始める
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Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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始 |
はじ Grade: 3 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spelling |
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創める |
Etymology
[edit]From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *pansimay (“to begin”, transitive).[1]
Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru. For the Old / Classical form, see the 始む entry.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "始める"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
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Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
始める | はじめる | [hàjímérú] |
Imperative (命令形) | 始めろ | はじめろ | [hàjíméró] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 始められる | はじめられる | [hàjímérárérú] |
Causative | 始めさせる | はじめさせる | [hàjímésásérú] |
Potential | 始められる | はじめられる | [hàjímérárérú] |
Volitional | 始めよう | はじめよー | [hàjíméyóꜜò] |
Negative | 始めない | はじめない | [hàjíménáí] |
Negative perfective | 始めなかった | はじめなかった | [hàjíménáꜜkàttà] |
Formal | 始めます | はじめます | [hàjímémáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 始めた | はじめた | [hàjímétá] |
Conjunctive | 始めて | はじめて | [hàjímété] |
Hypothetical conditional | 始めれば | はじめれば | [hàjíméréꜜbà] |
Verb
[edit]始める • (hajimeru) transitive ichidan (stem 始め (hajime), past 始めた (hajimeta))
Japanese verb pair | |
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active | 始める |
mediopassive | 始まる |
- to begin, start, initiate
- 早朝から作業を始める
- sōchō kara sagyō o hajimeru
- to start work early in the morning
- 早朝から作業を始める
- 創める: to set up, create, establish, found
- 洋装店を創める ― yōsō-ten o hajimeru ― to open a clothing store
- (following the continuative of a verb) to start doing, begin
- 歩き始める ― arukihajimeru ― to start walking
- 咲き始める ― sakihajimeru ― to begin to bloom
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of "始める" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 始め | はじめ | hajime | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 始め | はじめ | hajime | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 始める | はじめる | hajimeru | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 始める | はじめる | hajimeru | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 始めれ | はじめれ | hajimere | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 始めよ¹ 始めろ² |
はじめよ¹ はじめろ² |
hajimeyo¹ hajimero² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 始められる | はじめられる | hajimerareru | |
Causative | 始めさせる 始めさす |
はじめさせる はじめさす |
hajimesaseru hajimesasu | |
Potential | 始められる 始めれる³ |
はじめられる はじめれる³ |
hajimerareru hajimereru³ | |
Volitional | 始めよう | はじめよう | hajimeyō | |
Negative | 始めない 始めぬ 始めん |
はじめない はじめぬ はじめん |
hajimenai hajimenu hajimen | |
Negative continuative | 始めず | はじめず | hajimezu | |
Formal | 始めます | はじめます | hajimemasu | |
Perfective | 始めた | はじめた | hajimeta | |
Conjunctive | 始めて | はじめて | hajimete | |
Hypothetical conditional | 始めれば | はじめれば | hajimereba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential |
Antonyms
[edit]- 終える (oeru)
References
[edit]- ^ Samuel E. Martin (1987) The Japanese Language Through Time, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
- 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
Categories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 始 read as はじ
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese transitive verbs
- Japanese type 2 verbs
- Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms with usage examples