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Temnikov Principality

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Bekhanid Principality of Tümen
Moksha: Мурунза, romanized: Murunza[1]Tatar: Төмəн ханлыгы, romanized: Tömän xanlığı
1388–1684
Flag of Tümen
Flag during the reign of Öz Beg Khan as shown in Dulcert's 1339 map (other sources claim that the Golden Horde was named for the yellow banner of the khan[2]).
Mordvin Tatars subject to Muscovy in 1684
Mordvin Tatars subject to Muscovy in 1684
StatusGrand Duchy of Moscow protectorate since 1684
CapitalTümen(Tatar: Tömän kalası)[3]
Common languagesTurki (official), Tatar, Moksha
Religion
Paganism
GovernmentMonarchy
Prince (*Gyula)[4] 
• 1388
*Kegyes Ténes[5]
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• First mention of the principality
1388
• protectorate of Grand Duchy of Moscow
1684
CurrencyDang, Pul, Soum, Dirham[6]
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Mukhsha Ulus
Grand Duchy of Moscow
Russian Empire
Today part ofRussian Federation

The Temnikov Principality or Tümen Principality (Tatar: Төмән ханлыгы, romanized: Tömän xanlığı, Moksha: Мурунза, romanized: Murunza[7] Italian: Tartari di Mordua), also known as Murunza (Russian: Темниковская Мещёра, romanizedTemnikov Meschera) or the Bekhanid Principality of Tümen was a Mishar and Moksha[8] principality in Eastern Mishar Yurt (Temnikovsky and Kadomsky Uyezds).[9] The state was closely allied with the Grand Duchy of Moscow.

Etymology

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Tatar: Төмән ханлыгы, romanized: Tömän xanlığı and Church Slavonic: темник means tümen commander and refers to the city founder Prince Tenish Kugushev or his immediate ancestors.[10] Other scholars M. Safargaliev, P. Chermensky consider Temnikov second one in importance ulus centre after Mukhsha since the etymology of the placename itself points at Golden Horde tümen commander's headquarters.[11]

History

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The principality was established by Prince Bekhan in 1388.[12][13] Principality later expanded and comprised territories between Oka-Tsena-Sura interfluve in (Northern, Western and Eastern Mokshaland). Temnikov, Kadom, Sacony and Andreev townlet had been destroyed during the period of Muscovy and Ryazan Principality raids in first decades of 15th century and later rebuilt in new cites. It was confirmed by archeological findings in 1960s.[14]

Genetics

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Members at Family TreeDNA tracing royal descent to Prince Bekhan of the Temnikov Principality, are grouped as (07 Tatar Princes – Bekhanids) in the Russian Nobility DNA project. All members belong to Y-haplogroup J2b-L283 > Y12000.[15]

Tümen Princes

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Mentioned in Russian sources as Mordvin Princes[19][20]

Administration

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The Principality was divided into belyaks.

Population

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The land was inhabited mainly by Mokshas, Mishars and Erzyas. Some Burtases resettled to Northern Mokshaland, and would be mentioned in later Russian documents as Posop Tatars since they served as prince's army bread suppliers and paid bread tax.[21]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich. History of the Russian State. St. Petersburg: printed in the Military Printing Office of the General Staff of His Imperial Majesty, Vol. 8, 1816
  2. ^ Zahler, Diane (2013). The Black Death (Revised ed.). Twenty-First Century Books. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-4677-0375-8.
  3. ^ Utverzhdennaya gramota ob izbranii na Moskovskoe gosudarstvo Mikhaila Fedorovicha Romanova [The Approved Charter on the Election to the Moscow State's Reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Explanations by S.A. Belokurov]. Moscow, 1904 (In Russian)
  4. ^ Rastoropov 2015
  5. ^ Rastoropov 2015
  6. ^ German A. Fedorov-Davydov The Monetary System of The Golden Horde*. Translated by L. I. Smirnova (Holden). Retrieved: 14 July 2017.
  7. ^ Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich. History of the Russian State. St. Petersburg: printed in the Military Printing Office of the General Staff of His Imperial Majesty, Vol. 8, 1816
  8. ^ Filjushkin 2008 p.94
  9. ^ Belyakov & Yengalycheva 2014
  10. ^ Akchurin & Isheev 2017
  11. ^ Safargaliev M.G. Raspad Zolotoy Ordy [Dissolution of the Golden Horde]. Saransk, 1960. (In Russian)
  12. ^ Bikkinin
  13. ^ Pervushkin & Shishlov
  14. ^ Fedorov-Davydov & Tsirkin 1966 pp. 235–249
  15. ^ "Russian Nobility DNA Project". Familytreedna.com.
  16. ^ Akchurin & Isheev 2017
  17. ^ Belyakov 2013
  18. ^ Text of the Cäğfär Taríxı. Vol.1
  19. ^ Akchurin & Isheev 2017
  20. ^ Belyakov 2013
  21. ^ Akchurin 2012 pp. 43–48.

Sources

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