Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/teh₂g-

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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Root 1

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*teh₂g-[1]

  1. to touch
  2. to grasp, take with the hand

Alternative reconstructions

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Reconstruction notes

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Derived terms

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Verbs:

  • *té-th₂g-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)[4][1][5]
    • *te-th₂g-ónt-s (participle)
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *tēkaną (< *deh₁g- < *dedg- < *tedg-?) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *tetagai (indic.perf.)
    • >? Proto-Tocharian: *tēke[2]
      • Tocharian B: täk- (secondary ä after full-grade cek-)
      • Tocharian B: tetekor (touch, noun)
  • *te-tóh₂g-e ~ *te-th₂g-ḗr (reduplicated stative)
  • *tóh₂g-e-ti (o-grade thematic present)
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *takaną
      • Old Norse: taka (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Tocharian:
      • Tocharian B: [Term?] (subj.)
  • *th₂--g-ti ~ th₂-n-g-énti[1][7] or *th₂g-néh₂-ti[8]
    • >? Proto-Celtic: *tongeti (swears, verb) (with unusual o-grade)[9] (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *þakkōną (to touch lightly, stroke) (or *þakwōną, derived from *téh₂g-us ~ *th₂g-éw-s?) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-West Germanic:
    • Proto-Italic: *tangō
      • Latin: tangō (see there for further descendants)
      • >? Marrucinian: taa
      • >? Volscian: atahut
  • *téh₂g-se-ti
    • Proto-Italic: *taksō
      • Latin: taxō (see there for further descendants)
  • *th₂g-yé-ti
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *takjaną[4]
      • Proto-West Germanic: *takkjan
        • Old Frisian: tetsia (to appropriate)

Nominal formations:

  • *téh₂g(-s)-mn̥ (contact, noun)
    • Latin: con-tāmin-ō (bring into contact, touch, verb) (see there for further descendants)
  • *n̥-th₂g-ró-s (untouched, adjective)
  • *téh₂g-slo-s
    • Proto-Italic: *tākslos
      • >? Latin: tālus (ankle(bone), knuckle(bone)) (see there for further descendants)
  • *téh₂(n)g-(s)-mn̥[10]
    • Proto-Celtic: *tanxsman?
      • Proto-Brythonic: [Term?] (verb)
        • >? Welsh: teimlo (to touch, feel)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • >? Proto-Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: թակարդ (tʻakard, trap, snare)[11] (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: թաթ (tʻatʻ, sole (of the foot), palm; pouch; scale)[12] (see there for further descendants)

References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*teh₂⁽ǵ⁾- ‘berühren, fassen’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 616–617
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “täk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 305–306:
    It is particularly noteworthy that the long-grade thematic present formation (like those seen in klyaus-, klep- or tänk-, qq.v.) of TchB is exactly matched by Gothic tēkan and the (PIE) o-grade present (Tocharian subjunctive) is exactly matched by Old Norse taka.
  3. ^ Mottausch, Karl-Heinz (1993) “Zwei verkannte germanisch-italische Isoglossen”, in Historische Sprachforschung, volume 106, pages 148–175
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Kortlandt, Frederik H.H. (2000) “Old Norse taka, Gothic tekan, Greek τεταγών”, in North-Western European Language Evolution, volume 36, pages 59–65
  5. 5.0 5.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*takan- ~ *tēkan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 507:The Germanic strong verb is clearly derived from PIE *teh₂g-, but the development of this root into *takan- and *tēkan- is not straightforward. […]
  6. ^ Ringe, Don (1988–1990) “Evidence for the Position of Tocharian in the Indo-European Family?”, in Sprache, volume 34, published 1991, page 105-15 of 59–123
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “tangō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 606–607:PIE pr. *th₂-n-g- ‘to touch’
  8. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þak(k)ōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 532:*th₂g-néh₂- (IE)
  9. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*tong-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 383:PIE *th₂og-?
  10. ^ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 160:W. mni̯ > ml in teimlo ‘to feel’ < *teimni̯o < *tamn- < *tang-smen‑: Lat. tango.
  11. ^ J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010) “թակարդ”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 255a
  12. ^ J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010) “թաթ”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 253

See also

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  • *tek- (to take, receive)

Root 2

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*teh₂g-[1]

  1. to order, arrange; to establish
  2. to command, rule

Alternative reconstructions

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Reconstruction notes

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In view of reflexes which show a short vowel /a/, LIV prefers a reconstruction with the marginal, controversial phoneme *a.[2] Beekes finds no issue with *teh₂g-, so long as the Old Persian descendant lost its laryngeal due to Lubotsky's law in Indo-Iranian (*HDC > *DC).[1] Both sources agree however that the long vowel in Ancient Greek τᾱγός (tāgós) is unexpected.

Perhaps originally the same root as *teh₂g- (to touch). (See the meanings of Latin taxō (to touch > to estimate, reckon), and for a parallel semantic development compare Proto-Indo-European *tek- (to take, receive) > Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšáyati (to have control, rule).)

Derived terms

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Verbs:

  • *téh₂g-se-ti (desiderative)[2]
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: τάξω (táxō, will establish, will order)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Iranian:
        • Old Persian: [script needed] (ham-ataxšatā, makes an effort to be orderly)
  • *th₂g-yé-ti[2]
    • ? *th₂g-t-yé-ti (or change of the suffix in Greek by analogy with the aorist[2][1])

Nominal formations:

  • *th₂g-éh₂
    • Proto-Hellenic: *tagā́
      • Ancient Greek: ταγή (tagḗ, array, order, supply)
  • *téh₂g-mn̥
    • Proto-Hellenic: *tágmə
      • Ancient Greek: τάγμα (tágma, ordinance, command)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tágma
      • Proto-Iranian: *tágma
        • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
          • ? Parthian: 𐭕𐭂𐭌-𐭃𐭓 (tgm-dr /⁠tagma-dāra-⁠/, commander, a title, literally order-giver)
  • *teh₂g-ó-s
    • >? Proto-Hellenic: *tāgós
      • Ancient Greek: τᾱγός (tāgós, commander, ruler) (see there for further descendants)
  • *téh₂g-yu-s[3]
    • Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (commander, chief)

References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τάσσω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1454–1455
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*tag- ‘ordnen, anordnen, aufstellen’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 615
  3. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “tāś”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 304:PIE *tāgyu-