User:Aishafozdar/Population control
Population control is the practice of artificially maintaining the size of any population. It simply refers to the act of limiting the size of an animal population so that it remains manageable, as opposed to the act of protecting a species from excessive rates of extinction, which is referred to as conservation biology[1][2][3].
While many abiotic and biotic factors influence population control, humans are notably influential against animal populations. Whether humans need to hunt animals for nourishment or simply neuter their pets to prevent reproduction from occurring, these activities actively manage populations. Specifically, population control plays an important role in wildlife populations. Based on the species being dealt with, there are numerous ways populations of the wild are controlled. Wildlife contraception is the act of preventing reproduction in the wild, which subsequently decreases populations. An example of this includes the maintenance of deer populations with the use of vaccines[4][5]. Other methods to maintain populations include lethal trapping, live trapping, egg/roost site manipulation, live-ammunition shooting, and chemical euthanization. Lethal trapping, egg/roost site manipulation, live-ammunition shooting, and chemical euthanization are methods used to eliminate animal populations and prevent reproduction, whereas live trapping captures species to remove them from a specific area[6].
Factors influencing population control
[edit]See also: Lotka–Volterra equations and Carrying capacity
Population control can be influenced by a variety of factors. Humans can greatly influence the size of animal populations they directly interact with. It is, for example, relatively common (and sometimes even a legal requirement) to spay or neuter dogs. Spaying – removing the ovaries and uterus of a female animal – medical term = ovariohysterectomy. Neutering - removing the testes of a male animal – medical term = orchiectomy. Various humans activities (e.g. hunting, farming, fishing, industrialization, and urbanization) all impact various animal populations.
Methods for active population control
[edit]Wildlife Population Control
[edit]Wildlife contraception is used to regulate populations of animals in the wild and halt reproduction. For example, vaccines are currently being used in deer populations. GonaCon, which was developed by the US Department of Agriculture, encourages the production of antibodies in the sex drive hormones[4]. Specifically, it is said to remove the oestrous cycles from the females, which initially attracts the males; without the oestrous cycles, males are not interested in mating[4]. Another type of vaccine that is being used in deer is called porcine zona pellucida (PZP)[5]. PZP works by blocking sperm with antibodies on the deer's egg surface[5].
When preventing reproduction fails to control populations, methods such as lethal trapping, live trapping, egg/roost site manipulation, live-ammunition shooting, and chemical euthanization are used to maintain populations.
Lethal trapping is a method used to kill animals. This type of method is usually monitored in order to ensure no ethical or public concerns arise. While this tactic is most commonly used on small animals, populations of larger animals such as beavers and foxes are also controlled with this type of method[6].
Live trapping is a method used to capture a variety of animals. From small animals to large animals, this type of population control method uses barrel traps, restraining snares, and leg-hold devices. Just like the lethal trapping method, this tactic also needs to be regularly monitored to ensure no ethical concerns arise, as well as reduce animal distress. Specifically, this type of population control method is popular with capturing birds[6].
Egg/roost site manipulation is used on birds to prevent them from nesting in prohibited areas. Water spray is popular in urban and agricultural areas as it uses sprinklers to omit surfactants. The surfactants then control bird populations by killing and preventing future birds from nesting[6].
Live-ammunition shooting uses firearms to eliminate animals such as birds and bears. Because this type of population control method is restricted in many parts of the world, it is only to be used when other control methods have failed[6].
Chemical euthanization refers to the use of chemicals to cause an easy or painless death and is divided into three categories: acute toxins, anticoagulants and decalcifiers, and fumigants[6][7]. Acute toxins only require a single dose to kill animals, whereas anticoagulants and decalcifiers require numerous doses over time. Fumigants are used to suffocate animals underground[6]. While this type of population control method poses ethical concerns, the World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) believes it is necessary when human health or the safety of other animals are at risk[8]. To ensure this control method is humane, WSPA states that it must be painless, achieve rapid unconsciousness followed by death, minimize animal fear and distress, and be reliable and irreversible[8].
Population control also plays a significant role in managing and controlling invasive species so that they are eliminated before becoming abundant and causing any ecological harm[9].
Examples
[edit]Several efforts have been made to control the population of ticks, which act as vectors of a number of diseases and therefore pose a risk to humans. Efforts are also continuously being made to control wildlife populations near airports. Specifically, control measures have been approved for bald eagles and deer[6].
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[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Sahney, Sarda; Benton, Michael J. (2008-04-07). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 275 (1636): 759–765. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2596898. PMID 18198148.
- ^ Conservation biology : an evolutionary-ecological perspective. Michael E. Soulé, Bruce A. Wilcox. Sunderland, Mass. 1980. ISBN 0-87893-800-1. OCLC 5677875.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ "What Is Conservation Biology?". BioScience. 35 (11): 727–734. 1985-12. doi:10.2307/1310054.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c "Deer 'pill' curbs aggressive mating". BBC News. 2011-09-01. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
- ^ a b c Magazine, Smithsonian. "Oh Deer!". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Read "Airport Wildlife Population Management" at NAP.edu.
- ^ "Euthanasia - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
- ^ a b https://caninerabiesblueprint.org/IMG/pdf/Link72_Euthanasia_WSPA.pdf
- ^ Allendorf, Fred W.; Lundquist, Laura L. (2003). "Introduction: Population Biology, Evolution, and Control of Invasive Species". Conservation Biology. 17 (1): 24–30. ISSN 0888-8892.