Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/teh₂g-

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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Root 1

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*teh₂g-[1]

  2. to touch
  4. to grasp, take with the hand

Alternative reconstructions

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Reconstruction notes

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Notes on this reconstruction

Attempts have been made to connect this set with Proto-Germanic *tēkaną, *takaną (“to touch; to grasp, take”) and Tocharian B täk- (“to touch, feel (with the hand); to fetch”), ceśäṃ (3sg.pres.), which eo ipso point to Proto-Indo-European *deh₁g- (or *deg-/*dēg-, which would appear to violate the constraint that prohibits PIE roots of the shape *DeD-); the initial stop in Germanic and the vowel in Tocharian preclude any regular derivation from *teh₂g- or *tag-. Hamp, in an effort to explain both problems at once, has suggested a root *teg- as the source of all of these terms, with zero-grade *tₔg-, which he assumes in pre-Germanic assimilated to *dg-, as the source of forms with /a/ (< *[ə]).[2] However, this leaves Greek /a/ (zero vowel expected) and the long vowel in Gothic 𐍄𐌴𐌺𐌰𐌽 (tēkan) unexplained. Mottausch's solution is to assume the reduplicated form *te-th₂g- gave rise to pre-Germanic *te-dg-, with regular deletion of an interconsonantal laryngeal in an unstressed syllable plus voicing assimilation, which was back-formed to *de-dg- to restore normal reduplication (paralleling PIE *píph₃eti > *píbeti > Latin bibit);[3] the Tocharian may tentatively be grouped under the same formation. Per Kortlandt, the Germanic long *ē may thus have developed from dissimilation of this *dedg- to glottalic *deh₁g- (cf. *penkʷe-dḱomt (“fifty”) > *penkʷēḱomt > Ancient Greek πεντήκοντα (pentḗkonta), Sanskrit पञ्चाशत् (pañcāśát), Latin quīnquāgintā).[4] Kroonen upholds this derivation although notes the great difficulties involved. For a partial alternative, he suggests a back-formation of *tēkaną from iterative *þakkōną (cf. *slapp/bōną ⇒ *slēpaną).[5] Ringe contends that either pre-Germanic or pre-Tocharian borrowed the word from the other.[6]

Derived terms

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Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *teh₂g- (touch) (23 c, 0 e)

Verbs:

  • *té-th₂g-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)[4][1][5]
    • ⇒ *te-th₂g-ónt-s (participle)
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *tēkaną (< *deh₁g- < *dedg- < *tedg-?) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *tetagai (indic.perf.)
    • >? Proto-Tocharian: *tēke[2]
      • Tocharian B: täk- (secondary ä after full-grade cek-)
      • ⇒ Tocharian B: tetekor (“touch”, noun)
  • *te-tóh₂g-e ~ *te-th₂g-ḗr (reduplicated stative)
  • *tóh₂g-e-ti (o-grade thematic present)
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *takaną
      • Old Norse: taka (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Tocharian:
      • Tocharian B: [Term?] (subj.)
  • *th₂-né-g-ti ~ th₂-n-g-énti[1][7] or *th₂g-néh₂-ti[8]
    • >? Proto-Celtic: *tongeti (“swears”, verb) (with unusual o-grade)[9] (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *þakkōną (“to touch lightly, stroke”) (or *þakwōną, derived from *téh₂g-us ~ *th₂g-éw-s?) (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ Proto-West Germanic:
    • Proto-Italic: *tangō
      • Latin: tangō (see there for further descendants)
      • >? Marrucinian: taa
      • >? Volscian: atahut
  • *téh₂g-se-ti
    • Proto-Italic: *taksō
      • Latin: taxō (see there for further descendants)
  • *th₂g-yé-ti
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *takjaną[4]
      • Proto-West Germanic: *takkjan
        • Old Frisian: tetsia (“to appropriate”)

Nominal formations:

  • *téh₂g(-s)-mn̥ (“contact”, noun)
    • ⇒ Latin: con-tāmin-ō (“bring into contact, touch”, verb) (see there for further descendants)
  • *n̥-th₂g-ró-s (“untouched”, adjective)
  • *téh₂g-slo-s
    • Proto-Italic: *tākslos
      • >? Latin: tālus (“ankle(bone), knuckle(bone)”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *téh₂(n)g-(s)-mn̥[10]
    • Proto-Celtic: *tanxsman?
      • ⇒ Proto-Brythonic: [Term?] (verb)
        • >? Welsh: teimlo (“to touch, feel”)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • >? Proto-Armenian:
      • ⇒ Old Armenian: թակարդ (tʻakard, “trap, snare”)[11] (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Armenian:
      • ⇒ Old Armenian: թաթ (tʻatʻ, “sole (of the foot), palm; pouch; scale”)[12] (see there for further descendants)

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*teh₂⁽ǵ⁾- ‘berühren, fassen’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 616–617
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “täk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 305–306:
    It is particularly noteworthy that the long-grade thematic present formation (like those seen in klyaus-, klep- or tänk-, qq.v.) of TchB is exactly matched by Gothic tēkan and the (PIE) o-grade present (Tocharian subjunctive) is exactly matched by Old Norse taka.
  3. ^ Mottausch, Karl-Heinz (1993) “Zwei verkannte germanisch-italische Isoglossen”, in Historische Sprachforschung, volume 106, pages 148–175
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Kortlandt, Frederik H.H. (2000) “Old Norse taka, Gothic tekan, Greek τεταγών”, in North-Western European Language Evolution, volume 36, pages 59–65
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*takan- ~ *tēkan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 507: “The Germanic strong verb is clearly derived from PIE *teh₂g-, but the development of this root into *takan- and *tēkan- is not straightforward. […]”
  6. ^ Ringe, Don (1988–1990) “Evidence for the Position of Tocharian in the Indo-European Family?”, in Sprache, volume 34, published 1991, page 105-15 of 59–123
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “tangō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 606–607: “PIE pr. *th₂-n-g- ‘to touch’”
  8. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þak(k)ōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 532: “*th₂g-néh₂- (IE)”
  9. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*tong-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 383: “PIE *th₂og-?”
  10. ^ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 160: “W. mni̯ > ml in teimlo ‘to feel’ < *teimni̯o < *tamn- < *tang-smen‑: Lat. tango.”
  11. ^ J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010) “թակարդ”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 255a
  12. ^ J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010) “թաթ”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 253

See also

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  • *tek- (“to take, receive”)

Root 2

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*teh₂g-[1]

  2. to order, arrange; to establish
  3. to command, rule

Alternative reconstructions

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Reconstruction notes

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In view of reflexes which show a short vowel /a/, LIV prefers a reconstruction with the marginal, controversial phoneme *a.[2] Beekes finds no issue with *teh₂g-, so long as the Old Persian descendant lost its laryngeal due to Lubotsky's law in Indo-Iranian (*HDC > *DC).[1] Both sources agree however that the long vowel in Ancient Greek τᾱγός (tāgós) is unexpected.

Perhaps originally the same root as *teh₂g- (“to touch”). (See the meanings of Latin taxō (“to touch > to estimate, reckon”), and for a parallel semantic development compare Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to take, receive”) > Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšáyati (“to have control, rule”).)

Derived terms

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Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *teh₂g- (order) (6 c, 0 e)

Verbs:

  • *téh₂g-se-ti (desiderative)[2]
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: τάξω (táxō, “will establish, will order”)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Iranian:
        • ⇒ Old Persian: [script needed] (ham-ataxšatā, “makes an effort to be orderly”)
  • *th₂g-yé-ti[2]
    • ⇒? *th₂g-t-yé-ti (or change of the suffix in Greek by analogy with the aorist[2][1])

Nominal formations:

  • *th₂g-éh₂
    • Proto-Hellenic: *tagā́
      • Ancient Greek: ταγή (tagḗ, “array, order, supply”)
  • *téh₂g-mn̥
    • Proto-Hellenic: *tágmə
      • Ancient Greek: τάγμα (tágma, “ordinance, command”)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tágma
      • Proto-Iranian: *tágma
        • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
          • ⇒? Parthian: 𐭕𐭂𐭌-𐭃𐭓 (tgm-dr /⁠tagma-dāra-⁠/, “commander”, a title, literally “order-giver”)
  • *teh₂g-ó-s
    • >? Proto-Hellenic: *tāgós
      • Ancient Greek: τᾱγός (tāgós, “commander, ruler”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *téh₂g-yu-s[3]
    • Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“commander, chief”)

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τάσσω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1454–1455
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*tag- ‘ordnen, anordnen, aufstellen’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 615
  3. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “tāś”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 304: “PIE *tāgyu-”
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