso}}

which produces

Here, there are two possible present tense forms (compàio and comparìsco) and three possible past historic forms (compàrvi, comparìi, compàrsi), with differing usage characteristics.

Note that there is no requirement that multiple forms be present when qualifiers are used. For example, for soccombere (’to succumb’), whose past participle is rare, use the following:

{{it-verb|e\ó+,+,+[rare]}}

which produces

Specifying additional irregular forms

For highly irregular verbs, it sometimes makes sense to include additional irregular forms in the headword. For example, cadere (’to fall’) has irregular future cadrò, cadrài, etc. To add the first-person singular future to the headword, use a spec like fut:FORM, separated from the principal parts by a period, as follows:

{{it-verb|e/à,càddi.fut:cadrò}}

which produces

Similarly, for tenere (’to hold’), to specify an irregular future terrò and irregular imperative singular tièni, use:

{{it-verb|a/tèngo,ténni.fut:terrò.imp:tièni}}

which produces

A more complicated example is essere (’to be’), with numerous irregularities:

{{it-verb|e\è\sóno,fùi,stàto.imperf:èro.fut:sarò.sub:sìa.impsub:fóssi.imp:sìi}}

which produces

Use a full-row override to specify all forms for a given case/tense. For example, potere (’to be able to’) n some cases it's necessary to provide all forms for a tense/case. To do soIt's possible to specify a tense ull-row override

{{it-verb|a/-,potéi.presrow:pòsso,puòi,può*,possiàmo,potéte,pòssono.fut:potrò.imp:-}}

which produces

The full list of recognized additional irregular forms is as follows:

Prefix	Form	Whole row variant and parameters
inf	infiinitive	n/a
ger	gerund	n/a
presp	present participle	n/a
pp	past participle	n/a
pres	first-singular present indicative	presrow: 1s, 2s, 3s, 1p, 2p, 3p
imperf	first-singular imperfect indicative	imperfrow: 1s, 2s, 3s, 1p, 2p, 3p
phis	first-singular past historic	phisrow: 1s, 2s, 3s, 1p, 2p, 3p
fut	first-singular future indicative	futrow: 1s, 2s, 3s, 1p, 2p, 3p
cond	first-singular conditional	condrow: 1s, 2s, 3s, 1p, 2p, 3p
sub	first-singular present subjunctive	subrow: 123s, 1p, 2p, 3p
impsub	first-singular imperfect subjunctive	impsubrow: 12s, 3s, 1p, 2p, 3p
imp	second-singular imperative	improw: 2s, 2p
negimp	second-singular negative imperative	n/a

To specify multiple possibilities for a given irregular form, separate the possibilities by colons, as above. Qualifiers in brackets can be appended to a given form, as above. See the example for dare just below for an example of this.

Special considerations with single-syllable irregular forms

Verbs with single-syllable irregular forms have some special considerations. For one thing, there may or may not be a written accent on the vowel. Normally, forms are shown in headwords with an accent on the vowel to indicate stress and quality, even though when normally written only the final vowel of multi-vowel words has a written accent. Accordingly, when generating the link, accents are stripped from non-final vowels as well as from single-vowel words. To indicate that a single-vowel word has a written accent, add an exclamation mark (!) after the form. This preserves the accent in the link and includes a qualifier reading with written accent on monosyllabic verb.

Some single-syllable forms trigger syntactic gemination, while others don't. To indicate that a form triggers syntactic gemination, add an asterisk (*) after the form. This includes a qualifier reading with syntactic gemination. You can also include a double asterisk (**) after the form to indicate optional syntactic gemination.

An example that uses both of the above indications is dare (’to give’):

{{it-verb|a/-,dièdi:dètti,dàto.sub:dìa.impsub:déssi.imp:dai:da':dà*!.presrow:dò*:dò*!,dài,dà*!,diàmo,dàte,dànno}}

which produces

Note in particular the forms dò*! and dà*!, with both asterisk (to indicate syntactic gemination) and the exclamation (to indicate preservation of the written accent).

Verbs whose auxiliary varies

Many verbs can take either avere or essere as an auxiliary, often with different meanings. A very common scenario is avere when transitive and essere when intransitive, e.g. with finire (’to end, to finish’). You can separate multiple auxiliaries with a colon, as with multiple irregular forms, and include qualifiers, which typically you should do to clarify the different usages: {{it-verb|a[transitive]:e[intransitive]/+isc}} which produces

You can include commas, quotes and other punctuation inside brackets in the qualifier text, e.g. with avanzare: avanzare: {{it-verb|e[intransitive]:a[transitive, also intransitive meaning "to advance"]/à+}} which produces

You can also include angle brackets (e.g. direct HTML, or HTML produced by a template) or even nested square brackets, as long as they are matching.

Reflexive verbs

All reflexive verbs use essere, so there is no need to specify the auxiliary and it should be omitted, e.g. for abbandonarsi (’to give up, to give in, to surrender’), use:

{{it-verb|ó}}

which produces

For root-stressed verbs in -ere, use a backslash with nothing before it, e.g. for accorgersi (’to notice, to realize’) (stressed as accòrgersi), use:

{{it-verb|\ò,accòrsi,accòrto}}

which produces

If a root-stressed verb in -ere has an irregular present, specify the stressed vowel before the backslash with or without a second backslash, e.g. for togliersi (’to get out of the way’), use either:

{{it-verb|ò\tòlgo,tòlsi,tòlto}}

or

{{it-verb|\ò\tòlgo,tòlsi,tòlto}}

both of which produce

Note that explicitly specified forms should be given without the reflexive pronoun attached. Special changes to the form are handled automatically, e.g. syntactic gemination. An example is for farsi (’to become, to move (oneself), to buy, etc.’), with imperative fàtti:

{{it-conj|-,féci,fàtto.stem:fàce.sub:fàccia.imp:fà.presrow:fàccio:fò*[archaic or dialectal],fài,fà*,facciàmo,fàte,fànno}}

which produces

Verbs in -rre

Verbs in -rre, e.g. trarre (’to pull’), porre (’to put’), dedurre (’to deduce’) require an explicit stem to be specified using stem specifier. They should also use the same backslash notation as with root-stressed verbs in -ere, e.g. for porre:

{{it-verb|a\ó\póngo,pósi,pósto.imperf:ponévo.fut:porrò.stem:poné}}

which produces

For verbs ending in -arre and -urre (and -irre if any such verbs exist), the double-backslash notation can be simplified to a single backslash because the stressed vowel can only be one possibility, e.g. for dedurre:

{{it-verb|a\dedùco,dedùssi,dedótto.imperf:deducévo.stem:dedùce}}

which produces

Reflexive verbs in -arsi and -ersi based off verbs in -arre and -erre can also be interpreted as based off of verbs in -are or -ere; for example, consider contrarsi, reflexive of either contrare (’to counter (boxing)’) or contrarre (’to tense’). These verbs must use the special indicator rre to indicate that the reflexive is based off of a verb in -arre; otherwise, it will be interpreted as based off of a verb in -are. An example is distrarsi (’to be distracted’), from distrarre (’to distract’):

{{it-verb|\distràggo,distràssi,distràtto.imperf:distraévo.imp:distrài.stem:distra.rre}}

which produces

Note in particular the .rre at the end.

Third-person only verbs

Some verbs have only third-person forms, either third-person singular only (impersonal) or third-person singular and plural only. Use impers for the former, and thirdonly for the latter. An example of an impersonal verb is bufare (’to blizzard’):

{{it-verb|e/ù.impers}}

which produces

An example of a third-person only verb (singular and plural) is accadere (’to happen’):

{{it-verb|e/à+.phisrow:-,-,accàdde,-,-,accàddero.futrow:-,-,accadrà,-,-,accadrànno.thirdonly}}

which produces

As the latter example shows, irregular forms must be specified in the third person.

Defective verbs

Some verbs are defective in that they are missing some of their forms. To indicate a missing form, use -. For example, the verb redire (’to return’) has no past historic, imperfect, future or imperfect subjunctive. Indicate as follows:

{{it-verb|a/rièdo,-,redìto.imperf:-.fut:-.impsub:-}}

which produces

If the verb is missing its past participle, use - as normal, but also put a - in place of the auxiliary, because without a past participle no composed tenses can be formed. An example is serpere (’to snake’):

{{it-verb|-\è,-,-}}

which produces

Pronominal verbs

Pronominal verbs are those verbs that inherently have a clitic pronoun attached to the infinitive. Reflexive verbs, covered above, are a type of pronominal verb; not all pronominal verbs are reflexive. An example that is not is spuntarla (’to make it, to succeed’), composed of spuntare + clitic -la. Indicate pronominal verbs as normal:

{{it-verb|a/ù}}

which produces

Note that the clitic is automatically moved before the finite forms.

If the pronominal verb is reflexive, the auxiliary spec will be omitted, as with all reflexive verbs (see above). An example is trovarcisi (’to find oneself in a happy situation’):

{{it-verb|ò}}

which produces

note that the two clitics are automatically moved to the front of the finite forms, and -si is automatically converted to mi.

If the pronominal verb is irregular, don't include any of the clitics in the irregular forms except for the imperative (same as with reflexive verbs). An example is andarsene (’to go away, to leave’):

{{it-verb|vàdo.fut:andrò.sub:vàda.imp:và}}

which produces

Another example is volerci (’to be needed, to be required’). This is third person only, hence it uses the spec thirdonly (see above), and requires that all irregular forms be given in the third-person:

{{it-verb|e/-.presrow:-,-,vuòle,-,-,vògliono.phisrow:-,-,vòlle,-,-,vòllero.futrow:-,-,vorrà,-,-,vorrànno.sub:vòglia.thirdonly}}

which produces

Multiword expressions

Multiword expressions such as prestare attenzione (’to pay attention’) are supported. To indicate the conjugation of such an expression, place the full verbal spec inside angle brackets (<...>) directly after the verb to be conjugated:

{{it-verb|prestare<a/è> attenzione}}

which produces

Individual portions of the expression, including words other than the verb, are automatically linked. To override this, add explicit links, e.g. for tenere d'occhio (’to keep an eye on’):

{{0it-verb|tenere<a/tèngo,ténni.fut:terrò.imp:tièni> [[d']][[occhio]]}}

which produces

This even works if there are multiple verbs in the expression, e.g. trascinare e rilasciare (’to drag and drop’):

{{it-verb|trascinare<a/ì> e rilasciare<a/à>}}

which produces

Qualifiers and references

As mentioned above, you can place a qualifier in square brackets after any verb form or after an auxiliary, to indicate under what circumstances that particular form or auxiliary is used. For example, for the verb forare (’to pierce’), specify:

{{it-verb|a/ò:ó[traditional]}}

which produces

Here, we indicate the modern stressed-vowel pronunciation fòro along with the traditional one fóro, marked as such.

An example of qualifiers on auxiliaries occurs with discendere (’to descend’), which has both intransitive usages (which take the auxiliary essere) and transitive usages (which take the auxiliary avere, as with all transitive verbs). To indicate this, specify:

{{it-verb|e[intransitive]:a[transitive]\é:è,discési,discéso}}

which produces

You can also specify reference footnotes to be displayed after a given form. To specify such a footnote, use the syntax [ref:...] directly after a form, similar to a qualifier. For example, for discendere, to footnote the fact that both discéndo and discèndo are allowed in modern usage (traditional usage calls for discéndo only), citing Luciano Canepari's Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana, use:

{{0it-verb|e[intransitive]:a[transitive]\é:è[ref:{{R:it:DiPI|discendo}}],discési,discéso}}

===References===
<references />

which produces

References

Here, we use a template call to {{R:it:DiPI}}, which generates a citation to Canepari's online dictionary.

You can combine qualifiers and reference notes on the same form. For example, for forare above, to footnote the pronunciations fòro (modern) and fóro (traditional), use:

{{0it-verb|a/ò:ó[traditional][ref:{{R:it:DiPI|foro}}]}}

===References===
<references />

which produces

References

The syntax of the contents inside of [ref:...] is the same as for the |ref= parameter to {{IPA}} and {{it-IPA}}. Specifically, to specify multiple footnotes, separate them with  !!! (with or without spaces). To specify a name for a given footnote, use <<name:NAME>> directly after the footnote text, as if <ref name="NAME">...</ref> were used, and to use a previously named footnote a second time, use only <<name:NAME>> with an empty footnote text, as if <ref name="NAME" /> were used. See {{IPA}} for more information.

Parameters

The allowed parameters are as follows:

|1=

Specify the inflected forms; see above.

|head=, |head2=, ...

Override the headword. Useful especially to add unpredictable links in multiword expressions (an automatic linking algorithm applies in the absence of this, and links each word).

|noautolinktext=1

Disable the autolinking algorithm for text outside of the verb itself, in multiword expressions.

|noautolinkverb=1

Disable the autolinking algorithm for the verb. If you use both this and |noautolinktext=1, no autolinking will happen, with the result that any links need to be specified using |head= and non-lemma forms will be linked in their entirety.

|sort=

Optional argument to specify the sort key; rarely needed.

|id=

Optional argument to specify a sense ID for linking purposes; see {{senseid}} and {{l}}.

A lap frissítéséhez kattints ide!