Trinidadian Spanish
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| Trinidadian Spanish | |
|---|---|
| castellano trinitense, castellano trinitario | |
| Pronunciation | [kasteˈʝano tɾiniˈtense, - tɾiniˈtaɾjo] |
| Native to | Trinidad and Tobago |
| Region | Caribbean |
Native speakers | ~4000 (2019)[1] L1 users: ~4000 (2019) L2 users: 66400 |
Indo-European
| |
Early forms | |
| Latin (Spanish alphabet) | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Trinidad and Tobago (First Foreign Language) |
| Regulated by | None |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | es |
| ISO 639-2 | spa[2] |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
| IETF | es-TT |
Trinidadian Spanish (castellano trinitense or castellano trinitario) refers to the Spanish natively spoken by Cocoa Panyols in Trinidad and Tobago which is very close to extinction.
The current situation of Spanish in Trinidad and Tobago is complex due to the recent influx of Venezuelan migrants and a misguided popular belief that there was never a hispanophone presence on the island, resulting in all Spanish speakers are labeled as Venezuelan or "Spanish". Most native Spanish speakers in Trinidad were historically found in the Santa Cruz, Caura Valley, Paramin, Lopinot and other rural communities working in and around the cocoa industry.[3] The local dialect of Trinidadian Spanish is almost completely lost due to its social status (as a language for the poor or migrants), the prestige of English under British rule and larger influxes of non-Hispanic communities: East Indians, Chinese, Portuguese, Syrians, etc. But due to the country's proximity to the coast of Venezuela, the country is currently slowly developing a relationship with Spanish-speaking peoples, and therefore the government requires that Spanish be taught in secondary education. Specifically, in 2004, when the government appointed Spanish as the first foreign language, launched in March 2005, the East Indians, Chinese, Portuguese, Syrians, etc. study Spanish.[4]
The last vestiges of Hispano-Trinidadian culture can be seen in the Christmas period. Traditional music from the Northern Range, Parang a galicismo of Parranda, uses the Joropo, Gaita and Polo music styles among others and is sung in Spanish. More recent Soca Parang and Chutney Parang have been performed in English. Pastelles, or pasteles in Spanish, are also eaten.
Trinidadian Spanish is closely related to the Spanish found in the east of Venezuela (Sucre, Caribbean Coast) and Margarita Island and shares many features with Caribbean Spanish in general. Due to the Venezuelan presence in Trinidad, it is likely that the local dialect of spoken Spanish will become ever more venezolano or sucrense.
History
[edit]The Spanish claimed Trinidad in 1498 and settled on the island in 1560. Spanish speakers on the island have been present in some form ever since. European settlers were small in number but the indigenous people were taught and proselytized in Spanish.[5] After the Cédula de Población, French Creole took over as lingua franca among the newly arrived peoples, then replaced by English after 1797 when Britain officially took the island. The second wave of Spanish speakers came in the form of peons, eastern Venezuelan agricultural workers who arrived in the early 19th century. Due to their low economic and social status, Spanish was stigmatized as a language of the Panyols so was quickly dropped by many descendants or not taught at all for fear of passing on bad English.
Due to socioeconomic factors and geographic isolation, Spanish, the local variety especially, was not adopted or even heard by large parts of the population.
Except from these two larger migrations, throughout Trinidad's history, there have been movements of people in smaller numbers between Venezuela (and to a lesser extent other Spanish-speaking countries, mostly Colombia, Venezuela's neighbor) and Trinidad. These include the 'bozal ' Spanish-speaking African Slaves from Spanish America,[6] descendants of Trinidadians who migrated from El Callao and Güiria and migrants from Maracaibo for the petroleum and cocoa industry. In the 21st century, this migration was induced by the economic decline in Venezuela and the island's close proximity and flights to other locations.
Features
[edit]- Trinidadian Spanish shares almost all the features of Venezuelan Spanish, especially Eastern Venezuela.
- There is weak consonantism and strong vocalism, meaning that vowels stressed are lengthened and unstressed vowels become unvoiced or disappear. E.g. zapato -> zapat, arepa -> arep.
- Intervocalic fricative dentals are often lost in -ado/a and -ido/a endings, so madrugada becomes madrugá.
- l often replaces r inside and at the end of words. This is common in many Caribbean dialects.
- The phoneme /x/ is realized as glottal [h], common in Venezuela and other Caribbean dialects.
- Verba archaism are used such as vide, vido; truje, trujo; semos alongside the modern vi, vio; traje, trajo; somos.
- Other archaic words used include cuasi (casi), dende (desde), mientre (mientras), fogón (estufa o cocina), paila (sartén), candela (fuego).
Lexicon
[edit]The lexicon of Trinidadian Spanish is very similar to that of Eastern Venezuelan and Margaritan Spanish, with some words borrowed from Cariban, Arawakan, English, Patois, Caribbean Hindustani, and Portuguese. It is most developed in the aspects of life that were traditionally most in the Panyol culture: Cocao, farming, hunting, religion, and food.[7]
- Cachicamo: Armadillo
- Chaco: Sweet Potato
- Conuco: parcela de tierra, terreno
- Dite: hot drink
- Flema: llama
- Garratadera: Cocoa knife
- Macaurel o Macauel: Boa Constrictor
- Morrocoy: Red-footed tortoise
- Motoká: car
- Pana: balde
- Tomar el dite: desayunar
- Tucuche: Hummingbird
Place Names
[edit]- Blanquisel o Blanquizales: Blachissuese
- El Puelto: Port of Spain
- El Toco: Toco
- Filete: Filette Point
- La Misión: Princes Town
- Las Cotorras: Five Islands
- Maravaca: Saut D'eau Bay
- Matalote: Matalot
- Mayaroa: Mayaro
- Oropuche: Oropouche
- Sin Cuidado: San Souci
- Tamanaco: Mt. Tamana
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Español Legua Viva 2019" (PDF). Instituto Cervantes (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
- ^ "ISO 639-2 Language Code search". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
- ^ Moodie-Kublalsingh, Sylvia (1994). The cocoa panyols of Trinidad : an oral record. London: British Academic Press. ISBN 1-85043-660-6. OCLC 30962336.
- ^ Grau Perejoan, Maria; Gea Monera, María Pilar (2007). "El español en Trinidad y Tobago" (PDF). El español por países (in European Spanish). Instituto Cervantes. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
- ^ Ottley, Carlton Robert (1971). Spanish Trinidad : an account of life in Trinidad, 1498-1797. [Port of Spain]: Longman. ISBN 0-582-76313-4. OCLC 16209268.
- ^ Lipski, John (1990). "Trinidad Spanish: Implications for Afro-hispanic Language". Nieuwe West-Indische Gids / New West Indian Guide. 64 (1/2): 7–27. doi:10.1163/13822373-90002023. JSTOR 24027304.
- ^ Thompson, R.W. "Pre-british Place-names in Trinidad". De West-Indische Gids. 39 (2/4): 137–165. doi:10.1163/22134360-90002410. JSTOR 41969619.