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Coordinates: 40°36′20″N 73°46′45″W / 40.60560431°N 73.77928179°W / 40.60560431; -73.77928179
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Pennsylvania Avenue and Fountain Avenue Landfills

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Signs identifying the Fountain Avenue (top) and Pennsylvania Avenue Landfills along the Belt Parkway.

The Pennsylvania Avenue Landfill (also called the Pennsylvania Landfill, Penn Landfill or PAL[1]), and the Fountain Avenue Landfill (alternately the Fountain Landfill, FAL,[1] or the Spring Creek Landfill[2]), are two adjacent former garbage landfills located along the Jamaica Bay coastline in Spring Creek, Brooklyn. The two landfills, which occupy around 400 acres of land,[3] are located on adjoining peninsulas at the south ends of Pennsylvania Avenue and Fountain Avenue respectively. Closed by 1985,[4] the two sites have since been turned into natural restoration areas, called Penn Park and Fountain Park respectively,[5] part of the Gateway National Recreation Area.[6]

The landfills were originally intended as temporary operations for land reclamation, in order to provide a southern extension of Spring Creek Park.

Description

[edit]

The Pennsylvania and Fountain Avenue Landfills are located on adjacent peninsulas at the south end of the Spring Creek neighborhood, along the north shore of Jamaica Bay. The Pennsylvania Avenue site is located directly south of Starrett City at the end of Pennsylvania Avenue, between Fresh Creek and Hendrix Creek. The Fountain Avenue Landfill is located south of the Gateway Center shopping complex, between Hendrix Creek and Old Mill Creek. Both landfill sites are bounded by the Shore Parkway stretch of the Belt Parkway at their north ends.[6][7][8] Both landfills are 130 feet (40 m) tall, and are 110 acres and 297 acres in size respectively.[9][10][8]

Until their closing, the two landfills were among the major facilities handling city garbage.[4][6][11] The Fountain Avenue site received refuse from Brooklyn and Queens, including residential waste, street sweepings, construction and demolition debris, and asbestos and ash from incinerators.[6][8][12] The Pennsylvania Landfill initially handled similar materials, but was later used primarilly to dispose of sewage sludge and waste oil.[6][8] Illegal dumping.[13][12]

The peninsulas which host the landfills are man-made, extended into Jamaica Bay past their natural extents as a result of landfill operations.[6][14]

Pennsylvania oil pool and .[15] PCBs.[15][16]

Capping.[10][17][18][1][19] Grassland.[20]

History

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The Pennsylvania Landfill, looking from the Belt Parkway.

In 1930, Spring Creek Park and the Shore Parkway portion of the Belt Parkway were proposed by Robert Moses, along with several other parks and highways.[21][22][23] Moses planned to create several parks on wetlands by filling the land with municipal waste before developing the land into parkland. These included the future Spring Creek Park and sites in Marine Park, Brooklyn,Ferry Point, Bronx, Fresh Kills, Staten Island and Edgemere, Queens.[24][25] Many of these sites would become long-term municipal landfills.[6][26] In the 1930s, the Milford Street Landfill began operations, occupying much of the Spring Creek neighborhood including the current Gateway Center site.[7] The Milford Street Landfill was closed in 1950.[7]

Penn 1956.[6][8] Fountain 1961 or 1963.[6][8][19]

By 1967, it was estimated by sanitation commissioner Samuel J. Kearing that the city's landfills only had "about eight years" of capacity remaining.[11] By 1970, the Fountain Landfill was handling one-sixth of the city's garbage.[27] In 1972, the Gateway National Recreation Area was established by the National Park Service around Jamaica Bay. The two landfill sites were included in the Gateway Area in 1974.[16][28] As part of the creation of the preserve, the Department of Sanitation was contractually bound to close and cap both landfills by 1985.[13][16]

By 1974, plans emerged to eventually turn the landfills into parks.[14] The Pennsylvania Avenue Landfill was closed in 1979, at a time when it was receiving 1,000 to 2,000 tons of municipal waste every day.[8]

  • In 1981 it was discovered that beginning in 1974, a DSNY supervisor was paid $100-per truck to allow the dumping of toxic waste at four of the city's landfills including both Pennsylvania Avenue and Fountain Avenue. The other two sites were the Edgemere Landfill in Queens, and the Brookfield Avenue Landfill across from Fresh Kills in Staten Island.[29][30]
  • 1983 water test nickle.[8]
  • PCBs.[31]
  • Starrett City health issues.[16][32] Protests.[13]

The Fountain Avenue Landfill was closed in December 1985.[4][28] In its final year of operation, the Fountain site received 8,200 tons of city garbage daily, more than any facility except Fresh Kills.[8] Afterwards, much of the city's garbage was diverted to the Fresh Kills and Edgemere Landfills, as well as to incinerators.[4]

The landfills were declared a superfund site around 1990, and in 1991 the New York City Department of Environmental Protection assumed responsibility for the cleanup of the landfills.[3] 1995.[19] In December 1998, it was proposed to remove the Fountain Landfill's designation as part of the Gateway National Recreation Area, and reopen the site as a landfill in order to facilitate the impending closure of Fresh Kills Landfill. The plan was supported by Mayor Rudy Giuliani, Staten Island borough president Guy Molinari, and Manhattan Congressman Vito Fossella. The plan was criticized by Brooklyn borough president Howard Golden.[33][34]

By 1999, members of the local communities complained of joyriders driving motorcycles and ATVs on the surface of the landfills, damaging the soil on top of them. In response, jersey barriers were installed around the landfills.[16][35][36]

Initially planned to begin in late 2000.[10][17] Construction March 6, 2002, March 27, 2002.[1][5][13] Trees.[1][19] Capping of the landfills was completed in 2006.[1][13]

From Fountain Avenue page

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Various tests of the Fountain Avenue area and landfills were conducted in 1985 and 1986.[37]

A December 4, 1998 press announcement by Congressman Vito Fossella stated that Fossella "laid out a compelling argument for deauthorizing the property as part of Gateway National Recreation Area and restoring it as a temporary waste disposal site only for trash generated in Brooklyn".[38]

Bill Farrell, writing for the New York Daily News, summarized the condition of the area during a 2003 article: "The malodorous, toxic and visual nightmare reviled by drivers along the Belt Parkway will soon be transformed into 400 acres (1.6 km2) of parkland along Jamaica Bay."[18]

On February 12, 2004, New York City Sanitation filed a request to operate a yard waste composting facility.[39] The application was completed on March 2006.[40]

BergerWorld reported in its 2nd Quarter 2006 report: "Berger, teamed with URS, is assisting the New York City Department of Environmental Protection in the $160 million, 297-acre (1.20 km2) Pennsylvania & Fountain Avenue Landfills (PAFAL) closure project in Brooklyn, NY, one of the largest closures ever undertaken in the state of New York"[41]

The landfill was mentioned on July 10, 2007 as undergoing a $20 million ecological restoration with the Pennsylvania landfill.[42] The area is also under discussion by local government to be considered for more development.[43] City Line Park was mentioned as being redesigned and transformed under a $1.5 million renovation launched this day.[44]

Ecological concerns were later expressed for the area on a "New York Habitat Restoration" webpage.[45]

Fountain Avenue has been infamous as a dumping ground for bodies of the Mob.[46] In the 1930s a group known as Murder, Inc. used the area as a dumping ground for bodies.[47] Later the DeMeo crew disposed of many victims there.[47] The most recent find of a body was that of Imette St. Guillen, who was murdered on February 25, 2006.[47][48][49]

See also

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Sources

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f "'Restoring Brooklyn's Pennsylvania and Fountain Landfills'" (PDF). New York City Department of Environmental Protection. January 26, 2010. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
  2. ^ Gowanus Creek Channel Navigation Improvement, Brooklyn: Environmental Impact Statement. July 1981. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
  3. ^ a b Witt, Stephen (July 25, 2008). "From dump to eden - Close-up look at new parkland". Brooklyn Daily. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d Kolbert, Elizaberth (December 26, 1985). "KEY CITY LANDFILL IS FORCED TO CLOSE, ADDING PRESSURE TO FIND ALTERNATIVES". The New York Times. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  5. ^ a b Briano, Nicholas (August 25, 2008). "Penn Ave Landfills Give Glimpse Into Edgemere's Future". Wave of Long Island. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i "New York City Landfills Past and Present" (PDF). freshkillspark.org. 2011. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
  7. ^ a b c AKRF, Inc., Eng-Wong Taub & Associates, Langan Engineering and Environmental Services, Inc. (February 4, 2009). "FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT for GATEWAY ESTATES II". nyc.gov. New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development. Retrieved November 16, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i Eric A. Goldstein; Mark A. Izeman; Natural Resources Defense Council (1990). The New York Environment Book. Island Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-1-55963-018-4.
  9. ^ Pirani, Robert (October 16, 2012). "Turning Trash Into Nature on Jamaica Bay". Regional Plan Association. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
  10. ^ a b c "City Makes Improvements to Pennsylvania and Fountain Avenue Landfills". nyc.gov. New York City Department of Environmental Protection. April 2, 1999.
  11. ^ a b Kihss, Peter (February 20, 1967). "Kearing Warns Landfills for Refuse Disposal Will Be Filled in Eight Years". The New York Times. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
  12. ^ a b Benotti, Mark J.; Abbene, Michele; Terracciano, Stephen A. (2007). "Nitrogen Loading in Jamaica Bay, Long Island, New York: Predevelopment to 2005" (PDF). United States Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, National Park Service. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  13. ^ a b c d e Mormile, Dara (July 26, 2007). ""New" Landfill Parks To Become Reality In 2012". Canarsie Courier. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved November 19, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ a b Fowler, Glenn (December 18, 1974). "City Will Expand Landfill Parks". The New York Times. p. 49. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  15. ^ a b "Testimony of NYPIRG Toxics Project Director Walter L.T. Hang". New York Court of Appeals. Records and Briefs.: 75 NY2D 88, RECORD Part 2, NEW YORK STATE SUPERFUND COALITION INC V NEW YORK STATE DEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONS. New York State Court of Appeals: 439–440. February 17, 1987. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
  16. ^ a b c d e Holloway, Lynette (April 3, 1994). "NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: STARRETT CITY; Landfill Anxieties Underlined in Debate on Draft Study". The New York Times. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
  17. ^ a b Allen, Michael O. (December 3, 2000). "WOODLAND TO REPLACE LANDFILL Mother Nature getting back 400 acres of former dumps". New York Daily News. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  18. ^ a b "Waterfront dump may grow up to be park". New York Daily News. July 30, 2003. Retrieved July 30, 2003.
  19. ^ a b c d Chang, Kenneth (September 6, 2009). "A Wooded Prairie Springs From a Site Once Piled High With Garbage". The New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
  20. ^ "CEQR City Environmental Quality Review Technical Manual March 2014; Chapter 11: Natural Resources" (PDF). Mayor's Office of Environmental Coordination. March 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
  21. ^ "Spring Creek Park: History". New York City Parks Department. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
  22. ^ Natural Resources Group. "Natural Area Mapping and Inventory of Spring Creek 1988 Survey" (PDF). New York City Parks Department. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
  23. ^ "ASKS NEW CITY PARKS TO COST $20,000,000; Metropolitan Conference Urges Prompt Purchases, Chiefly in Queens and Richmond. BERRY GETS HONOR SCROLL Calls for a 'Normal' Pace in Public Projects and Predicts Agency to Coordinate Them". The New York Times. February 26, 1930. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
  24. ^ Sullivan, Michael (January 4, 1962). "Garbage Dump Today, Park Tomorrow". Long Island Star-Journal. Fultonhistory.com. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
  25. ^ 30 Years of Progress: 1934–1965 (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. June 9, 1964. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
  26. ^ Ted Steinberg (July 21, 2015). Gotham Unbound: The Ecological History of Greater New York. Simon and Schuster. pp. 209–225. ISBN 978-1-4767-4128-4.
  27. ^ Ranzal, Edward (September 22, 1970). "Ribicoff Tours New York Slums". The New York Times. p. 53. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  28. ^ a b John Berger (June 22, 2012). Environmental Restoration: Science And Strategies For Restoring The Earth. Island Press. pp. 178–179. ISBN 978-1-59726-878-3.
  29. ^ Moore, Yvette (May 1982). "Starrett City Tenants Want to Know More About Toxic Dumping". City Limits (New York magazine). 12 (5): 18–19. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
  30. ^ Lubasch, Arnold H. (March 28, 1982). "Guilt Admitted In Toxic Dumping at City Landfills". The New York Times. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
  31. ^ "THE CITY; High PCB Level Found at Landfill". The New York Times. March 13, 1984. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  32. ^ "THE CITY; Respiratory Ills Linked to Landfills". The New York Times. October 13, 1983. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  33. ^ "Fossella Formerly Begins Process to Reopen Fountain Avenue Landfill". December 4, 1998. Archived from the original on October 9, 1999. Retrieved December 4, 1998. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  34. ^ "IN THE NABES GOLDEN RIPS GUY & RUDY". New York Daily News. Brooklyn Borough Hall. December 2, 1998. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  35. ^ "City Installs Barriers At Pennsylvania Fountain Landfill". New York City Department of Environmental Protection. March 26, 1999. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
  36. ^ Shin, Paul H.B. (March 29, 1999). "BARRIERS UP TO PROTECT BELT PARKWAY PARKLAND". New York Daily News. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
  37. ^ "Jamaica Bay Research and Management Information Network". 1984–1985. Retrieved October 25, 2007.
  38. ^ "Fossella Formerly Begins Process to Reopen Fountain Avenue Landfill". December 4, 1998. Archived from the original on October 9, 1999. Retrieved December 4, 1998. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  39. ^ "State Of New York Department Of Environmental Conservation Notice Of Public Hearing: Applicant: New York City Department of Sanitation ("DoS"), 125 Worth Street, New York, New York 10013 Application No. 2-6105-00666/00001". February 12, 2004. Retrieved February 12, 2004.
  40. ^ "ENB Region 2 Completed Applications 03/22/2006 Kings County". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
  41. ^ "BergerWorld: 2nd Quarter 2006 Ecological Restoration". May 1, 2006. Archived from the original on October 22, 2006. Retrieved May 1, 2006.
  42. ^ "A Forest Grows on a Brooklyn Landfill". WNYC. February 7, 2007. Retrieved October 15, 2007.
  43. ^ "Spring Creep". The Brooklyn Rail. December 2006. Retrieved December 1, 2006.
  44. ^ Chan, Sewell (July 10, 2007). "Once a Pumping Station Now a Park to Be Renovated". The New York Times. Retrieved July 10, 2007.
  45. ^ "New York Habitat Restoration". 2007. Retrieved October 26, 2007.
  46. ^ Rashbaum, William (October 6, 2004). "Sometimes, Mob Victims Have Plenty of Company". The New York Times. Retrieved October 15, 2007.
  47. ^ a b c Kurutz, Steven (March 12, 2006). "Student Is the Latest Victim to End Up in Swampland". New York Times. Retrieved October 15, 2007.
  48. ^ Kurutz, Steven (February 27, 2006). "John Jay co-ed found brutally murdered". 7Online.com New York. Retrieved February 27, 2006.
  49. ^ "New York City Gridskipper". February 5, 2007. Retrieved October 25, 2007.
  50. ^ "Spring Creek: a desolate place with a dreary history". The Weekly Nabe. June 7, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pennsylvania Avenue Landfill and Fountain Avenue Landfill.

Ocean Bay Apartments / Edgemere Houses / Arverne Houses

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Rockaway Community Park
Edgemere Park
Rockaway Community Park in 2018.
TypePublic park
Location54-02 Almeda Avenue
Edgemere, Queens, New York
Coordinates40°36′20″N 73°46′45″W / 40.60560431°N 73.77928179°W / 40.60560431; -73.77928179
Area255.40 acres (103.36 ha)[1]
Operated byNew York City Department of Parks and Recreation
StatusOpen
Superfund site
Information
CERCLIS IDNYD980754725
ContaminantsVarious chemicals
Responsible
parties		New York City Department of Sanitation
List of Superfund sites

Edgemere Description

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Transportation

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The park and landfill are served by the Q22 and Q52 SBS bus routes, which operate on Beach Channel Drive at the south end of the Edgmere Houses. The Q22 operates across the Rockaway Peninsula between Far Rockaway to the east and Roxbury to the west. The Q52, which terminates at Beach 54th Street, travels north via Woodhaven and Cross Bay Boulevards through Broad Channel to "mainland" Queens. The closest New York City Subway station is the Beach 60th Street station of the IND Rockaway Line, located to the southwest of the park at Beach 59th Street near Rockaway Beach Boulevard.[2][3]

Etymology

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The name Edgemere is derived from an Anglo-Saxon term, meaning "edge of the sea".[4][5] The term Rockaway is derived from a word in the Algonquin Native American languages. Several meanings have been given, including "sandy place", "the place of laughing waters", "the place of our own people", or "neck of the land". This was the name of the Lenape tribe, who were a subset of the Canarsee (Canarsie) tribe, that occupied much of the area around Jamaica Bay.[1][6]: 6 [7][8][9]: 9 [10]: 11 

Edgemere History

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Early history

[edit]
A 1907 map of Edgemere. At the north end of the site is Little Bay, with various islands within it; this is now the site of the Edgemere Landfill.

Prior to the creation of the landfill, the site of Edgemere Park consisted of numerous separate islands within a much larger Little Bay between Dubos Point to the west and Bayswater Point to the east. It was originally known as "Little Bay Marsh". Norton Basin (also called Norton's Creek) originally was connected to the Atlantic Ocean by a creek called the Wave Crest Inlet, which separated the western peninsula from the mainland.[11]: 11–14, 17, 37 [9]: 83, 95−96  The area around Jamaica Bay including the Rockaways was characterized by marshland.[1][9]: 83  As late as 1872, the neighborhoods of Edgemere and Arverne were populated by cedar trees.[11]: 32 

The area around Jamaica Bay including the Rockaway Peninsula was initially inhabited by the Canarsie and Rockaway Native American groups, who were often referred to erroneously as the "Metoac" or "Mantinecocks". The Rockaway primarily controlled the eastern and southern shores of Jamaica Bay in present-day Queens and Nassau County, while the Canarsie controlled the northern and western shores in modern-day Brooklyn.[1][5][10]: 7−12 [7][9]: 9−10  In 1685, the Rockaway Peninsula was sold to English Captain John Palmer by two tribal chiefs, Tackapausha and Paman. Palmer was said to have purchased the land for "31 pounds, 2 shillings". The land was considered to be "barren", consisting of meadow and marsh used for grazing. At the time, the peninsula stretched from the modern Rockaway Turnpike west to the modern Wavecrest neighborhood, making up the greater Far Rockaway area of Queens and what is now Five Towns, Nassau County (then called "Rockaway Neck").[1][6]: 6 [7][9]: 9−10 [12][13]: 146−149  The peninsula would later be extended west to Rockaway Point by the natural accretion of sand from tidal action.[7][9]: 10 [10]: 35 [14]: 5 (PDF p.11) 

In 1687 Palmer sold the land to English settler Richard Cornell, whose family would later found Cornell University. In return, Palmer received land in "Madnan's Neck", now Little Neck, Queens and Great Neck, Nassau County. Cornell had previously purchased what would become Flushing, Queens. Cornell constructed a house overlooking the Atlantic Ocean known as the "Cornell house" or "Cornell homestead", said to be the first permanent structure in the area.[1][6]: 6 [7][9]: 9−12 [12][13]: 146−147  The house was located in the vicinity of Central Avenue (Beach 20th Street), Beach 19th Street, and Empire Avenue in modern Far Rockaway. This is the location of the contemporary Hebrew Institute of Long Island at Beach 17th Street and Seagirt Boulevard.[7][12][15] The family also created a nearby burial ground on Caffrey Avenue and New Haven Avenue.[12][15]

After the partition of the Cornell property in 1809, in 1830 John Leake Norton purchased land from the Cornell family, consisting of Edgemere and Far Rockaway. Norton formed the Rockaway Association with several prominent New Yorkers, and the association constructed a hotel on the former site of the Cornell house called the Marine Pavilion.[6]: 6 [7][8][9]: 20−21, 83−85  The pavilion was opened on June 1, 1833.[16] Although it burned down on June 25, 1864,[7][9]: 84 [8][17] the hotel catalyzed the development of the Rockaways into a resort town.[1][6]: 6 [9]: 20−21, 83−85  The Far Rockaway Branch Railroad of the South Side Railroad of Long Island was opened in 1869 between Valley Stream and Far Rockaway, and was extended to the Seaside House in Rockaway Park in 1872.[6]: 6 [11]: 6 [9]: 34−38 [7][10]: 74  The New York, Woodhaven & Rockaway Railroad opened their line from Brooklyn and "mainland" Queens to Rockaway Park in 1880.[9]: 34−38 [10]: 48, 74−76 [18][19][20][21] The Ocean Electric Railway opened a streetcar line via the Far Rockaway Branch tracks in 1897.[9]: 34−38 

Up until the 1880s, the Edgemere and Arverne areas were largely undeveloped and were among the last be developed on the peninsula.[11]: 5−6 [6]: 6 [9]: 98  Edgemere, originally called "New Venice", was developed by Frederick J. Lancaster beginning in 1892, with the Hotel Edgemere opened in 1894. The Arverne neighborhood was developed by Remington Vernam. The Arverne Hotel was erected in 1888. A rail station in the neighborhood at Gaston Avenue was opened in 1888, and a second at Straiton Avenue in 1892.[1][9]: 21, 95−99  The Wave Crest Inlet, also called Wave Crest Lake, was filled in in 1911 in order to further develop the Edgemere neighborhood.[9]: 83, 95−96 

Creation of the landfill

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In 1916, the New York City Waterfront Company acquired 359 acres (145 ha) of land on the north shore of the Rockaway Peninsula in Arverne and Edgemere, including the area around Little Bay. The land was located north of the former Amstel Canal, now Amstel Boulevard and Beach Channel Drive. The property was previously owned by Remington Vernam. The land, which consisted of salt marshes and beach, was to be filled in in order to construct bungalows; part of the site was already filled by dirt dredged from Jamaica Bay.[22][23] In 1920, the New York City Board of Estimate planned to create Amstel Boulevard on the former canal right-of-way between Beach 35th Street and Beach 71st Street, where it would connect with Hammels Avenue and eventually feed in Beach Channel Drive. The route would cut across the New York City Waterfront property. All three roads now make up modern Beach Channel Drive.[24]

Garbage landfilling at Edgemere by the New York City Department of Sanitation began on July 15, 1938. The landfill replaced an incinerator in nearby Arverne.[25][26] By this time, garbage incineration was considered "obsolete".[27] The property continued to be owned by the New York City Waterfront Company.[28] Borrow pits with depths of 64 feet (20 m) and 51 feet (16 m) were dug into the Norton Basin and Little Bay respectively, with the dirt extracted used to create a base for the landfill. Around 2 million cubic yards of dirt were dredged from underwater for the landfill. The alterations to the basins and landfilling activity changed their biodiversity compared to other water bodies in the area.[11]: 1, 12, 17, 32−33, 36−37  The Edgemere Landfill was one of several landfills created under then-Sanitation Commissioner William F. Carey. In addition to replacing incinerators, the landfill replaced the practice of dumping city garbage in the ocean.[29] This practice was banned by a United States Supreme Court ruling in 1933.[29][30][31]

Following complaints from the local community, on July 14, 1938 Andrew J. Kenny threatened to seek an injunction to stop the dumping at Edgemere. Kenny was the president of the Rockaway Chamber of Commerce and the Queens sewer superintendent. That same day, Sanitation Commissioner Carey was confronted by local residents while inspecting the landfill site. One of the complaints was that paint on the side of houses had either peeled or became discolored due to the fumes emitted from the landfill. The fumes were thought to either come from the mud from the bay used to cover the garbage, or the disinfectants used on the waste.[26][32][33][34][27] The next day on July 15, dumping was halted at the landfill. According to Commissioner Carey, the odors at the site were caused by the use of mud to cover the garbage, and clean sand would be used in the future.[35][36] Operations resumed on October 10, 1938.[37][38] Meanwhile, residents continued to oppose dumping at Edgemere, citing fires and rat infestations.[25][39] During a tour of the Edgemere Dump on February 11, 1939, Commissioner Carey claimed that it was "four and a half times more expensive" to dispose of waste through incinerators than to bury it in landfills. He also spoke of the benefits of landfilling, including reclaiming marshland and eliminating mosquitoes.[39]

On March 28, 1939, Sanitation Commissioner William F. Carey and Health Commissioner Dr. John L. Rice were indicted on charges of violating the New York City Penal and Sanitary Codes, specifically of "unlawfully dumping raw garbage and maintaining a public nuisance" and of "dumping under or on top of water, or on land, any refuse in which...offensive and unwholesome material is included." The charges were based on the operation of city-run "garbage graveyards" in Queens. The five dumps in question were the Edgmere Dump, the Lefferts Dump at Lefferts Boulevard and Sunrise Highway (Conduit Avenue) in South Ozone Park near the future site of JFK Airport, Bergen Landing, and the future sites of Juniper Valley Park and Baisley Pond Park. The owners of the Edgemere and Lefferts landfills were also named in the indictment.[28][40][41] Carey and Rice, both cabinet members under Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia, surrendered to the Long Island City Courthouse and were released without bail.[40]

A change of venue was granted on May 18, 1939 and the trial was moved to the Bronx.[42][43] On May 31, the trial was postponed until October of that year. Around this time, dumping was resumed at the Edgemere Landfill.[44] On June 19, 1939, the indictments were dismissed by Justice Isidor Wasservogel. As a consolation, a board of four health experts and a sanitary engineer was appointed by U.S. Surgeon General Thomas Parran Jr. to arbitrate the conflict and to investigate the operations of the five landfills. The board included Eugene Lindsay Bishop and Kenneth F. Maxcy.[42][45][46][47] In addition, Carey announced that dumping at Edgemere would end on June 25 and cease until the fall.[47] The charges were dropped by District Attorney Charles P. Sullivan due to a lack of individuals to testify in the trial.[48]

On September 21, 1939, the arbitration board conducted a "secret tour" of the five landfills.[49] At this time, the Department of Sanitation anticipated resuming landfilling at Edgemere that fall, which was opposed by local residents.[50] In March 1940, the board released its report, which supported continued landfilling at the five Queens landfills including Edgemere as long as "sound sanitary practice is continued." The report claimed that landfilling helped control rat and mosquito populations in marshland.[45] On June 22, 1940, the New York City Council passed a bill mandating the Department of Sanitation to begin using the available incinerators in the city. The bill was introduced by Councilman James A. Burke representing Hollis, Queens. Burke then proceeded to submit the bill to Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia in an attempt to bypass the Board of Estimate.[51] Many of the city's incinerators, including the Arverne incinerator, had been closed under the watch of Carey.[52]

Rockaway Airport

[edit]

On July 16, 1939, the Edgemere Airport (also called Rockaway Airport) was opened on the New York City Waterfront Company land between Beach 46th Street and Beach 54th Street. The airport was operated by Lawrence resident and commercial pilot Harry Gordon, and was said to be the first privately-owned airfield in the Rockaways. Prior to the construction of a hangar, planes for the airport were kept at Roosevelt Field in Nassau County.[53] The airport was created for civilian training and leisure flying.[54]

Following a lawsuit by Gordon, on December 26, 1939 city Commissioner of Docks John McKenzie was ordered by the Manhattan Supreme Court to award a permit to the airport.[55][56] On July 8, 1940 after 15 months of operation, McKenzie issued a letter informing Gordon that the airport would be closed in 30 days due to not meeting facility requirements for airports in the city. Specifically, the airport failed to meet the requirements for 1,800-foot (550 m)-long and 300-foot (91 m)-wide runways, and for an "unobstructed approach" to the airport.[57][58] At this time, work commenced on expanding and developing the airport.[59] The pilots training at the airport included members of the Women Flyers Of America.[60] The airport would later become the headquarters of Women's Flyers Association of America.[61]

In October 1940, the Rockaway Chamber of Commerce petitioned the federal Civil Aeronautics Administration to create a civilian pilot school at Rockaway Airport.[62] In January 1941, Bayside resident Charles G. Meyer proposed converting his farm along Little Neck Bay into a city-operated airfield to train civilian pilots. Several wealthy residents of Bayside protested his plan, including actor and movie producer John Golden. As an alternative, Golden suggested to Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia that the Edgemere Dump be used for the airfield.[63] On January 15, 1941, Mayor LaGuardia publicly rejected both the Bayside and Edgemere proposals, due to costs and potential hazards to Bayside residents.[64] Meyer's farm would later become the Bay Terrace neighborhood,[65] while John Golden's estate would become John Golden Park.[66]

On July 26, 1941 the Civil Aeronautics Administration approved Rockaway Airport along with Nassau Airport in Hicksville, Long Island as civilian pilot training facilities. Meanwhile, Idlewild Airport (today's JFK Airport) was ordered to cease training of pilots.[67] Upon the onset of World War II, in 1941 Gordon offered use of the airport and a supply of planes and pilots to the United States military in order to monitor and patrol the coast of Long Island during the war.[68][69] In October 1941, soldiers from Fort Tilden in the western Rockaways began using the airport for ten days to conduct air raid drills.[61] The offer to use the airport was officially accepted by Civil Air Patrol Major General John F. Curry in February 1942.[70] Civilian flying, however, was banned by the federal government during World War II and Gordon abandoned the airport at this time.[54][71] In early 1944, the airport was leased by the United States Coast Guard as a helicopter training base.[54]

Following the war, in February 1946 Rockaway Airport was reopened by war veterans Joseph Alta and Perry Fuhr. Alta was an Army Air Force pilot in the China Burma India Theater of the war. Fuhr was a Navy test pilot. Alta had previously operated a flight school at Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn.[72][73][74] Beginning on January 6, 1947, the airport was used as the receiving point for a helicopter mail service originating at LaGuardia Airport or Newark Airport, and serving both the Rockaways and Five Towns in Nassau County.[75][76]

Development (Park plans and purchase of the property)

[edit]
Rockaway Community Park was planned along with the Edgemere Houses (pictured), which opened in 1960.

On January 11, 1946, new Sanitation Commissioner William J. Powell announced that the city would abandon the landfill system favored by his predecessor Carey and instead utilize incinerators, with half of the Borough of Queens' waste to be disposed of via incinerator immediately.[52] On January 17, 1949, the Department of Sanitation opened a "Super Dump" in Howard Beach, located along Jamaica Bay stretching west of Cross Bay Boulevard.[27][29] The new dump, proposed by Parks Commissioner Robert Moses, was intended to receive most of the garbage from southern Queens and replace smaller landfills in other areas of the borough. The new Super Dump would either reduce the load on or entirely replace the Edgemere Landfill. The Howard Beach dump would operate until the completion of the South Shore Incinerator in Spring Creek, Brooklyn. Afterwards, the reclaimed land would become part of the planned Spring Creek Park.[27][77][78][79][80][81]

In November 1952 and again in January 1953, Parks Commissioner Moses proposed to the New York City Board of Estimate that the city purchase the Edgemere Landfill, keep it in operation for 15 years, and eventually develop it into a park. At the time, it was estimated that keeping the site in operation would save the city $1 million annually in waste disposal costs.[82][83]

In 1955, the city began plans for a housing project in Edgemere. The plans included an adjoining park on the site of the Edgemere Landfill, which had been in operation for nearly twenty years at this time.[84][85][86] The New York City Board of Estimate approved the park project on April 29, 1955.[84] On October 4, 1955 the City of New York began condemnation proceedings in order to acquire the Edgmere Landfill site adjacent to the future Edgemere Houses site.[87][88] The park was to be named "Edgemere Park". At the time, the property was still owned by the New York City Waterfront Corporation. Plans for the park included eight tennis courts, along with a boat basin and ice skating rink.[87] By this time, the site occupied 264 acres (107 ha). Many of the small islands that once existed in Little Bay were now joined together and connected to the main Rockaway peninsula by landfilling. However, much of the future park site was still underwater.[84][87][89] It was referred to as "the largest remaining undeveloped area in the Rockaways".[90] Moses developed several public housing projects on the Rockaway peninsula during this time, all of which included an adjoining park.[91]

Construction on the other adjoining infrastructure for the Edgemere Housing Project, Public School 105 and Rockaway Beach Hospital (the future Peninsula Hospital), began in 1957.[92][93] The landfill site was purchased by the city via condemnation on December 12, 1957, costing $1,496,564.[94] The purchase of the property by the city was criticized in 1958 by Queens Borough President James J. Crisona, with Crisona believing that the city paid too much for the property. The city paid $1.5 million for the site following an evaluation by city real estate appraiser James C. Sheridan. However, the city tax rolls assessed the site at $150,000, approximately one tenth of its purchase price. Crisona noted that Sheridan's appraisal was based on the land's potential for industrial development, but claimed that it could not be developed for 20 to 30 years due to its status as a landfill. He also compared the price of Edgemere Park to that of other properties in the area, which were appraised at much lower prices. Crisona criticized Sheridan, Corporation Council Peter Campbell Brown, and Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. for their roles in the purchase. Sheridan proceeded to file a $1 million defamation suit against Crisona, while Sheridan's $22,000 commission for the job was withheld by City Controller Lawrence E. Gerosa [94][95][96][97][98][99] Shortly afterwards, in July 1958 Brown resigned from his post.[100]

Initial park development
By July 1958, the Rockaway Airport was closed and demolished to make way for the housing project.[101][102] On October 16, 1958, ground was broken on the Edgemere Houses project, with Robert Moses, Borough President James Crisona, and Governor W. Averell Harriman in attendance. During the ceremony, Moses spoke about his plans for the adjoining Edgemere Park. The first portion of the park would be a 300-foot (91 m)-wide "buffer between the Edgemere State Housing Project and the operations of the Department of Sanitation". The plans for the remainder of the park, which would be the "largest park on the Rockaway peninsula," included an 18-hole golf course and a marina.[91][103][104] Moses planned to create several parks on wetlands by filling the land with municipal waste before developing the land into parkland. These included the future Edgemere Park and Spring Creek Park, as well as sites in Marine Park, Brooklyn; Ferry Point, Bronx; Fresh Kills, Staten Island; and Kissena Corridor Park in Queens.[105]: 8 [106][107]

In December 1959, the Board of Estimate allocated $144,650 to add an additional 160,000 cubic yards of sand to the Edgemere Landfill, which would extend the site up to 2,000 feet (610 m) north into Jamaica Bay. The Board also planned to lay out Almeda Avenue between Conch Place (Conch Basin) and Beach 58th Street (Sommerville Basin), and to lay out Beach 51st Street, Beach 54th Street and Beach 58th Street in the area north of Beach Channel Drive. These streets would eventually serve the new housing project and park.[108] In July 1960, the Board of Estimate approved of plans to begin developing 12 acres (4.9 ha) of Edgemere Park on the north side of Almeda Avenue across from the Edgemere Houses. The park would include baseball fields and eight clay tennis courts along with landscaping and paths.[109] Conch Playground, then known as P.S. 105 Playground, was opened in August 1960.[110] On October 17, 1960, Parks Commissioner Newbold Morris (successor to Robert Moses) announced plans for improvements to Edgemere Park, including baseball fields, tennis courts, and a park trail.[111] The first building of the Edgemere Houses was opened on November 27, 1960.[112] By 1962, plans remained to develop a marina at Edgemere Park.[113] By 1963, tennis courts were completed at Edgemere Park, with a playground planned.[114]

In 1965, it was claimed that the Edgemere Landfill contained more American herring gulls feeding and residing at the landfill than Cape Ann, Massachusetts, a known nesting region for the herring gulls, along with "all of Nova Scotia and Maine". At the time, it was estimated that 20 to 30 thousand herring gulls resided in the area around Jamaica Bay, attracted by the Edgemere Landfill and the Pennsylvania and Fountain Avenue Landfills in Brooklyn.[11]: 37 [30] That year, the Department of Sanitation opened the landfill for public use on a trial basis, accepting large items such as appliances, furniture, plumbing, and automobiles.[115][116] In July 1966 in response to complaints from residents, the Parks Department began pesticide spraying at Edgemere Park in order to combat mosquitoes, rats, and phragmites. To eliminate the phragmites, the chemical Dalapon was used. It was suggested that physically uprooting the phragmites would be a better solution, but the equipment necessary to harvest the plants could not be used in the park as much of it still consisted of marshland. The rats, meanwhile, were said to have been brought by the dumping of trash at the landfill.[117][118] That month, $29,250 was allocated for additional landfilling on the Edgemere Park land in order to create a playground and sports fields.[119] During the fall of 1966, Edgemere Park was used as a practice field for the Far Rockaway High School football team, as their own home field was not usable during the season.[120][121] On July 1, 1967, the Department of Sanitation again allowed local residents to drop off bulk refuse such as furniture or appliances at the landfill.[122] By July 17, 1,000 tons of waste were deposited through this program at Edgemere, and at 20th Avenue in College Point.[123] On March 24, 1968, the playground at Edgemere Park was opened, with a basketball tournament taking place.[124]

In May 1970, the Rockaway Cultural, Educational, Recreational, and Historical Society proposed to rename Edgemere Park to Rockaway Community Park. Other potential names included Brotherhood Memorial Park, Jeanne Dale Katz Park, Martin Luther King Jr. Park, Tackapouscha Indian Historical Park, and William F. Brunner Sr. Park.[125][126][127] On October 9, 1970, a fire broke out at the Edgemere Landfill, lasting six days before it was brought under control.[128] The bill renaming the park was signed into law in 1971.[129] The park was dedicated as Rockaway Community Park on June 17, 1973.[129][130][131] While portions of the park including basketball courts and beach land were available for use at the time, most of the site had yet to be developed. Jamaica Bay Council president Jerome Hipscher desired for the park to be developed into "a miniature Central Park".[131] It was also proposed to integrate the park with the new Gateway National Recreation Area created by the National Park Service.[129]

Edgemere Sources

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  98. ^ "Special Count Urged For Land Purchases". Long Island Star-Journal. Fultonhistory.com. June 7, 1958. p. 1. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  99. ^ "Reform Needed, Not a Scapegoat". Long Island Star-Journal. Fultonhistory.com. June 19, 1958. p. 14. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  100. ^ "Brown Quits City Post". Long Island Star-Journal. Fultonhistory.com. July 24, 1958. p. 2. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  101. ^ "The Beachcomber". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. July 24, 1958. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  102. ^ Joshua Stoff (2004). Long Island Airports. Arcadia Publishing. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-7385-3676-7. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
  103. ^ "Complete Text Of Robert Moses' Remarks At Edgemere Ground Breaking Ceremony". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. October 16, 1958. p. 4. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  104. ^ "Edgemere Houses Ceremony Today: Harriman, Crisona, Reid Are Among Notables At Ground-Breaking". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. October 9, 1958. p. 1. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  105. ^ 30 Years of Progress: 1934–1965 (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. June 9, 1964. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
  106. ^ "FitzGerald Says: Corridor Park Garbage Dump Unnecessary; 146th St. Can Be Taken Off Map to Leave Present Grade, He Contends". Long Island Star-Journal. Fultonhistory.com. May 22, 1951. p. 1. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
  107. ^ Sullivan, Michael (January 4, 1962). "Garbage Dump Today, Park Tomorrow". Long Island Star-Journal. Fultonhistory.com. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
  108. ^ "Edgemere Park To Get More Landfill". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. December 10, 1959. p. 1. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
  109. ^ "O.K. Recreation Program AI Edgemere". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. August 4, 1960. p. 1. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  110. ^ Cite error: The named reference NYCPks-ConchPlayground was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  111. ^ "Plan Improvements For Rockaway Area: Commissioner Morris Announces Plans To Beautify Beach Front". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. October 20, 1960. p. 1. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  112. ^ "HA to Open New Project: In Edgemere". Long Island Star-Journal. Fultonhistory.com. November 26, 1960. p. 6. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  113. ^ "Rockaway's Marina Still On Paper". Wave of Long Island. December 6, 1962. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  114. ^ "Parks to Get $3 Million". Long Island Star-Journal. Fultonhistory.com. April 8, 1963. p. 14. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  115. ^ "The Wave Editorials - and Special Features; The Beachcomber". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. August 26, 1965. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
  116. ^ "Continue The Experiment Longer". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. October 7, 1965. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
  117. ^ Cite error: The named reference Rockawave-Edgemere-Pests-Jul1966 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  118. ^ "Action Promised On Pests, Weed: Edgemere Park Spraying Planned To Eradicate Weed And Mosquitoes" (PDF). Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. July 14, 1966. p. 6. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  119. ^ "Edgemere Park Landfill Planned". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. July 21, 1966. p. 2. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  120. ^ "Congratulations To Our Seahorses". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. November 24, 1966. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  121. ^ "Baseball Team Wins 'Games': Practice Play Looks Strong". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. March 31, 1966. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  122. ^ "Dump Open Full Time, Use Held 'Do-It-Yourself Craze'; Conference Opens Landfill To Public". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. July 6, 1967. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
  123. ^ "'You-Haul' Junk Plan Proves a Hit". Long Island Star-Journal. Fultonhistory.com. July 17, 1967. p. 20. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
  124. ^ "First Basketball Sunday at New Edgemere Court". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. March 21, 1968. p. 5. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  125. ^ "May 6 Meeting Scheduled For Edgemere Park Name". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. April 16, 1970. p. B4. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
  126. ^ "Seeking Location For Performances". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. April 9, 1976. p. 10. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
  127. ^ "Hipscher Reports Firmer Support For Use Of Courthouse Culturally". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. May 28, 1970. p. 4. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
  128. ^ "Edgemere Landfill". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. October 15, 1970. p. 1. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
  129. ^ a b c "JBC to Dedicated New Park June 17". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. May 31, 1973. p. 5. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
  130. ^ "Park Dedication". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. April 26, 1973. p. 6. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
  131. ^ a b "Dedication Brings Hope That Park Is Due For New Work". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. June 21, 1973. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
  132. ^ "Applications Start For Edgemere Houses". Long Island Star-Journal. Fultonhistory.com. March 9, 1960. p. 20. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
[edit]

Steven Matz

[edit]

Pitching style

[edit]
Matz throwing batting practice in 2015.

Matz's primary pitch is a mid-90s four-seam fastball, with significant horizontal and downward movement. Because of this, it is often referred to as a sinker.[1][2][3] Matz also throws a changeup, curveball, and slider.[1][2][3][4] His curveball was developed in 2013 as an alternative to the slider.[5] He has avoided the slider at times to prevent elbow injury.[1][2][4] Matz uses the movement on his pitches to generate ground balls.[4]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Rymer, Zachary D. (February 18, 2016). "Is Steven Matz Ready to Assert Himself as Yet Another Ace-Level Mets Arm?". Bleacher Report. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
  2. ^ a b c Petriello, Mike (June 29, 2016). "Matz's elbow already causing changes to his game: Spin rate and extension both altered in last start". MLB.com. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
  3. ^ a b "PITCHf/x Player Card: Steven Matz". Brooks Baseball. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
  4. ^ a b c "Steven Matz continues his dominant run for the New York Mets". ESPN.com. May 25, 2016. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
  5. ^ a b "Curveball has made Mets prospect Steven Matz even better". Newsday. August 2, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014.

Felipe Rivero

[edit]

Career

[edit]

Rivero began the 2017 season as a setup man.[1][2] After a 0.58 ERA in 31 games, on June 9 he was named co-closer for the Pirates along with Juan Nicasio, replacing Tony Watson.[3][4] Rivero later assumed primary closing duties, with Nicasio becoming the eight-inning setup man.[5] Rivero earned 21 saves in 23 opportunities in 2017.[6]

Pitching style

[edit]

Rivero throws a fastball which can reach over 100 miles per hour. Rivero's fastball averaged 96.4 mph in 2016 and around 98 mph in 2017.[1][2][7] As a prospect with the Rays, Rivero initially threw only 86 mph.[1] He also throws an effective changeup at 89–90 mph with two-seam movement, which he picked up in the Rays minor league system. Rivero began throwing it frequently in 2015, and uses it around 25 percent of the time.[1][2][7] He also throws a slider and a curveball.[2][7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Berry, Adam (March 7, 2017). "Rivero has 'nasty' arsenal of pitches: Reliever one of three lefty hurlers in Majors to hit 100 mph in 2016". MLB.com. Bradenton, Florida. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d Sheinin, Dave (June 7, 2017). "Former Nats reliever Felipe Rivero can throw 101 mph, and that's not even his best pitch". The Washington Post. Baltimore. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
  3. ^ "Tony Watson out as closer as Pirates turn to Felipe Rivero and Juan Nicasio". ESPN.com. June 9, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
  4. ^ RotoWire (June 9, 2017). "Pirates' Felipe Rivero: Will share closer duties". CBS Sports. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
  5. ^ Berry, Adam (August 31, 2017). "Bucs part ways with Nicasio; Phils make claim: Pittsburgh opts to place reliever on outright waivers instead of make trade". MLB.com. Pittsburgh. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
  6. ^ RotoWire (October 1, 2017). "Pirates' Felipe Rivero: Picks up 21st save". CBS Sports. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
  7. ^ a b c Nesbitt, Stephen J. (May 8, 2017). "Felipe Rivero can thank the changeup for his strong start". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved October 4, 2017.

Flushing Meadows–Corona Park

[edit]

References

[edit]

Belt Parkway

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "$20,000,000 Park Program Is Submitted". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. February 26, 1930. p. 19. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  2. ^ "$20,000,000 City Park Program Urged by Municipal Conference". The Sun (New York). Fultonhistory.com. February 26, 1930. p. 25. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  3. ^ David, Lester (September 19, 1938). "Put a Belt Around Brooklyn: A Circumferential Parkway-Four Lanes Wide and 21 Miles Along Our Shoreline". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Fultonhistory.com. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  4. ^ "Traffic Arteries to Cost $7,880,000". The New York Times. February 19, 1938. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
  5. ^ Jay Maeder (December 1, 1998). Big Town, Big Time: A New York Epic : 1898-1998. Sports Publishing LLC. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-58261-028-3. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  6. ^ "Defer Action to Learn Costs of Wider Road". Long Island Daily Press. Fultonhistory.com. April 29, 1932. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  7. ^ "Work Rushed on Last Parkway Link". Long Island Daily Press. Fultonhistory.com. April 1, 1936. Retrieved March 4, 2017.

Popcorn Chicken

[edit]
KFC Popcorn Chicken

Popcorn Chicken is a fried chicken product consisting of small, "bite-sized" pieces of chicken that have been breaded and fried.[1] It is best known as a menu item at KFC restaurants. The competing Arby's and Sonic Drive-In chains also sell the item.[2] Frozen varieties are produced by companies such as Tyson Foods and Perdue Farms.

Popcorn Chicken was invented and pitched to KFC by food technologist Gene Gagliardi in 1992, and appeared in KFC restaurants that year.[3] It has been periodically available in KFC outlets in the United States, most recently re-introduced in 2015 under the name "KFC Popcorn Nuggets".[4] The product is regularly available in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Singapore and New Zealand.[5][6][7][8] It is targeted at teenagers and young adults,[1] as well as people at work or traveling.[9][10]

Product description

[edit]

Popcorn chicken was originally created using dark-meat chicken trimmings left over from "Hot Thighs", a Hooters and Wawa offering also invented by Gene Gagliardi. The original hot thighs were quarter-inch strips of chicken thighs. To create the popcorn chicken, these trimmings were marinated, breaded and battered, and deep fried.[11][12][13] The current iteration of popcorn chicken utilizes white meat.[11][12]

History

[edit]

Gagliardi originally presented hot thighs to KFC in early 1992. After mixed reviews from the executives, he and his assistant improvised and created popcorn chicken.[11][12][13] Gagliardi originally called the invention "Finger Pickin' Chicken" or "Fing'r Pick'n Chick'n", after KFC's slogan "finger lickin' good".[3][12][13] It was later renamed popcorn chicken after the pre-existing "popcorn shrimp".[14] The product was test-marketed in select US markets including Orlando, Florida beginning in March 1992.[3][14] It was launched nationwide by September 1992.[3] Popcorn chicken was introduced at a time when the poultry industry was transitioning away from bone-in fried chicken and towards boneless offerings.[15][13] The product was also a part of KFC's rebranding efforts, targeting younger customers.[15][16]

Popcorn Chicken has been periodically available in KFC outlets in the United States. It was re-introduced in the US in 1998,[17] and again in 2001.[9]

In 2003, a UK study found that KFC Popcorn Chicken contained only 66 percent meat.[18]

It was later re-introduced once again in 2015, under the name "KFC Popcorn Nuggets".[4]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Strategy January 25, 109 Trident, KFC cross-promo BYLINE: Patrick Allossery SECTION: Pg.8
  2. ^ Cheri Fraker; Mark Fishbein Dr.; Sibyl Cox (March 5, 2009). Food Chaining: The Proven 6-Step Plan to Stop Picky Eating, Solve Feeding Problems, and Expand Your Child's Diet. Da Capo Press, Incorporated. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-7867-3275-3. Retrieved February 3, 2017. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b c d Marter, Marilynn (September 2, 1992). "A Cut-up With Chicken The Man Who Gave Us Steak-umms Has Turned To Poultry. Kfc's Popcorn Chicken Is One Of His "Designer" Cuts". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 3, 2015. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  4. ^ a b Schlossberg, Mallory (February 5, 2015). "KFC is bringing back popcorn chicken". Business Insider. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  5. ^ KFC.co.uk | Chicken Popcorn? Sounds Good | So Good
  6. ^ [1]
  7. ^ KFC - Popcorn Chicken
  8. ^ Popcorn Chicken
  9. ^ a b "Next Stop: Customer Mania; Tricon Global Restaurants Annual Report 2001" (PDF). Tricon Global Restaurants. 2001. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
  10. ^ Joe Plummer; Stephen D. Rappaport; Taddy Hall (July 20, 2007). The Online Advertising Playbook: Proven Strategies and Tested Tactics from the Advertising Research Foundation. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-470-14035-2. Retrieved February 3, 2017. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ a b c Hirsch, Arthur (September 17, 2003). "Meaty Ideas: Eugene D. Gagliardi Jr. invented Steak-umms, Popcorn Chicken and Hooter's Hot Thighs, and he's still thinking up ways to put protein on your plate". The Baltimore Sun. Atglen, Pennsylvania. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  12. ^ a b c d Clyma, Kimberlie (August 2010). "An appetite for inventing". Food Business News. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  13. ^ a b c d Cavallo, Craig (July 16, 2015). "From Southern Tradition to Mechanical Marvel: How Fried Chicken Lost its Bones". Serious Eats. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  14. ^ a b Joseph, Scott (March 27, 1992). "Crumbs Of Chicken At Kfc". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
  15. ^ a b Cases in Consumer Behavior; Case 34: Kentucky Fried Chicken and the Global Fast-Food Industry (PDF). Cengage Learning, Houghton Mifflin Company. November 2003. pp. 419–439. ISBN 978-0-618-44155-6. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
  16. ^ Taylor, Kate (May 20, 2016). "KFC says it has been making the same mistake for decades — but now it has a plan to beat Chick-fil-A". Business Insider. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  17. ^ Promo November 1998 Riding a Rage BYLINE: PROMO STAFF
  18. ^ "Chicken nuggets take a nutritional battering". Daily Mail. March 6, 2003. p. 39. Retrieved February 3, 2017.

Farragut, Brooklyn

[edit]
Not to be confused with Farragut Houses, occasionally referred to as "Farragut" as well.

Farragut, originally Farragut Woods,[1] is a neighborhood in the east central section of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The area is part of Brooklyn Community Board 17.[2] Farragut is roughly bounded by Cortelyou Road and Holy Cross Cemetery to the north, Kings Highway to the east, Brooklyn Avenue on the west and the LIRR Bay Ridge Branch to the south.[3] The neighborhood is within the larger East Flatbush section of Brooklyn,[1] and was originally part of the colonial Town of Flatbush.[1][3][4]

The area was largely populated by Jews and Italians before 1950. By the 1990s, African Americans became a majority, along with many immigrants from the West Indies.[3] The neighborhood is served by the NYPD's 67th Precinct.[5]

The neighborhood was named for American Civil War Admiral David Farragut.[3][4]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Perez, Luis (February 16, 2003). "WORKING-CLASS GEM IN HEART OF CITY East Flatbush's star is on the rise again". New York Daily News. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
  2. ^ Brooklyn Community Boards, New York City. Accessed December 31, 2007.
  3. ^ a b c d Kenneth T. Jackson; Lisa Keller; Nancy Flood (December 2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition. p. 391. ISBN 978-0-300-18257-6.
  4. ^ a b "Paerdegat Park: History". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
  5. ^ 84th Precinct, NYPD.

Bus depots of MTA Regional Bus Operations hidden sections

[edit]

Zerega Avenue Facility

[edit]

The Zerega Avenue Facility is a one-story structure located on the east side of Zerega Avenue between Lafayette and Seward Avenues in the Castle Hill section of the Bronx. The facility sits on the western coast of Westchester Creek.[1][2] Plans for the facility were conceived around 1999,[2] and it was constructed in 2000.[1][2] The facility received an award from the American Society of Civil Engineers for design-build project of the year in 2002.[3] Around 2002, the Zerega shops began overhauling NYCT buses to operate on ultra-low-sulfur diesel.[4] The facility includes paint booths for MTA buses, and was designed to maintain compressed natural gas (CNG) equipment.[5][1][2] It also features numerous classrooms and a driving simulator to train MTA bus operators.[1][2][6]

Other facilities

[edit]

Bathgate Shop

[edit]

The Bathgate Shop is a plant and equipment (P&E) central shop at 1745/1775 Bathgate Avenue in Claremont, Bronx.[7][8]

Crane Street Yard

[edit]

Crane Street Yard is an annex facility located at the east end of Crane Street off Jackson Avenue in Long Island City, Queens, across from the former 5 Pointz site. The facility is adjacent to the Long Island Rail Road's Arch Street Yard, overlooking the Sunnyside Yard near the portals to the East River Tunnels and the Hunterspoint Avenue station. The lot is used to store express buses during midday hours.[9]

Former depots

[edit]

100th Street Depot and 108th Street Depot (East Side Omnibus)

[edit]

The 100th Street depot was located at 433 East 100th Street in East Harlem. The 108th Street depot was located at 403 East 198th Street. The depots were inherited by the Board of Transportation from the East Side Omnibus Corporation on September 24, 1948.[10][11] Following the closure of these depots, there were no city-operated Manhattan garages until the takeover of the Fifth Avenue Coach facilities in 1962.[12]

Jackson Heights Depot / Northern Boulevard Depot

[edit]

The Jackson Heights Depot or Northern Boulevard Depot was located at Northern Boulevard and 77th Street in Jackson Heights, Queens, across to the west from Travers Park. The depot occupied the north end of the block bound by Northern Boulevard to the north, 77th Street to the east, 34th Avenue to the south, and 76th Street to the west.[13][14][15][16] It was operated by the Manhattan-based Fifth Avenue Coach Company from 1925 until 1962 for the company's 15 route (now the Q32) and 16 route (the discontinued Q89).[13][14][15][17] The site was condemned upon municipal takeover,[13] and was closed on December 22, 1963.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e "ENB - REGION 2 NOTICES". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. December 20, 2000. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "ENB Region 2 Completed Applications 12/06/2000". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. December 16, 2000. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
  3. ^ "MTA NYC Transit 1996 - 2005 A Decade of Accomplishments". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. January 3, 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
  4. ^ Kennedy, Randy (June 16, 2002). "New York's Bus Cleanup Brings Other Cities On Board". The New York Times. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
  5. ^ a b "Development of Repair Time Standards for Engine & Transmission (power plant) Replacement of Transit Vehicles: Final Report" (PDF). usf.edu. Florida Department of Transportation. July 27, 2006. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
  6. ^ Rayman, Graham (November 6, 2007). "Bus Kill". The Village Voice. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
  7. ^ a b "Notice of Addendum: Addendum #4" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
  8. ^ a b "REPORT OF THE NEW YORK CITY NEW YORK STATE TASK FORCE ON BUILDING AND FIRE SAFETY" (PDF). New York State Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Services. June 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
  9. ^ "22-44 Jackson Avenue: Environmental Assessment Statement and Attachments" (PDF). New York City Department of City Planning. August 16, 2013. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
  10. ^ a b Sparberg, Andrew J. (October 1, 2014). From a Nickel to a Token: The Journey from Board of Transportation to MTA. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-6190-1.
  11. ^ a b Crowell, Paul (September 24, 1948). "2 BUS COMPANIES OPERATING 6 LINES ARE BOUGHT BY CITY; Transportation Board Begins Operation at 12:01 A.M. Today on 7-Cent Fare". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved March 27, 2016.
  12. ^ Levey, Stanley (September 23, 1955). "City Faces Big Bus Costs; Unless Surface Lines Are Sold Now, $10,200,000 or More Must Be Spent". The New York Times. pp. 1, 48. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
  13. ^ a b c d Levey, Stanley (March 27, 1962). "New Bus Seizures Asked; Line Planning Runs Today". The New York Times. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
  14. ^ a b c "Bus Strike Is Set For Early Today; Mayor's Plea Vain". The New York Times. March 10, 1941. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
  15. ^ a b "2 Queens Routes Tied Up By Manhattan Bus Strike". Long Island Daily Press. Fultonhistory.com. March 10, 1941. p. 1. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
  16. ^ "3 Sites Okayed For J.H.S. 145: Planners Select Tracts in Jackson Heights". Long Island Star-Journal. Fultonhistory.com. June 2, 1949. p. 1. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
  17. ^ New York Times, Plans to Link All Suburban Transit, July 10, 1925, page 19
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