Appendix:Oto-Manguean Swadesh lists
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This is a Swadesh list of Oto-Manguean languages, specifically Copala Triqui, Proto-Mixtecan, Isthmus Zapotec and Zapotec and one or more others, compared with that of English.
This list includes Totonacan, Mixe-Zoquean, Huave, and Tequistlatecan languages for comparative purposes. Included are:
- Otomi (Hidalgo, Mexico)
- Triqui (Western Oaxaca, Mexico) — San Juan Copala
- Mixtec (Guerrero and Oaxaca, Mexico) — Tlaxiaco/Putla area Mixtec; unknown dialect
- Zapotec (Oaxaca, Mexico) — Isthmus variant
- Zapotec (Oaxaca, Mexico) — Villa Alta (Xhon) variant
- Mazahua (State of Mexico, Mexico)
- Totonac (Northern Veracruz, Mexico) — Totonacan language
- Popoluca, Sierra (Southern Veracruz, Mexico) — Mixe-Zoquean language
- Huave (Oaxaca, Mexico) — language isolate; San Francisco del Mar dialect
- Chontal, Highland (Oaxaca, Mexico) — Tequistlatecan language (probably part of Hokan); San Matías dialect
Notes:
- Isthmus Zapotec: 1 = low, 2 = rising, 3 = high, j = nasalization; no tone values = falling tone on final syllable, low tones on the rest.
- Highland Chontal: "ł" (l-bar) is roughly pronounced as "hl" ("jl" in traditional Spanish orthography). The letter "h" is used as a glottal stop. The prefixes "gal-" and "la-" (with its variants) are often added to roots or stems. The "gu" is a hard "g," not "gw." Verb affixes include "di-" and "-hma," and noun affixes include "ła-" and "(g)al-."
- Tones are not given for various languages, since they are not of paramount importance for comparative purposes.
- Also, additional vocabulary words have been added after word no. 207 ("name"), since the original lengths of Swadesh lists are either 100 or 207 words.
List
[edit]№ | English | Otomian languages | Trique languages | Mixtec languages | Zapotec languages | Mazahua languages | Totonac languages | Popoluca languages | Huave languages | Chontal languages | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(various) | San Juan Copala | Proto-Mixtec | Tlaxiaco/Putla area Mixtec; unknown dialect | Isthmus | Xhon | Michoacan, Central | (various) | (various) | (various) | (various) | ||
1 | I | nuga̲ | 'ùnj | *yuʔu | na (informal), ri (formal) | naa | nheda, nhaa | ik | uts | xiok | iyáh | |
2 | you (singular) |
nu'i | sò', dì' (intimate) | ro'o (informal), ni'in (formal) | lii | lhe' (informal), le'e (formal) | ', -na | mich | iok | imáh | ||
3 | he | nu'ä, nä'ä | so' | ra, yɨ | laa1be2 | lebe | je' | ñu | jiquiya | |||
4 | we | nugawi | ní' (incl.), núj (excl.) | yo'o, ri; nde'e | laa1nu2 (incl.), laa1du2 (excl.) | nheto' | ïjtsat | kunar, kunajts (incl.); xinan (excl.) |
iyángc' | |||
5 | you (plural) |
nu'iwi | soj | ndo | laa1tu2 | le’en, le’eque | míchat | inan | imángc' | |||
6 | they | nu’u | nii | nda | laa1ca1be2 | le’equebe | ñuaf | jiniya | ||||
7 | this | nuna | nihánj | *weyè | yo'o, xa'a | ri’3 | u | ki | jitaha | |||
8 | that | nu'ä | dan, yo' | *yuku à | yukan | ca2 | a | yajtï’n | jicuhua | |||
9 | here | nuwa | nihánj | yo'o, xa'a | che1rí’2 | u | yam | ñinga | faha | |||
10 | there | nu'bu̲ | yo', ti'yaj (distal) | kaa | che1ri1ca’3 | aná | jem, yajm | tikej | jiłuhwa, jipuhwa | |||
11 | who | togo | me síí, me níí (fem.) | navi, unku | tu2 | nhoo | ti | jang | nay, ne | |||
12 | what | temu | me | nda, ndavi, unku | gu1ná’2 | bii | tu | kuñ | de | |||
13 | where | ho'bu̲ | me rej, tonj | nuu | ni, ra, gu1ná’2 | gaaxha | nikú | ke(j) | be | |||
14 | when | hä'mu̲ | me aman, me orá | *awà | nama, na, nuu | pad1xí3, ora | ikxnicu | ngaty (past), ngoy (future) |
dej hora | |||
15 | how | hanja('ä) | dàj | *ndese | nasaa | xi1 caasi2 | latayá | keñ | de ts'ihíc' | |||
16 | not | hin- | ne, sè | tu, koto, ko ansu | nin | ngo | ahí | |||||
17 | all | ta̲t’i, ga̲tho | cunù' | ndi'i | gui1du2bi1, gui1rá’2 | yogo, dote, bala | miaw | ajaf'ga, dalay, jaway | ||||
18 | many | ndunthe, nts'e̲di | me dòj | kua'a, kini | sta1le2 | zan | snún, loko | mayo’y | xuwe | agwegah, axpéh, mufca | ||
19 | some | 'naxtui | dòj | sava, uu | algo (Spanish) | |||||||
20 | few | tx'u̲tho | dòj | lo'o, xaku, tɨ'lɨ | caad1xi2, hua1xié’3 | lhate | agsú, tantsú | tyukay | awatáh, duninih | |||
21 | other | ma ‘na | yo'ó | *tuku | ɨnka | sti3, sto3bi1 | tunu | ogwena | ||||
22 | one | n'aha | 'ò, yo'ò | ɨɨn | tobi | to | d'aja | túm | tu'c | anop | anuli | |
23 | two | yoho | vìj | *uwi | uvi | chu1pa2 | chope | yeje | tuy | meche | ajpaw | oguéh |
24 | three | hñu | va'nùj | *one | uni | chon1na2 | shone | jñiji | tutu | túgup | arujpaw | afanéh |
25 | four | goho | ca'ànj | *kɨwìʔ | kuun | tapa | tape | nziyo | tati | máctaxp | apokiuf | amalbu |
26 | five | ku̲t’a | 'ùn', u'ùn' | *oʔò | u'un | gaayu' | gayo' | tsicha | kitsis | mogoxp | akokiaf | amagueh |
27 | big | dätä | *kaʔnu | ka'un, chee | ngo2la1, xirooba' | daxhen, cha’o | nojo | langa | mïj | -dam | ujxi, agwegah (an) | |
28 | long | maki | xcààn | kani | na1yu’3la’1, naziuula' | tona | slmán, laslmán | idogui | ||||
29 | wide | nxidi, xogi | cachrà' | xicha | nabata, na1la2ga1 | pulanga, tilanga | tarrap | expats'gui, ewofma, luxpayyah | ||||
30 | thick | mpidi, ndä | ca'nù', mànj | kukun | na1na1na2 | yize, chej | kelanga (person) | tsapaj | ibinggui | |||
31 | heavy | hñu̲ | 'èè | *weyi | vee | zi' | trinka | agundah | ||||
32 | small | tx'u̲lo | cunii | lulu, lo'o | na1biu2xe2, nahuiini' | dao, rhinco | lagtsu | namix | ahuinuh | |||
33 | short | tx'u̲ki, nkohi | chrè' | lɨkɨ | nachucu | agahua, ahua | ||||||
34 | narrow | nts'it'i, nts'i'mi | catùùn, chrùj | tuu | na1bé’2 | atúguic | adansca, łijca | |||||
35 | thin | nts'u̲t'i | catùn' (flat obj.) | kuɨñɨ, xii, leke | na1la1se’2 | lhase | ketsú | péjay | axalóf, ałá | |||
36 | woman | 'be̲hñä | chanà | *yáʔą́ʔ | ña, ña ɨ'ɨ | gunaa | nhol'le | nzhixu | puxkat | to’xay | najta | łagahno |
37 | man (adult male) |
'ño̲ho̲ | chii, no'o, snó'o | *teye | taa | nguiiu, ngola (male) | beyo | chiskú | qui’chay | naxuy | galxáns | |
38 | man (human being) |
jä'i | yuviì | *yè yɨwɨʔ | ɨvɨ | bin1ni2, guidxi | bene | jayau | ñipinaj | galxans | ||
39 | child (a youth) |
bätsi | cunii, ne'ej (small) | lulu, lili | ba'du', xiiñi' | bi'- | t'ii | skata | -chwáy | ñunch, kwal | łahuac'wa, lapimi (baby) | |
40 | wife | 'be̲hñä | nicà | (ña)sɨ'ɨ | puskát | łabeno | ||||||
41 | husband | ndo̲ | nicà | *yɨɨʔ | ii | bene xhi’o | takoló | no | łaguweh | |||
42 | mother | nänä | nii | nana | jñaa2 | xnha’ | tsi | mam | mam | łamamah | ||
43 | father | tada | rej | tata | bixhoze | xa | taa | tikú, tlat | tet | tyety | łahal-lih | |
44 | animal | zu'we | xcuu | *kɨtɨʔ | kɨtɨ | ma1ni’3 | be | nzhodú | kitsistanka | animat (Spanish) | łinneja | |
45 | fish | hwä | xcuaj | chaka | benda | bela' | jmoo | skiti | acx | katy, -ndok (verb) |
ładu | |
46 | bird | ts'ints'u̲ | xtaj | *tɨ laa | saa | ma1ni3 huiini’1 | bechhoj | súú | spún | jojn | kuk | łaga, kaguo |
47 | dog | tsat'yo, txu̲ku̲ | chuvee | ina | bi'cu' | beco' | dyoo | chicha | tac | kius | galtsiqui | |
48 | louse | t'o | xij | chuku | bese | too | skata | łayxtał | ||||
49 | snake | pa̲ | xcuáá | *kooʔ | koo | beenda' | bel | luwa | tsánay | łaynofał | ||
50 | worm | zu'we, matse̲ | xlúú | tɨkashin, tɨndaku | bi1cu1ti’3 | beldao | luwa | łabimi | ||||
51 | tree | zaa | chruun | *yutùʔ | yutun, yujnu | yaga | ya'g | zanu | kiwi | cujy | xiol | alhec, loli |
52 | forest | mbozaa | nuyuxia | ya'gdao | t'eje | galhec' | ||||||
53 | stick (of wood) |
'ma̲i (post) | yutun, vitun | yaga | xhis | kiwi | tsïgïc | alhec | ||||
54 | fruit | ixi | chruj | vixi, nde'e | xuananaxhi | dazixe' | xatawakatkiwi | tüjm | kaung | łihas q'uec | ||
55 | seed | nda̲ | 'núú | ndɨkɨn | biidxi' | binhe, xhi’in | lichanat | sajp | galfanúh, łemets | |||
56 | leaf | xi, thot'i | coj, ra'a coj | nda'a yuku | yaza, bandaga | laga | camdïjc (fallen) | up | libela | |||
57 | root | 'yu̲ | yáá | yo'o | xcu | lhoe | tankaxák | tícchic | lime | |||
58 | bark (of tree) |
'ma̲ts'i | quíí | riga | -pang, orr (shell) | lixmi q'uec | ||||||
59 | flower | do̲ni | yaj | ita | guie' | yej | xánat | píjic | libah | |||
60 | grass | pasto (Spanish) | coj | iva | guixi beu’2/ga’3 | yixe' | sox | lixcua q'uec | ||||
61 | rope | nthähi | ya'aa | yo'o | doo | do | tasiwi | almefla, lene | ||||
62 | skin (of a person) |
xifni | nuj | ñɨɨ | guidi | wid | xuwa | ac | tajk | labixmi | ||
63 | meat (as in flesh) |
ngo̲ | neè | *koyò | neè | bee1la2 | belha' | liwa | uñijk | lixíc' | ||
64 | blood | ji | ton | *nɨyɨ`ʔ | nɨñɨ | rini | chhenhe | kagslni | nípin | łajuáts' | ||
65 | bone | ndo'yo | cúú | yɨkɨ | dxita | xhita | lukut | legał | ||||
66 | fat (noun) |
hnoho, nziki | ramii, casté (oil) | *seʔè | xa'an | za | za | -xap (fatten) | fungi | |||
67 | egg | mädo, t’axi | chruj | *ndɨwɨʔ | ndɨvɨ | dxita | zit | kaslwát | coy | um | łabihe | |
68 | horn | ndäni | cúú raà | *ndɨkɨʔ | ndɨkɨ | ca2chu1 | akalókot | waj | legał | |||
69 | tail | ts'u̲ | tucuáán | *luʔwèʔ | su'ma, ndo'ma | pjixi | taján | tu’jts | labo | |||
70 | feather (rather not down) |
xi'ni | *towì | tuu | duubi' | puik | labimi | |||||
71 | hair | xtä | cutziin | ixi, idi | guicha | dobe | ñii | chíxit | cuajy | undiats | łajuac | |
72 | head | ñäxu̲mu | raà | yichj | ique | ndoñi | xakxaka, akxaka | cópac | -mal | łajuac | ||
73 | ear | zagu | xréé | *loʔo | so'o | diaga | nhag | xúrgo | taken | tátsïc | -lajk | laxhmas |
74 | eye | da̲ | rlij rihaan, rnee rihaan | rlij | bezalú | yełao | choo | lakastapu | wijn | -ñujk | lahu | |
75 | nose | xiñu | tacúún | *sitìʔ | xɨtin | xii | xinha' | xiño | kinkán | jïjp | łahnał | |
76 | mouth | ne | tu'va | *yuʔuʔ | yu'u | ruaa | chho'a | nee | kislni | ajw | -mbe | lago |
77 | tooth (rather not molar) |
ts'i | cúú yan' | *noʔo | un'un | laya | lay | sib'i | tatsán | tïjts | -laik | lahay |
78 | tongue | jähne | daa, yaa, laa | yaa | diidxa', lud1xi2 | lochhe' | b'onkjua (cow) | simakat | ajw | -ñiw | łabał | |
79 | fingernail | xa̲ | cúú sten, cúú ston | tiñu | bi1xu1ga2 | xogo' | xojo | siján | xojc | łahnałuc | ||
80 | foot | wa | tacóó | xa'a, sɨ'ɨn | batañee | ni'a | nguaa | tujún | ta’n | -lyej | lahmis | |
81 | leg | xinthe | tacóó | san'da | bid1xi3ñee1, batañee | ni'a | chjange | tuntún | lahmis | |||
82 | knee | ñähmu | raà rùj | yɨkɨ xɨtɨ | xibi | xhib | ñijmo | tsokosni | kos | łengone | ||
83 | hand | 'ye̲ | ra'a | nda'a | ba1ta1ná’2 | nha | dyee | makán | cu’ | wix | lamane | |
84 | wing | jwa | xcóó | *ndixì | ndɨxin | xhiaa | juaa | pakán | quegan | ulaim | laxáł | |
85 | belly | xefo | rque, scoj | chii | ndaani' | yej le'e | pjeme | pan | tínchay | -taing | laguhu | |
86 | guts | xafo | xri' | *xɨtɨ | xitɨ | doo xqui' | xjalo | -miajts | lugwiyale | |||
87 | neck | 'yu̲ga̲ | chihá | *sukùʔ | sukun | yanni | yen | jiúkjú | pixni | -ñok | łajoc' | |
88 | back | xu̲tha | xráá | sata, sɨkɨ | deche | coze' | xútjú | agslchán | laxpulah | |||
89 | breast | 'ba, tiñä (chest) | tzii | xika | xidxi | lacho' | tijmi | tsíkit, kuxmún (chest) | jiu | łonxajmah | ||
90 | heart | mu̲i | rá, nimán | nɨma, añu | ladxidó' | lazdao' | múbú | nakú | calitsíc | łonxajmah | ||
91 | liver | ya | rayaj | staxa'a | la'dxi' | winhe, xcheta | kjúrga | slwakaka | ik | łada | ||
92 | to drink | tsithe, 'bet'i | 'o | ko'o | re', ru1cuii1dxi2 | ziji | kotnún | tïnucp | -ngañu | dixnahma | ||
93 | to eat | tsi, ñuni | chá | *xexiʔ | kaki | ro | gwago | ñona | kuá | -ty | didehma | |
94 | to bite | tsa | chihan' | tɨɨn | ro yaa, ruquiichi' | zakú | skanán | -tsamb | digahma | |||
95 | to suck | juts’i | utaan | tɨ'vɨ | radxi, rin1dii2 | tïnco’yp | ditsihma | |||||
96 | to spit | tsogi | araa talúj, rii talúj | ti'vi | ruchá xhin1ni2 | isputnán | ditsuł'ihma | |||||
97 | to vomit | e̲i, 'yaha | uchráán | nduña | r(us)idxi'ba' | weyeb | patlanán | ï’tsp | tiorr | dinajhma | ||
98 | to blow (as wind) |
jwixt'i | a'yánj | kaxa, tɨvɨ | ruchá bi, run1du1bi2 | búú | difushma | |||||
99 | to breathe | nju̲xu̲hñä | sita ... tachi | ricaa1 bi3 | dunxahma | |||||||
100 | to laugh | thede, theni | a'nga' | kuaku | ru1xid1xi2 | wexhize’ | -kwik | dixohma | ||||
101 | to see | nu | ne'en, ni'yàj | *ndeʔya | kuni, koto | ru1si1ná2, ruuya' | welhe’e | nuu | ikxilá | tïne’p | -ñi | diximhma |
102 | to hear | o̲de | uno | kuni so'o | runa diaga | chhen | tïmárap | -nge | digyejhma | |||
103 | to know (a fact) |
ät’i | chá | kuni | nan2na1 | katso | tïnixtacp (people) | jaw | diximhma | |||
104 | to think | mbeni, 'yomfeni | avii raà | ndo'o ... ini | riní ique | lagpuwan | -tiots | digwahma | ||||
105 | to smell (sense odor) |
yu̲ni | uchrunj | *siko | ta'mi, kuxa'an | rindá', riguba xii | mukus | dujueda | ||||
106 | fear | ntsu, xikwa | chu'vi' | *yuʔwi | yu'u | ridxibi | chhechenhi’i | tïnïxp xogotni’c (verb) |
-mbol | łaxpayguih | ||
107 | to sleep | ähä | otoj | kusun | rasi, rusisiaasi' | wetas | asltatá | -me | dixmayhma | |||
108 | to live | ‘bui | ne, yáán | koo, chakoo | ri1be1za2 | tsïnap | dibajmhma | |||||
109 | to die | tu | avi' | kuvi | rati | wate, chat | ní | -ndyu | dimahna | |||
110 | to kill | ho | ticavi' | ka'ni | ruu1ti2 | wet, chhot | magní | -mbi | dimáhahma | |||
111 | to fight | ntuhni, ntsa̲ | anó tuvi', unu' | kanaa, kinyɨɨ | ri1din1de2 | taratlawá | ||||||
112 | to hunt (transitive) |
pe̲, k'ahni | noco' | k'ani | rie guuze' | xhejsa (noun) | talatnán | tínquep | dihnołhma | |||
113 | to hit | fant’i, umbi | chi'i | ri1ga1pa2, ri1gui1ñe2 | we' | dibahma | ||||||
114 | to cut | he̲ki | a'ne' | ka'ncha, kaxa | ruchuugu', rugá | tïnpuxtucp | ndojky-; ajch (chop) |
dihwitsoda | ||||
115 | to split | he̲ni | t'avi | richeza, ri1gui1che2 | mbajk-; chiot (break) | debíhihma | ||||||
116 | to stab (or stick) |
sut'i | kani | tïnmï’cxp | -tsoly | denahma | ||||||
117 | to scratch (an itch) |
xe̲t'i, xaki | utuù | koyo | ri1guu1ñe2, ruuza1 xhuga2 |
taxtí | koch | debułhma, degofijmhma | ||||
118 | to dig | he̲t'i | váán | kata | -ojty | dibuhma | ||||||
119 | to swim | 'ña̲the | o' ... xtáj | sucha | rixuuba' | ixkiwatnán | tïyump | digafgayhma | ||||
120 | to fly | nsa̲ni | ndachi | wezo | zinzapjú | tïquecp | -laly | diyuhma | ||||
121 | to walk | ‘yowa | chéé | kaka | rizá | nzhodú | tïyo’yp | -jay | dihuahma | |||
122 | to come | ehe | 'na' | kixi | ree1da2 | chhida | min | tïmimp | -pe, -liok | digwaynawo | ||
123 | to lie (as on one's side) |
‘be̲ni | nukava | ra'ta', rixá | tamá | tïncumdacp | piaj | dunawayhma | ||||
124 | to sit | hudi | nukoo | ribí | tawilá | tïntsïndacp | tsot- | digutswayhma | ||||
125 | to stand | 'ba̲i | kandichi | riasa | nanga | takí | lomb- | |||||
126 | to turn (change direction) |
‘ba̲t'i | ri1bi1gue1ta’3 | -ndil | dugwif'hma | |||||||
127 | to fall (as in drop) |
ta̲gi, ho̲e | ayanj | ndikava | riruche | yuja, sltuglí | pogolnaxp | -lich, -ndach | didangguewo, diyujhma | |||
128 | to give | uni | (na)rqué, o' | kua'a, taxi | rudii, rusiga'de' | mastá, maxkí | tïnmoyp | -jch | debíhihma, diguhma | |||
129 | to hold (in one's hand) |
hä, mihi | kutii | denajc'ohma | ||||||||
130 | to squeeze | te̲'mi | riguié, rixii | tïnactsï’csp | dumejhma | |||||||
131 | to rub | koxt'i | rixubi | dumiłhma | ||||||||
132 | to wash | pet'e, xu̲ki | nakacha | riguiibi' | chakenán | jants | debajhma | |||||
133 | to wipe | thuki | nditivi | dedufhma, dunashma | ||||||||
134 | to pull | ju̲t'i | nucuàj, xuun | xisita | rigu'ba', ruruuxha' | wecao | dexałhma, dinihehma, duwanayhma | |||||
135 | to push | tuki | tiguíj (ra'a) | kakin, siki'in | ri1lá2, rucaa1 ná’2 | tantlaglín | dihuanshma | |||||
136 | to throw | u̲ts'i | kakin, siki'in | ruchá | makán | degahnihma | ||||||
137 | to tie | tut'i | run1dii1bi2 | difihehma | ||||||||
138 | to sew | 'we̲ti | nuvá | *ku ɨku | kiku | ri1gui1ba2 | gobe | lixtokó | cu’un’p | -ay | denatsołhma | |
139 | to count | pede | nanó | ka'vi | ru1ga1ba’3 | -tyu | dixuejhmehma, dinefohma | |||||
140 | to say | mä, xifi | taj, tu'va | kachi | rabi | wenha, choe’, diidze’ | mama, ñaa | kuan | inïmp, tïnyïmp | -ndiak | digwahma, dimihma | |
141 | to sing | tuhu | achráá | kata | rusiguunda', ruunda' | wela’a | ïp | dunac'hma | ||||
142 | to play | 'ñeni | tico | kusɨkɨ | riguite | witj (game) | akamanán | ícpay | -tsoj | dif'ilhma | ||
143 | to float | hñe̲nts'i | rixuba1 laahua2 | |||||||||
144 | to flow | tihi, nextri | ri1dá2, ruxooñe' | |||||||||
145 | to freeze | ntse̲ | ||||||||||
146 | to swell | hneni | xaa | ridxá/ruchá gui | yi | dewofc'ohma | ||||||
147 | sun | hyadi | güii | kandii | gubidxa | gobiz | jiarú | chichiní | xïjw | naty | galhora | |
148 | moon | zänä | yavii | *yòòʔ | yoo | beeu | ibo' | zana | papá | po' | kaf | galmuł'a |
149 | star | tso̲ho̲ | yati' | choxini | beleguí (archaic) | belhj | seje | stakú | majts | ukas | galxamna | |
150 | water | dehe | na | *ndute | nducha | nisa | nhis | ndeje | chúchut | nï | iow | lajah |
151 | rain | 'ye | maàn | *sawiʔ | savi, dau, sau | nisa guie | yejo | dyeb'e | sen | tu | wijchior | łagwi |
152 | river | däthe, hñe | chráá | *yute | yuta | guiigu' | yego | ndareje | kasltuchoko | mïjnï | lam | albanah |
153 | lake | zabi | mini | lagu (Spanish) | yelha | yacht | linajmah | |||||
154 | sea (as in ocean) |
däzabi | na ya'ànj | nducha ñɨɨ | nisadó' | nhisdao | ndazapjú | pupunú | ndyuik | łaja | ||
155 | salt | u | yaan | *yɨɨ`ʔ | ñɨɨ | zidi | zede' | öö | mátsat | can | łohwe | |
156 | stone | do, ma'ye, ndo̲do | yahij | *yuuʔ | yuu | guie | ye'j | ndojo | chiwix | kang | łabíc | |
157 | sand | 'bomu | yo'óó chrùù | ñɨtɨ | yuxi | yoxhe | ñaxú | muntsay | po’y | wiujt | łibimats' | |
158 | dust | fonthai | tachruù, yachruù | tɨkacha | (yu) dé | bixte | xijumú | pokxni | łabi, galhufga, łifuh | |||
159 | earth (as in soil) |
hai | yo'óó | ñu'un | layú | yo | jumú | tiyat | nax | iot | łamats' | |
160 | cloud | gui | ngaa | viko | za | bejo | ngomú | pukslni | wintuc | oik | lummaway | |
161 | fog | 'bo̲ngui, 'bipa | ngaa ya'àan | gupa | zendao | dedíhihma lummaway | ||||||
162 | sky | mahets'i | rihaan Ya'anj | andɨvɨ | guibá', xaibá' | yaba' | ajense | akapón | tsajp | tsajkats | lemaha | |
163 | wind (as in breeze) |
ndähi | nanà | *tatiʔ | tachi | bi | be' | un | xe’m | ion | ławah | |
164 | snow | xija | yu've' | yu'va | beye' | xitsji | longni | |||||
165 | ice | tse̲ | yu've' | yu'va | ielu (Spanish) | beye' | xitsji | miki | ||||
166 | to smoke | tsiyu̲i | catze', xrón (noun) | *yuʔwè | ka'mi | gu'xhu' | chwa’ | ikulí | tïju’cp | sop (noun) | dijuehma | |
167 | fire | tsibi | *yuʔù | ñu'un | gui | yi' | islkuyat | jïjn | łunga | |||
168 | ash | 'bospi | yaj | yaa | dé | de | slkaka | cuyjam | ngwiat | łabi | ||
169 | to burn (intransitive) |
tsät'i | ka'mi, kayu | riana | slkú | -ndajp | dibihehma | |||||
170 | road | ts’ixt’u‘ñu, 'ñu | chrej | ichi | neza | nhez | ñii | tijia | tou | tiujt | lane | |
171 | mountain | t'o̲ho̲, mbots'i | quij | *yukuʔ | yuku | gui'xhi' | ya'a | dyáá | kasipitni | cópac | tiok | łijuala |
172 | red | the̲ni | ve'èj | *kweʔe | kua'a | na1xi1ñá’2 | xna | kjipobú | spiníni, tsutsoko | tsábats | unxalí | |
173 | green | k’ants’i, k’a’mi | mareè | kuii | na1ber2de1 (Spanish) | ga' | stákga | xúxuc | axuayga, uxcua | |||
174 | yellow | k'axt'i | míí, mayàj | *kwaà | kuaan | naguchi | gashe | slmukúku | pú’tsputs | mbuwiol | adahajngga, undahe | |
175 | white | t'axi | catzìì | kuixin, xikɨyɨ | na1qui1chi’3 | xhilh | toxú | sakaka, snapapa | po'p | galfujga | ||
176 | black | 'bo, pothe | maruù | nuu | nayaase' | gasj | potjú | tsitsaka | yïgïc | na | umi | |
177 | night | nxui | yan' | niñu | gueela', huaxhinni | chhel, gol | xoma | tsisní | tsu' | ungius | libuguih | |
178 | day (daytime) |
pa | güii | *kɨwɨʔ | kɨvɨ | dxi | za | paa | kakuwiní | xïm | naty | lidine |
179 | year | je̲ya | yo' | *kwiya | kuiya | iza | iza | tsjema | kata | xíwit | ñiat | łamats' |
180 | warm (as in weather) |
mpani | *iʔniʔ | i'ni | nan1dá’3 (hot) | da'la | paa | chíchi | pówic (noun) | ajoygah; inúh (hot) | ||
181 | cold (as in weather) |
ntse̲ | coj | vɨxin | nananda | zaga | jotú | lognún, kawitutá | kiñ | axida | ||
182 | full | ñuts'i | nichràa, nù' | sikuku (verb) | na1ze2, dxa’2 | nza', yoz | nizhi | tatsamá | imanna, ixuayda | |||
183 | new | 'ra'yo | nacà | xaa | na1cu2bi1 | rhita, cobe | sasti | námay | ats'é | |||
184 | old | xita, txu | ngà, re'èè | chee, yata | na1hue2la1 | golha | makám | ámpay | nataxuy, ngarrats | aguweh | ||
185 | good | za, hogi | nò, sà' | *waʔa | va'a | na1cha’3hui’1, yo2 | joo | tlan | oy | ñe | ac'a | |
186 | bad | nts'o | chi'ìì | kue'e | na1dxa1ba’3 | xhi'a | nitlán | malo’c (Spanish) | ahij mejor | |||
187 | rotten (as, a log) |
'ya | richruù (of wood) | *teʔyu | kue'e | nayuudxu' | gozo' | masnít | tyux, -pandy (verb) | iweł'gui | ||
188 | dirty | nts'o | caniquè', rìn' | ña'an | nabiidi', nachipa | ne’e, bziwe’, besjo | tsintsíli | -nay | axujc'a | |||
189 | straight | njwäntho | ndoo | sluloko, tanes | -lyeng | |||||||
190 | round | tsant’i | cachrìin, xòò | *kute | tɨloo | bi1tu1 xi3ga1 (noun) | blol | stilili | axpeyyugui | |||
191 | sharp (as a knife) |
hye̲nte, hño | naca (verb) | xaan | na1du1xhu’3 | |||||||
192 | dull (as a knife) |
doñä | natuumbu' | |||||||||
193 | smooth | nts'u̲k | nu'vè | *lɨʔwɨʔ | kama, lɨɨ | nadxiibi' | łuc', abijga | |||||
194 | wet | nk'a, mobo | 'yòò | vixa | nadxé' | chítwa | xó’guic | -kats | ijagui | |||
195 | dry (adjective) |
'yot'i, 'ñoni | nacòò | ichɨ | nabidxi | skakni | -wajk | ijuł | ||||
196 | right (correct) |
hogi | ndaa | jneza | ojo'o | iyacxtá’cway | ałingca, ma dałmay | |||||
197 | near | getu̲'bu̲ | nichrùn' | *yetì | yati | gaxha | gawte | tom | da, awejngga | |||
198 | far | ya'bu̲ | gàn' | xika, kani | zitu | jëë | mákat | aguli(h) lane | ||||
199 | right (side) |
'ñe̲i | nuvà' | kua'a | licha | pagkanat | óyim | alc'a | ||||
200 | left (side) |
ngähä | nichrùun | sati | bi1ga’3 | yegarha, rhebesle | pakxuki | anájyim | loxa | |||
201 | at | nuu | nag | tiol | ||||||||
202 | in | ja, nu | ini | kja | lema al | |||||||
203 | with (accompanying) |
-hu, -wi, ko | gà | xiin | né2 | ta | lak | |||||
204 | and | ne | dò', nè | tin, ta | ne2 | i | y | |||||
205 | if | nu'bu̲, ha | sese | vee | pa2 | para | tiol | janih | ||||
206 | because | ngetho, nge'ä | che'é rej | *wati | chi | pur1ti’3 | ||||||
207 | name | thuhu | se-chuvìi | *sɨwɨʔ | kɨvɨ | lá | lha | takuwiní | nï’jy | laftine | ||
208 | house | nguu | ve' | *weʔyi | ve'e | yoo, lidxi | yo'o | ngumú | chiki | tïjc | iom | lajuł' |
209 | wall | jot'i | tacóó ve' | *nawà | nama | cue’1 yoo3 | ze'e | ndúngumú | łaydał | |||
210 | deer | hogu̲fani, fantho̲ | xtaj | *isu | idu | bid1xi1ña2 | yixe’, bezinha’yixe’ | pjant'eje | juki | jaychu | xukwaf | łaxihnał, galwixgui, łomfahni |
211 | mouse | ndongu | xtuu | *tɨyɨ`ʔ | lusu | bi1zi1ña2 | bzinha | ngoo | tsiya | tsujc | łabi'fuh, gal.ledón | |
212 | rabbit | kwa | tucuya | leso | le3xu1 | beshjea | kjuaa | skáu | cunux | kaguo, łaga | ||
213 | eagle | nxu̲ni | xtaa | ya'a | besia | zújnú | píchawa | galháguila (Spanish) | ||||
214 | spider | mexe | tachré | xindu'va | bid1xi1guí3 | becozj | mexe | chawaná | pí’tpay | galnoho | ||
215 | face | hmi | rihaan | nuu | lú | jmii | lakán | windugït | laha | |||
216 | body | ndo'yo, jä'i | man | yɨkɨ kuñu | ladi | cuinha | nzero | mágni | alcuerpo (Spanish) | |||
217 | navel | ts'a̲i | stúj | *lendu | xitɨ ko'o | xqui1pi’3 | xyicho’ | sona | tampusni | pútsïc | ladu | |
218 | finger | nsa'ñe̲ | ra'a | xini | bicuini1 ná’2 | xben | jïjp | pofkibe | ||||
219 | sick (painful) |
da̲thi | ran' | ku'u | huará | yizwe’ (sickness) | tatatlay | ñukoy (pain) | łafgwana, łaxtafba | |||
220 | needle | 'yofni | cúú, cúú nuvá | yɨkɨ | a1gu1xa’3 (Spanish) | lixtokon, litsapan | aguxa (Spanish) | łaguxa (Spanish) | ||||
221 | clothing | 'bitu | yatzéj | sa'ma, toto | lari | xha | slakát | jámuc | jely | tsamalo (shirt) | ||
222 | thunder | nga̲ni, ñu̲ni | tu'vii | taxan | chhachj, tin | jilínit | ániway | |||||
223 | lightning | jwe̲i | ta'an tu'vii | taxan | ra2yu1 (Spanish) | gozio' | tajín, maglipa | lixcaflayh | ||||
224 | above | maxo̲ts'e | nuvìì, xtà' | nɨnu | lu | taslmán | yucm | aldonggáyh | ||||
225 | below | nga̲t'i, madu̲i | nicà' | *nino | vee, nɨnu | xa1gue1te’3 | zi’rha | tutsú | pa'tm | tiot | alhogay | |
226 | to cough | hehe | achrínj | kayu | rurú | kujunun | ojp | ditseł'hma | ||||
227 | to buy | ta̲i, po̲hó | ránj, xcaj | kuaan, sata, ki'in | rizí' | tamawá | -uñ | dihnahma | ||||
228 | to choose | jwahni | narii, rii, une' | nakaxi | ri1bí2 | lagsagnán | -rriujt | dihuijf'ehma | ||||
229 | to grow | te | achij | kua'nu | rigaa, ri1nii1si2 | chhegorha | stagnán | ye’cp | -tang | didojhma | ||
230 | to open | xoki, zo̲t'e | a'núj | *nuneʔ | kuiña | ru1xha1le’3, rie1le’3 | wesalhja | malakí | tïnawatsp | -lyejk | dexihehma | |
231 | to steal | pe | 'yaj itùù | sakui'na | riba'na' | akaslanán | ñujty | dinantsehma | ||||
232 | to dream | 'withä | a'nu' | xani | riní' xcaanda' | yelha’ (noun) | mansini | -my | dibayohma | |||
233 | to cry | zoni | ta'vee | kuaku | ridxi | webez | tasá | dijojhma | ||||
234 | to yawn | hane | nacúún ... nej, 'na' nej rihaan | ridxaga1 xcaan3da’1 | tapixkay (noun) | macájïp | -sapaw | dijaf'ihma ga'wi | ||||
235 | to cook | ja tä, hoku̲hñuni | ri'yanj | chi'i | rugaagui' | magchá | tïnajcúp | dimaq'uehma, dixaf'ihma | ||||
236 | six | ‘rato | vatàn' | *iyò | iñu | xhoopa' | xope | ñanto | chaxán | anajoyuf | agamts'ús | |
237 | seven | yoto | chìj, ichìj | *uxe | uxa | gad1xe2 | gaze | yencho | tujún | ajayuf | agaytsí | |
238 | eight | hñäto | tùnj, itùnj | *one | una | xho1no2 | xono' | jñincho | tsayán | anoyuf | abaygo | |
239 | nine | gu̲to | ùùn | ɨɨn | ga' | ga | nzincho | najatsi | apekaf | abel-la | ||
240 | ten | ‘re̲t’a | chì', ichì' | *uxi | uxi | chii | chi | dyecha | kau | akapaf | imbamah |
Sources
[edit]- Bakker, Dik and Ewald Hekking. 2009. "Otomi vocabulary" In: Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (eds.) World Loanword Database. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, 2158 entries. http://wold.livingsources.org/vocabulary/35
- Britton, A. Scott. Zapotec-English English-Zapotec (Isthmus) Concise Dictionary. Hippocrene Books, 2003.
- Castellanos, Javier. Diccionrio Zapoteco-Español Español-Zapoteco — variante xhon. Gobierno del Estado de Oaxaca, Secretaría de Asuntos Indígenas, 2003.
- Hollenbach, Barbara. 2005. Vocabulario breve del triqui de San Juan Copala. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- Josserand, Judy Kathryn. 1983. Mixtec Dialect History. Ph.D. Dissertation, Tulane University.
- Kim, Yuni. Topics in the Phonology and Morphology of San Francisco del Mar Huave. University of California, Berkeley, 2008.
- Turner, Paul and Shirley Turner, ed. Chontoal to Spanish-English Spanish to Chontal Dictionary. University of Arizona Press, 1971.
- Villegas, Manuel Rodríguez ed. AULEX dictionaries (excluding Otomi, Isthmus Zapotec, and Chontal)
See also
[edit]External links
[edit]- Otomi Vocabulary List (from the World Loanword Database)
- AULEX online dictionaries (The sources of the Mixtec, Xhon Zapotec, Mazahua, Totonac, and Popoluca lists)
- Basic Zapotec vocabulary
- Zapotec nouns
- Ph.D. Dissertation on Huave
- Chontal language
Mixtec resources
- Spanish-Mixtec dictionary
- Mixtec resources from SIL
- Mixtec links and vocabulary
- Xochapa Mixtec
- Yosondúa Mixtec
- Alacatlatzala Mixtec
- Triqui language
- Triqui resources
- Page on Triqui