nquma

Phuthi

Verb

-nquma

1. to become dry

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Xhosa

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Verb

-nquma^?

1. (transitive) to congeal, to freeze

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Zulu

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ᵑǃúːma/

Verb

-nqúma

1. (transitive) to cut off, to sever, to amputate
2. (transitive) to decide

Inflection

Tone H
Infinitive	ukunquma
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukunquma	ukunganqumi
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	nquma	-nqume
Plural	nqumani	-nqumeni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyanquma, nginquma	enginqumayo, enginquma	nginquma	anginqumi	enginganqumi	nginganqumi
2nd singular	uyanquma, unquma	onqumayo, onquma	unquma	awunqumi	onganqumi	unganqumi
1st plural	siyanquma, sinquma	esinqumayo, esinquma	sinquma	asinqumi	esinganqumi	singanqumi
2nd plural	niyanquma, ninquma	eninqumayo, eninquma	ninquma	aninqumi	eninganqumi	ninganqumi
Class 1	uyanquma, unquma	onqumayo, onquma	enquma	akanqumi	onganqumi	enganqumi
Class 2	bayanquma, banquma	abanqumayo, abanquma	benquma	abanqumi	abanganqumi	benganqumi
Class 3	uyanquma, unquma	onqumayo, onquma	unquma	awunqumi	onganqumi	unganqumi
Class 4	iyanquma, inquma	enqumayo, enquma	inquma	ayinqumi	enganqumi	inganqumi
Class 5	liyanquma, linquma	elinqumayo, elinquma	linquma	alinqumi	elinganqumi	linganqumi
Class 6	ayanquma, anquma	anqumayo, anquma	enquma	awanqumi	anganqumi	enganqumi
Class 7	siyanquma, sinquma	esinqumayo, esinquma	sinquma	asinqumi	esinganqumi	singanqumi
Class 8	ziyanquma, zinquma	ezinqumayo, ezinquma	zinquma	azinqumi	ezinganqumi	zinganqumi
Class 9	iyanquma, inquma	enqumayo, enquma	inquma	ayinqumi	enganqumi	inganqumi
Class 10	ziyanquma, zinquma	ezinqumayo, ezinquma	zinquma	azinqumi	ezinganqumi	zinganqumi
Class 11	luyanquma, lunquma	olunqumayo, olunquma	lunquma	alunqumi	olunganqumi	lunganqumi
Class 14	buyanquma, bunquma	obunqumayo, obunquma	bunquma	abunqumi	obunganqumi	bunganqumi
Class 15	kuyanquma, kunquma	okunqumayo, okunquma	kunquma	akunqumi	okunganqumi	kunganqumi
Class 17	kuyanquma, kunquma	okunqumayo, okunquma	kunquma	akunqumi	okunganqumi	kunganqumi
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	nginqumile, nginqumē	enginqumile, enginqumē	nginqumile, nginqumē	anginqumanga	enginganqumanga	nginganqumanga
2nd singular	unqumile, unqumē	onqumile, onqumē	unqumile, unqumē	awunqumanga	onganqumanga	unganqumanga
1st plural	sinqumile, sinqumē	esinqumile, esinqumē	sinqumile, sinqumē	asinqumanga	esinganqumanga	singanqumanga
2nd plural	ninqumile, ninqumē	eninqumile, eninqumē	ninqumile, ninqumē	aninqumanga	eninganqumanga	ninganqumanga
Class 1	unqumile, unqumē	onqumile, onqumē	enqumile, enqumē	akanqumanga	onganqumanga	enganqumanga
Class 2	banqumile, banqumē	abanqumile, abanqumē	benqumile, benqumē	abanqumanga	abanganqumanga	benganqumanga
Class 3	unqumile, unqumē	onqumile, onqumē	unqumile, unqumē	awunqumanga	onganqumanga	unganqumanga
Class 4	inqumile, inqumē	enqumile, enqumē	inqumile, inqumē	ayinqumanga	enganqumanga	inganqumanga
Class 5	linqumile, linqumē	elinqumile, elinqumē	linqumile, linqumē	alinqumanga	elinganqumanga	linganqumanga
Class 6	anqumile, anqumē	anqumile, anqumē	enqumile, enqumē	awanqumanga	anganqumanga	enganqumanga
Class 7	sinqumile, sinqumē	esinqumile, esinqumē	sinqumile, sinqumē	asinqumanga	esinganqumanga	singanqumanga
Class 8	zinqumile, zinqumē	ezinqumile, ezinqumē	zinqumile, zinqumē	azinqumanga	ezinganqumanga	zinganqumanga
Class 9	inqumile, inqumē	enqumile, enqumē	inqumile, inqumē	ayinqumanga	enganqumanga	inganqumanga
Class 10	zinqumile, zinqumē	ezinqumile, ezinqumē	zinqumile, zinqumē	azinqumanga	ezinganqumanga	zinganqumanga
Class 11	lunqumile, lunqumē	olunqumile, olunqumē	lunqumile, lunqumē	alunqumanga	olunganqumanga	lunganqumanga
Class 14	bunqumile, bunqumē	obunqumile, obunqumē	bunqumile, bunqumē	abunqumanga	obunganqumanga	bunganqumanga
Class 15	kunqumile, kunqumē	okunqumile, okunqumē	kunqumile, kunqumē	akunqumanga	okunganqumanga	kunganqumanga
Class 17	kunqumile, kunqumē	okunqumile, okunqumē	kunqumile, kunqumē	akunqumanga	okunganqumanga	kunganqumanga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngānquma	engānquma	ngānquma	anginqumanga	enginganqumanga	nginganqumanga
2nd singular	wānquma	owānquma	wānquma	awunqumanga	onganqumanga	unganqumanga
1st plural	sānquma	esānquma	sānquma	asinqumanga	esinganqumanga	singanqumanga
2nd plural	nānquma	enānquma	nānquma	aninqumanga	eninganqumanga	ninganqumanga
Class 1	wānquma	owānquma	ānquma	akanqumanga	onganqumanga	enganqumanga
Class 2	bānquma	abānquma	bānquma	abanqumanga	abanganqumanga	benganqumanga
Class 3	wānquma	owānquma	wānquma	awunqumanga	onganqumanga	unganqumanga
Class 4	yānquma	eyānquma	yānquma	ayinqumanga	enganqumanga	inganqumanga
Class 5	lānquma	elānquma	lānquma	alinqumanga	elinganqumanga	linganqumanga
Class 6	ānquma	ānquma	ānquma	awanqumanga	anganqumanga	enganqumanga
Class 7	sānquma	esānquma	sānquma	asinqumanga	esinganqumanga	singanqumanga
Class 8	zānquma	ezānquma	zānquma	azinqumanga	ezinganqumanga	zinganqumanga
Class 9	yānquma	eyānquma	yānquma	ayinqumanga	enganqumanga	inganqumanga
Class 10	zānquma	ezānquma	zānquma	azinqumanga	ezinganqumanga	zinganqumanga
Class 11	lwānquma	olwānquma	lwānquma	alunqumanga	olunganqumanga	lunganqumanga
Class 14	bānquma	obānquma	bānquma	abunqumanga	obunganqumanga	bunganqumanga
Class 15	kwānquma	okwānquma	kwānquma	akunqumanga	okunganqumanga	kunganqumanga
Class 17	kwānquma	okwānquma	kwānquma	akunqumanga	okunganqumanga	kunganqumanga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	nginganquma	—	nginganquma	ngingenqume	—	ngingenqume
2nd singular	unganquma	—	unganquma	ungenqume	—	ungenqume
1st plural	singanquma	—	singanquma	singenqume	—	singenqume
2nd plural	ninganquma	—	ninganquma	ningenqume	—	ningenqume
Class 1	anganquma	—	enganquma	angenqume	—	engenqume
Class 2	banganquma	—	benganquma	bangenqume	—	bengenqume
Class 3	unganquma	—	unganquma	ungenqume	—	ungenqume
Class 4	inganquma	—	inganquma	ingenqume	—	ingenqume
Class 5	linganquma	—	linganquma	lingenqume	—	lingenqume
Class 6	anganquma	—	enganquma	angenqume	—	engenqume
Class 7	singanquma	—	singanquma	singenqume	—	singenqume
Class 8	zinganquma	—	zinganquma	zingenqume	—	zingenqume
Class 9	inganquma	—	inganquma	ingenqume	—	ingenqume
Class 10	zinganquma	—	zinganquma	zingenqume	—	zingenqume
Class 11	lunganquma	—	lunganquma	lungenqume	—	lungenqume
Class 14	bunganquma	—	bunganquma	bungenqume	—	bungenqume
Class 15	kunganquma	—	kunganquma	kungenqume	—	kungenqume
Class 17	kunganquma	—	kunganquma	kungenqume	—	kungenqume
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizonquma	engizonquma	ngizonquma	angizunquma	engingezunquma	ngingezunquma
2nd singular	uzonquma	ozonquma	uzonquma	awuzunquma	ongezunquma	ungezunquma
1st plural	sizonquma	esizonquma	sizonquma	asizunquma	esingezunquma	singezunquma
2nd plural	nizonquma	enizonquma	nizonquma	anizunquma	eningezunquma	ningezunquma
Class 1	uzonquma	ozonquma	ezonquma	akazunquma	ongezunquma	engezunquma
Class 2	bazonquma	abazonquma	bezonquma	abazunquma	abangezunquma	bengezunquma
Class 3	uzonquma	ozonquma	uzonquma	awuzunquma	ongezunquma	ungezunquma
Class 4	izonquma	ezonquma	izonquma	ayizunquma	engezunquma	ingezunquma
Class 5	lizonquma	elizonquma	lizonquma	alizunquma	elingezunquma	lingezunquma
Class 6	azonquma	azonquma	ezonquma	awazunquma	angezunquma	engezunquma
Class 7	sizonquma	esizonquma	sizonquma	asizunquma	esingezunquma	singezunquma
Class 8	zizonquma	ezizonquma	zizonquma	azizunquma	ezingezunquma	zingezunquma
Class 9	izonquma	ezonquma	izonquma	ayizunquma	engezunquma	ingezunquma
Class 10	zizonquma	ezizonquma	zizonquma	azizunquma	ezingezunquma	zingezunquma
Class 11	luzonquma	oluzonquma	luzonquma	aluzunquma	olungezunquma	lungezunquma
Class 14	buzonquma	obuzonquma	buzonquma	abuzunquma	obungezunquma	bungezunquma
Class 15	kuzonquma	okuzonquma	kuzonquma	akuzunquma	okungezunquma	kungezunquma
Class 17	kuzonquma	okuzonquma	kuzonquma	akuzunquma	okungezunquma	kungezunquma
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyonquma	engiyonquma	ngiyonquma	angiyunquma	engingeyunquma	ngingeyunquma
2nd singular	uyonquma	oyonquma	uyonquma	awuyunquma	ongeyunquma	ungeyunquma
1st plural	siyonquma	esiyonquma	siyonquma	asiyunquma	esingeyunquma	singeyunquma
2nd plural	niyonquma	eniyonquma	niyonquma	aniyunquma	eningeyunquma	ningeyunquma
Class 1	uyonquma	oyonquma	eyonquma	akayunquma	ongeyunquma	engeyunquma
Class 2	bayonquma	abayonquma	beyonquma	abayunquma	abangeyunquma	bengeyunquma
Class 3	uyonquma	oyonquma	uyonquma	awuyunquma	ongeyunquma	ungeyunquma
Class 4	iyonquma	eyonquma	iyonquma	ayiyunquma	engeyunquma	ingeyunquma
Class 5	liyonquma	eliyonquma	liyonquma	aliyunquma	elingeyunquma	lingeyunquma
Class 6	ayonquma	ayonquma	eyonquma	awayunquma	angeyunquma	engeyunquma
Class 7	siyonquma	esiyonquma	siyonquma	asiyunquma	esingeyunquma	singeyunquma
Class 8	ziyonquma	eziyonquma	ziyonquma	aziyunquma	ezingeyunquma	zingeyunquma
Class 9	iyonquma	eyonquma	iyonquma	ayiyunquma	engeyunquma	ingeyunquma
Class 10	ziyonquma	eziyonquma	ziyonquma	aziyunquma	ezingeyunquma	zingeyunquma
Class 11	luyonquma	oluyonquma	luyonquma	aluyunquma	olungeyunquma	lungeyunquma
Class 14	buyonquma	obuyonquma	buyonquma	abuyunquma	obungeyunquma	bungeyunquma
Class 15	kuyonquma	okuyonquma	kuyonquma	akuyunquma	okungeyunquma	kungeyunquma
Class 17	kuyonquma	okuyonquma	kuyonquma	akuyunquma	okungeyunquma	kungeyunquma
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	nginqume	nginganqumi
2nd singular	unqume	unganqumi
1st plural	sinqume	singanqumi
2nd plural	ninqume	ninganqumi
Class 1	anqume	anganqumi
Class 2	banqume	banganqumi
Class 3	unqume	unganqumi
Class 4	inqume	inganqumi
Class 5	linqume	linganqumi
Class 6	anqume	anganqumi
Class 7	sinqume	singanqumi
Class 8	zinqume	zinganqumi
Class 9	inqume	inganqumi
Class 10	zinqume	zinganqumi
Class 11	lunqume	lunganqumi
Class 14	bunqume	bunganqumi
Class 15	kunqume	kunganqumi
Class 17	kunqume	kunganqumi
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	nganquma	nganganquma, anganquma, anganganquma
2nd singular	wanquma	wanganquma, awanquma, awanganquma
1st plural	sanquma	sanganquma, asanquma, asanganquma
2nd plural	nanquma	nanganquma, ananquma, ananganquma
Class 1	wanquma	wanganquma, akanquma, akanganquma
Class 2	banquma	banganquma, abanquma, abanganquma
Class 3	wanquma	wanganquma, awanquma, awanganquma
Class 4	yanquma	yanganquma, ayanquma, ayanganquma
Class 5	lanquma	langanquma, alanquma, alanganquma
Class 6	anquma	anganquma, awanquma, awanganquma
Class 7	sanquma	sanganquma, asanquma, asanganquma
Class 8	zanquma	zanganquma, azanquma, azanganquma
Class 9	yanquma	yanganquma, ayanquma, ayanganquma
Class 10	zanquma	zanganquma, azanquma, azanganquma
Class 11	lwanquma	lwanganquma, alwanquma, alwanganquma
Class 14	banquma	banganquma, abanquma, abanganquma
Class 15	kwanquma	kwanganquma, akwanquma, akwanganquma
Class 17	kwanquma	kwanganquma, akwanquma, akwanganquma

References

• C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “nquma”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “nquma (3.9)”