Social liberalism: Difference between revisions
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'''Social liberalism''' (also known as ''' |
'''Social liberalism''' (also known as '''modern liberalism''' in the United States<ref>Donald E. Pease, Robyn Wiegman (eds.), ''The Futures of American Studies'', Duke University Press, 2002, p. 518.</ref> and '''left liberalism''' in Germany){{citation needed|date=March 2019}} is a [[political ideology]] and a variety of [[liberalism]] that endorses a [[regulation|regulated]] [[free market]] [[market economy|economy]] and the expansion of [[civil and political rights]]. A social liberal [[government]] is expected to address economic and social issues such as [[poverty]], [[health care]] and [[education]] in a liberal state. It does so in allowing autonomy of the individual and products of the market economy unrestricted access with the goal to increase wellbeing for all.<ref>{{cite journal|author = Rohr, Donald G.|title = The Origins of Social Liberalism in Germany|journal = [[The Journal of Economic History]]| volume = 24 | issue = 03 | date = September 1964 | url = http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7548652 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/liberalism/#NewLib|title=The 'New Liberalism'|author1=Gaus, Gerald |author2=Courtland, Shane D. |lastauthoramp=yes |publisher=''[[The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''|date=Spring 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2010/07/social-liberalism-hobhouse|title=The origins of social liberalism|author=John Derbyshire|publisher=''[[New Statesman]]''|date=12 July 2010}}</ref> |
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Under social liberalism, the [[common good]] is viewed as harmonious with the freedom of the individual.<ref>''The history of European liberalism'' (1959), Guido De Ruggiero, pp. 155–157</ref> Social liberal policies have been widely adopted in much of the capitalist world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAtlVdPhEFAC&lpg=PP1&dq=Political+Sociology:+A+Critical+Introduction&pg=PA73|title=Political Sociology: A Critical Introduction|first=Keith|last=Faulks|date=10 December 1999|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|accessdate=10 December 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> Social liberal ideas and parties tend to be considered [[centrism|centrist]] or [[centre-left politics|centre-left]].<ref name="adams" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Slomp |first=Hans |title=European Politics Into the Twenty-First Century: Integration and Division |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=0275968146 |year=2000 |location=Westport}}</ref><ref name="modern" /><ref name="hombachbodo">{{Cite book| last = Hombach | first = Bodo | title = The politics of the new centre | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | year = 2000 | location = | pages = | url = http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-074562460X.html | doi = | id = | isbn = 9780745624600 }}</ref><ref name="womenpower" /> |
Under social liberalism, the [[common good]] is viewed as harmonious with the freedom of the individual.<ref>''The history of European liberalism'' (1959), Guido De Ruggiero, pp. 155–157</ref> Social liberal policies have been widely adopted in much of the capitalist world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAtlVdPhEFAC&lpg=PP1&dq=Political+Sociology:+A+Critical+Introduction&pg=PA73|title=Political Sociology: A Critical Introduction|first=Keith|last=Faulks|date=10 December 1999|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|accessdate=10 December 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> Social liberal ideas and parties tend to be considered [[centrism|centrist]] or [[centre-left politics|centre-left]].<ref name="adams" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Slomp |first=Hans |title=European Politics Into the Twenty-First Century: Integration and Division |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=0275968146 |year=2000 |location=Westport}}</ref><ref name="modern" /><ref name="hombachbodo">{{Cite book| last = Hombach | first = Bodo | title = The politics of the new centre | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | year = 2000 | location = | pages = | url = http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-074562460X.html | doi = | id = | isbn = 9780745624600 }}</ref><ref name="womenpower" /> However, in current United States political usage the term "social liberalism" describes [[Social progress|progressive]] stances on socio-political issues like [[abortion]], [[same-sex marriage]] or [[gun control]] as opposed to "social conservatism" which refers to [[Cultural conservatism|cultural conservatism]]. A social liberal in this sense may hold either more "[[Economic interventionism|liberal]]" or "[[Fiscal conservatism|conservative]]" views on [[fiscal policy]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Farai |last=Chideya |title=The Red and the Blue: A Divided America |work=Trust: Reaching the 100 Million Missing Voters and Other Selected Essays |publisher=Soft Skull |year=2004 |page=34}}</ref> |
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However, in current United States political usage, the term "social liberalism" describes [[Progressivism|progressive]] stances on socio-political issues like [[abortion]], [[same-sex marriage]] or [[gun control]] as opposed to "[[social conservatism]]". A social liberal in this sense may hold either more "liberal" or "[[Fiscal conservatism|conservative]]" views on [[fiscal policy]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Farai |last=Chideya |title=The Red and the Blue: A Divided America |work=Trust: Reaching the 100 Million Missing Voters and Other Selected Essays |publisher=Soft Skull |year=2004 |page=34}}</ref> |
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== Origins == |
== Origins == |
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[[John Stuart Mill]] contributed enormously to liberal thought by combining elements of classical liberalism with what eventually became known as the new liberalism. The new liberals tried to adapt the old language of liberalism to confront these difficult circumstances, which they believed could only be resolved through a broader and more interventionist conception of the state. An equal right to liberty could not be established merely by ensuring that individuals did not physically interfere with each other or merely by having laws that were impartially formulated and applied, as more positive and proactive measures were required to ensure that every individual would have an [[equal opportunity]] of success.<ref name="eatwell">{{Cite book| last = Eatwell | first = Roger | authorlink = |author2=Wright, Anthony | title = Contemporary political ideologies | publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group | year = 1999 | location = | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 9780826451736 }}</ref> |
[[John Stuart Mill]] contributed enormously to liberal thought by combining elements of classical liberalism with what eventually became known as the new liberalism. The new liberals tried to adapt the old language of liberalism to confront these difficult circumstances, which they believed could only be resolved through a broader and more interventionist conception of the state. An equal right to liberty could not be established merely by ensuring that individuals did not physically interfere with each other or merely by having laws that were impartially formulated and applied, as more positive and proactive measures were required to ensure that every individual would have an [[equal opportunity]] of success.<ref name="eatwell">{{Cite book| last = Eatwell | first = Roger | authorlink = |author2=Wright, Anthony | title = Contemporary political ideologies | publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group | year = 1999 | location = | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 9780826451736 }}</ref> |
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==== New |
==== New Liberals ==== |
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[[File:Thomashillgreen.jpg|thumb|left|[[Thomas Hill Green]]]] |
[[File:Thomashillgreen.jpg|thumb|left|[[Thomas Hill Green]]]] |
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In the late 19th century and early 20th century, a group of British thinkers known as the New Liberals made a case against ''laissez-faire'' classical liberalism and argued in favor of state intervention in social, economic and cultural life. What they proposed is now called social liberalism.<ref>[[Michael Freeden]], ''The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform'' (Oxford UP, 1978).</ref> The New Liberals, which included intellectuals like [[Thomas Hill Green]], [[Leonard Hobhouse]] and [[John A. Hobson]], saw individual liberty as something achievable only under favorable social and economic circumstances.<ref name="adams">{{cite book|last=Adams |first=Ian |title=Political Ideology Today (Politics Today) |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |isbn=0719060206 |year=2001 |location=Manchester}}</ref> In their view, the poverty, squalor and ignorance in which many people lived made it impossible for freedom and individuality to flourish. New Liberals believed that these conditions could be ameliorated only through collective action coordinated by a strong, welfare-oriented and interventionist state.<ref>The Routledge encyclopaedia of philosophy, p.599</ref> |
In the late 19th century and early 20th century, a group of British thinkers known as the New Liberals made a case against ''laissez-faire'' classical liberalism and argued in favor of state intervention in social, economic and cultural life. What they proposed is now called social liberalism.<ref>[[Michael Freeden]], ''The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform'' (Oxford UP, 1978).</ref> The New Liberals, which included intellectuals like [[Thomas Hill Green]], [[Leonard Hobhouse]] and [[John A. Hobson]], saw individual liberty as something achievable only under favorable social and economic circumstances.<ref name="adams">{{cite book|last=Adams |first=Ian |title=Political Ideology Today (Politics Today) |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |isbn=0719060206 |year=2001 |location=Manchester}}</ref> In their view, the poverty, squalor and ignorance in which many people lived made it impossible for freedom and individuality to flourish. New Liberals believed that these conditions could be ameliorated only through collective action coordinated by a strong, welfare-oriented and interventionist state.<ref>The Routledge encyclopaedia of philosophy, p.599</ref> |
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{{main article|Modern liberalism in the United States}} |
{{main article|Modern liberalism in the United States}} |
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[[File:FDR in 1933.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], the 32nd [[President of the United States]], whose [[New Deal]] domestic policies defined [[American liberalism]] for the middle third of the 20th century]] |
[[File:FDR in 1933.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], the 32nd [[President of the United States]], whose [[New Deal]] domestic policies defined [[American liberalism]] for the middle third of the 20th century]] |
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In the United States, the term "social liberalism" was used to differentiate it from classical liberalism or [[laissez faire]], which dominated political and economic thought for a number of years until the term branched off from it around the [[Great Depression]] and the [[New Deal]].<ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Marks, Gary | author2 = Wilson, Carole | lastauthoramp = yes | title = The Past in the Present: A Cleavage Theory of Party Response to European Integration | journal = British Journal of Political Science | volume = 30 | pages = 433–459 | date = July 2000 | url = http://www.utdallas.edu/~cjwilson/prof/BJPS00.pdf | format = PDF | doi = 10.1017/S0007123400000181 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080625032020/http://www.utdallas.edu/~cjwilson/prof/BJPS00.pdf | archivedate = 25 June 2008 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="richardson">{{cite book | last = Richardson | first = James L. | title = Contending Liberalisms in World Politics: Ideology and Power | publisher = Lynne Rienner Publishers | year = 2001 | id = 155587939X | location = Colorado}}</ref> |
In the United States, the term "social liberalism" was used to differentiate it from classical liberalism or [[laissez faire]], which dominated political and economic thought for a number of years until the term branched off from it around the [[Great Depression]] and the [[New Deal]].<ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Marks, Gary | author2 = Wilson, Carole | lastauthoramp = yes | title = The Past in the Present: A Cleavage Theory of Party Response to European Integration | journal = British Journal of Political Science | volume = 30 | pages = 433–459 | date = July 2000 | url = http://www.utdallas.edu/~cjwilson/prof/BJPS00.pdf | format = PDF | doi = 10.1017/S0007123400000181 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080625032020/http://www.utdallas.edu/~cjwilson/prof/BJPS00.pdf | archivedate = 25 June 2008 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="richardson">{{cite book | last = Richardson | first = James L. | title = Contending Liberalisms in World Politics: Ideology and Power | publisher = Lynne Rienner Publishers | year = 2001 | id = 155587939X | location = Colorado}}</ref> In the 1870s and the 1880s, the American economists [[Richard T. Ely|Richard Ely]], [[John Bates Clark]] and [[Henry Carter Adams]]—influenced both by [[socialism]] and the [[Evangelical Protestant]] movement—castigated the conditions caused by industrial factories and expressed sympathy towards [[labor unions]]. However, none developed a systematic political philosophy and they later abandoned their flirtations with socialist thinking. In 1883, [[Lester Frank Ward]] published the two-volume ''Dynamic Sociology'' and formalized the basic tenets of social liberalism while at the same time attacking the ''laissez-faire'' policies advocated by [[Herbert Spencer]] and [[William Graham Sumner]]. The historian [[Henry Steele Commager]] ranked Ward alongside [[William James]], [[John Dewey]] and [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.]] and called him the father of the modern welfare state.<ref>Commager, Henry Steele, ed.; Lester Ward and the Welfare State. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967</ref> Writing from 1884 until the 1930s, John Dewey—an educator influenced by Hobhouse, Green and Ward—advocated socialist methods to achieve liberal goals. Some social liberal ideas were later incorporated into the [[New Deal]],<ref>Richardson, pp. 38–41</ref> which developed as a response to the [[Great Depression]], when [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] came into office. |
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In the 1870s and the 1880s, the American economists [[Richard T. Ely|Richard Ely]], [[John Bates Clark]] and [[Henry Carter Adams]]—influenced both by [[socialism]] and the [[Evangelical Protestant]] movement—castigated the conditions caused by industrial factories and expressed sympathy towards [[labor unions]]. However, none developed a systematic political philosophy and they later abandoned their flirtations with socialist thinking. In 1883, [[Lester Frank Ward]] published the two-volume ''Dynamic Sociology'' and formalized the basic tenets of social liberalism while at the same time attacking the ''laissez-faire'' policies advocated by [[Herbert Spencer]] and [[William Graham Sumner]]. The historian [[Henry Steele Commager]] ranked Ward alongside [[William James]], [[John Dewey]] and [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.]] and called him the father of the modern welfare state.<ref>Commager, Henry Steele, ed.; Lester Ward and the Welfare State. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967</ref> Writing from 1884 until the 1930s, John Dewey—an educator influenced by Hobhouse, Green and Ward—advocated socialist methods to achieve liberal goals. Some social liberal ideas were later incorporated into the [[New Deal]],<ref>Richardson, pp. 38–41</ref> which developed as a response to the [[Great Depression]], when [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] came into office. |
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== Implementation == |
== Implementation == |
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=== United States === |
=== United States === |
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American political discourse resisted this social turn in European liberalism. |
American political discourse resisted this social turn in European liberalism. While the economic policies of the [[New Deal]] appeared [[Keynesianism|Keynesian]], there was no revision of liberal theory in favor of greater state initiative. Even though the United States lacked an effective socialist movement, New Deal policies often appeared radical and were attacked by the right. The separate development of [[modern liberalism in the United States]] is often attributed to [[American exceptionalism]], which kept mainstream American ideology within a narrow range.<ref>''Contending liberalisms in world politics: ideology and power'' (2001), James L. Richardson, pp. [https://www.google.com/books?id=FM_tCJk51yQC&lpg=PP1&dq=contending%20liberalisms%20in%20world%20politics&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q=&f=false 38–41]</ref> |
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[[John Rawls]]' principal work ''[[A Theory of Justice]]'' (1971) can be considered a flagship exposition of social liberal thinking, advocating the combination of individual freedom and a fairer distribution of resources. According to Rawls, every individual should be allowed to choose and pursue his or her own conception of what is desirable in life, while a [[Social justice|socially just]] distribution of goods must be maintained. Rawls argued that differences in material wealth are tolerable if general economic growth and wealth also benefit the poorest.<ref>{{cite book |author=gary Browning |title=Contemporary liberalism |work=Understanding Contemporary Society: Theories of the Present |publisher=Sage |year=2000 |pages=154–155}}</ref> ''A Theory of Justice'' countered [[Utilitarianism|utilitarian]] thinking in the tradition of [[Jeremy Bentham]], instead following the [[Immanuel Kant|Kantian]] concept of a [[social contract]], picturing society as a mutual agreement between [[Rationality|rational]] citizens, producing rights and duties as well as establishing and defining roles and tasks of the state. Rawls put the "equal liberty principle" in the first place, providing every person with equal access to the same set of [[Fundamental rights|fundamental]] [[Civil liberties|liberties]], followed by the "fair equality of opportunity" and "difference principle", thus allowing social and economic inequalities under the precondition that privileged positions are accessible to everyone, that everyone has equal opportunities and that even the least advantaged members of society benefit from this framework. This was later restated in the equation of ''[[Justice as Fairness]]''. Rawls proposed these principles not just to adherents of liberalism, but as a basis for all democratic politics, regardless of ideology. The work advanced social liberal ideas immensely within 1970s' political and philosophic academia.<ref>{{cite book |author=Edwin van de Haar |title=Degrees of Freedom: Liberal Political Philosophy and Ideology |publisher=Transaction |year=2015}}</ref> Rawls may therefore be seen as a "patron saint" of social liberalism.<ref name="Vincent_54"/> |
[[John Rawls]]' principal work ''[[A Theory of Justice]]'' (1971) can be considered a flagship exposition of social liberal thinking, advocating the combination of individual freedom and a fairer distribution of resources. According to Rawls, every individual should be allowed to choose and pursue his or her own conception of what is desirable in life, while a [[Social justice|socially just]] distribution of goods must be maintained. Rawls argued that differences in material wealth are tolerable if general economic growth and wealth also benefit the poorest.<ref>{{cite book |author=gary Browning |title=Contemporary liberalism |work=Understanding Contemporary Society: Theories of the Present |publisher=Sage |year=2000 |pages=154–155}}</ref> ''A Theory of Justice'' countered [[Utilitarianism|utilitarian]] thinking in the tradition of [[Jeremy Bentham]], instead following the [[Immanuel Kant|Kantian]] concept of a [[social contract]], picturing society as a mutual agreement between [[Rationality|rational]] citizens, producing rights and duties as well as establishing and defining roles and tasks of the state. Rawls put the "equal liberty principle" in the first place, providing every person with equal access to the same set of [[Fundamental rights|fundamental]] [[Civil liberties|liberties]], followed by the "fair equality of opportunity" and "difference principle", thus allowing social and economic inequalities under the precondition that privileged positions are accessible to everyone, that everyone has equal opportunities and that even the least advantaged members of society benefit from this framework. This was later restated in the equation of ''[[Justice as Fairness]]''. Rawls proposed these principles not just to adherents of liberalism, but as a basis for all democratic politics, regardless of ideology. The work advanced social liberal ideas immensely within 1970s' political and philosophic academia.<ref>{{cite book |author=Edwin van de Haar |title=Degrees of Freedom: Liberal Political Philosophy and Ideology |publisher=Transaction |year=2015}}</ref> Rawls may therefore be seen as a "patron saint" of social liberalism.<ref name="Vincent_54"/> |
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{{Social democracy}} |
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[[Category:Social liberalism| ]] |
[[Category:Social liberalism| ]] |
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[[Category:Political ideologies]] |
[[Category:Political ideologies]] |
Revision as of 12:47, 13 March 2019
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Social liberalism (also known as modern liberalism in the United States[1] and left liberalism in Germany)[citation needed] is a political ideology and a variety of liberalism that endorses a regulated free market economy and the expansion of civil and political rights. A social liberal government is expected to address economic and social issues such as poverty, health care and education in a liberal state. It does so in allowing autonomy of the individual and products of the market economy unrestricted access with the goal to increase wellbeing for all.[2][3][4]
Under social liberalism, the common good is viewed as harmonious with the freedom of the individual.[5] Social liberal policies have been widely adopted in much of the capitalist world.[6] Social liberal ideas and parties tend to be considered centrist or centre-left.[7][8][9][10][11] However, in current United States political usage the term "social liberalism" describes progressive stances on socio-political issues like abortion, same-sex marriage or gun control as opposed to "social conservatism" which refers to cultural conservatism. A social liberal in this sense may hold either more "liberal" or "conservative" views on fiscal policy.[12]
Origins
United Kingdom
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Leonard_Trelawny_Hobhouse%2C_c1910.jpg/170px-Leonard_Trelawny_Hobhouse%2C_c1910.jpg)
By the end of the 19th century, the principles of classical liberalism were challenged by downturns in economic growth, a growing awareness of poverty and unemployment present within modern industrial cities and also by the agitation of organized labour. A major political reaction against the changes introduced by industrialisation and laissez-faire capitalism came from conservatives concerned about social balance, although socialism later became a more important force for change and reform. Some Victorian writers—including Charles Dickens, Thomas Carlyle and Matthew Arnold—became early influential critics of social injustice.[13]
John Stuart Mill contributed enormously to liberal thought by combining elements of classical liberalism with what eventually became known as the new liberalism. The new liberals tried to adapt the old language of liberalism to confront these difficult circumstances, which they believed could only be resolved through a broader and more interventionist conception of the state. An equal right to liberty could not be established merely by ensuring that individuals did not physically interfere with each other or merely by having laws that were impartially formulated and applied, as more positive and proactive measures were required to ensure that every individual would have an equal opportunity of success.[14]
New Liberals
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Thomashillgreen.jpg/220px-Thomashillgreen.jpg)
In the late 19th century and early 20th century, a group of British thinkers known as the New Liberals made a case against laissez-faire classical liberalism and argued in favor of state intervention in social, economic and cultural life. What they proposed is now called social liberalism.[15] The New Liberals, which included intellectuals like Thomas Hill Green, Leonard Hobhouse and John A. Hobson, saw individual liberty as something achievable only under favorable social and economic circumstances.[7] In their view, the poverty, squalor and ignorance in which many people lived made it impossible for freedom and individuality to flourish. New Liberals believed that these conditions could be ameliorated only through collective action coordinated by a strong, welfare-oriented and interventionist state.[16]
The Liberal governments of Henry Campbell-Bannerman and H. H. Asquith, especially thanks to Chancellor of the Exchequer and later Prime Minister David Lloyd George, established the foundations of the welfare state in the United Kingdom before the First World War. The comprehensive welfare state built in the United Kingdom after the Second World War, although largely accomplished by the Labour Party, was significantly designed by two Liberals, namely John Maynard Keynes (who laid the economic foundations) and William Beveridge (who designed the welfare system).[7]
Historian Peter Weiler has argued:
Although still partially informed by older Liberal concerns for character, self-reliance, and the capitalist market, this legislation nevertheless, marked a significant shift in Liberal approaches to the state and social reform, approaches that later governments would slowly expand and that would grow into the welfare state after the Second World War. What was new in these reforms was the underlying assumption that the state could be a positive force, that the measure of individual freedom... was not how much the state left people alone, but whether he gave them the capacity to fill themselves as individuals.[17][18]
Germany
In 1860s Germany, left-liberal politicians like Max Hirsch, Franz Duncker and Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch established trade unions—modeled on their British counterparts—in order to help workers improve working and economic conditions by means of reconciliation of interests and cooperation with their employers rather than class struggle. Schulze-Delitzsch is also known as the founding father of the German cooperative movement and is credited as the organiser of the world's first credit unions. Some liberal economists, such as Lujo Brentano or Gerhart von Schulze-Gävernitz, established the Verein für Socialpolitik ("Social Policy Association") in 1873 to promote social reform based on the historical school of economics (and therefore rejecting classical economics), proposing a third way between Manchester Liberalism and socialist revolution in the 1871 founded German Empire.
However, the German left-liberal movement fragmented itself into wings and new parties over the 19th's century. The main objectives of the left-liberal parties — the German Progress Party and its successors — were free speech, freedom of assembly, representative government, secret and equal but obligation tied suffrage, protection of private property while they were strongly opposed to the creation of a welfare state, which they called "state socialism". The main differences between the left-liberal parties where the national ambitions, the different sub state people's goals, free trade against Schutzzollpolitik and the building of the national economy.
In 1893, the term "social liberalism" was used first by the historian and social reformer Ignaz Jastrow, who also joined the "Social Policy Association". He published the socialist democratic manifesto "Social-liberal: Tasks for Liberalism in Prussia" to create an "action group" for general people's welfare in the Social Democratic Party of Germany, which they rejected.[19]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Portrait_Friedrich_Naumann_%28ca._1911%29.jpg/170px-Portrait_Friedrich_Naumann_%28ca._1911%29.jpg)
The National-Social Association founded by the Protestant pastor Friedrich Naumann maintained also contacts with the left-liberals.[20] He tried to draw workers away from Marxism by proposing a mix of nationalism and a Protestant Christian value inflicted social liberalism to overcome class antagonisms by non-revolutionary means. Naumann called this a "proletarian-bourgeois integral liberalism". Although the party was unable to win any seats and soon dissolved, he kept influential in theoretical German left liberalism.
In the Weimar Republic, the German Democratic Party was founded and came into an inheritance of the left-liberal past and had a leftist social wing,[21] and a righist economic wing but heavily favored the democratic constitution over a monarchist one. Its ideas of an socially balanced economy with solidarity, duty and rights among all workers struggled due to the economic sanctions of the Treaty of Versailles, but influenced local cooperative enterprises.[22][23]
After 1945 the Free Democrats included most of the social liberals. Others joined the Christian Democratic Union of Germany. Until the 1960's, after-war neoliberal economic liberalism called Ordoliberalism was the model for Germany. It had theoretical influence of social liberalism based on duty and rights.[24]
France
In France, social-liberal theory was developed in the Third Republic by solidarist thinkers, including Alfred Fouillée and Émile Durkheim, who were inspired by sociology and influenced radical politicians like Léon Bourgeois. They explained that a greater division of labor caused greater opportunity and individualism, but it also inspired a more complex interdependence. They argued that the individual had a debt to society, promoting progressive taxation to support public works and welfare schemes. However, they wanted the state to coordinate rather than to manage and they encouraged cooperative insurance schemes among individuals. Their main objective was to remove barriers to social mobility rather than create a welfare state.[25]
United States
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/150px-FDR_in_1933.jpg)
In the United States, the term "social liberalism" was used to differentiate it from classical liberalism or laissez faire, which dominated political and economic thought for a number of years until the term branched off from it around the Great Depression and the New Deal.[26][27] In the 1870s and the 1880s, the American economists Richard Ely, John Bates Clark and Henry Carter Adams—influenced both by socialism and the Evangelical Protestant movement—castigated the conditions caused by industrial factories and expressed sympathy towards labor unions. However, none developed a systematic political philosophy and they later abandoned their flirtations with socialist thinking. In 1883, Lester Frank Ward published the two-volume Dynamic Sociology and formalized the basic tenets of social liberalism while at the same time attacking the laissez-faire policies advocated by Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner. The historian Henry Steele Commager ranked Ward alongside William James, John Dewey and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. and called him the father of the modern welfare state.[28] Writing from 1884 until the 1930s, John Dewey—an educator influenced by Hobhouse, Green and Ward—advocated socialist methods to achieve liberal goals. Some social liberal ideas were later incorporated into the New Deal,[29] which developed as a response to the Great Depression, when Franklin Delano Roosevelt came into office.
Implementation
The welfare state grew gradually and unevenly from the late 19th century, but became fully developed following the World War II along with the mixed market economy. Also called "embedded liberalism", social liberal policies gained broad support across the political spectrum, because they reduced the disruptive and polarizing tendencies in society, without challenging the capitalist economic system. Business accepted social liberalism in the face of widespread dissatisfaction with the boom and bust cycle of the earlier economic system as it seemed to them to be a lesser evil than more left-wing modes of government. Social liberalism was characterized by cooperation between big business, government and labor unions. Government was able to assume a strong role because its power had been strengthened by the wartime economy, but the extent to which this occurred varied considerably among Western democracies.[30]
United Kingdom
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/National-insurance-act-1911.jpg/220px-National-insurance-act-1911.jpg)
The first notable implementation of social liberal policies occurred under the Liberal Party in Britain from 1906 until 1914. These initiatives became known as the Liberal welfare reforms. The main elements included pensions for poor elderly people, health, sickness and unemployment insurance based on earlier programs in Germany and the establishment of labour exchanges. These changes were accompanied by progressive taxation, particularly in the People's Budget of 1909. The old system of charity—relying on the Poor laws and supplemented by private charity, public co-operatives and private insurance companies—was in crisis, giving the state added impetus for reform. The Liberal Party caucus elected in 1906 also contained more professionals, including academics and journalists, sympathetic to social liberalism. The large business owners had mostly deserted the Liberals for the Conservatives, the latter becoming the favorite party for commercial interests. The reforms were regularly opposed by both business interests and trade unions. Liberals most identified with these reforms were Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, John Maynard Keynes, David Lloyd George (especially as Chancellor of the Exchequer) and Winston Churchill (as President of the Board of Trade) in addition to the civil servant (and later Liberal MP) William Beveridge.[31]
Most of the social democratic parties in Europe (notably including the British Labour Party) have taken on strong influences of social liberal ideology. Despite Britain's two major parties coming from the traditions of socialism and conservatism, most substantive political and economic debates of recent times were between social liberal and classical liberal concepts.[32]
Germany
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Alexander_R%C3%BCstow.jpg/220px-Alexander_R%C3%BCstow.jpg)
Alexander Rüstow, a German economist, first proposed the German variant of economic social liberalism. In 1932, he applied the label "neoliberalism" to this kind of social liberalism while speaking at the Social Policy Association, although that term now carries a meaning different from the one proposed by Rüstow. Rüstow wanted an alternative to socialism and to the classical liberal economics developed in the German Empire. In 1938, Rüstow met with a variety of economic thinkers—including the likes of Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich von Hayek and William Roepke—to determine how liberalism could be renewed. Rüstow advocated a strong state to enforce free markets and state intervention to correct market failures. However, Mises argued that monopolies and cartels operated because of state intervention and protectionism and claimed that the only legitimate role for the state was to abolish barriers to market entry. He viewed Rüstow's proposals as negating market freedom and saw them as similar to socialism.[24]
Following the Second World War, Rüstow's "neoliberalism", now usually called ordoliberalism or the social market economy, was adopted by the West German government under Ludwig Erhard, who was the Minister of Economics and later became Chancellor. Price controls were lifted and free markets were introduced. While these policies are credited with Germany's post-war economic recovery, the welfare state—which had been established under Bismarck—became increasingly costly.[24]
Rest of Europe
The post-war governments of other countries in Western Europe also followed social liberal policies. These policies were implemented primarily by Christian democrats and social democrats as liberal parties in Europe declined in strength from their peak in the 19th century.[33]
United States
American political discourse resisted this social turn in European liberalism. While the economic policies of the New Deal appeared Keynesian, there was no revision of liberal theory in favor of greater state initiative. Even though the United States lacked an effective socialist movement, New Deal policies often appeared radical and were attacked by the right. The separate development of modern liberalism in the United States is often attributed to American exceptionalism, which kept mainstream American ideology within a narrow range.[34]
John Rawls' principal work A Theory of Justice (1971) can be considered a flagship exposition of social liberal thinking, advocating the combination of individual freedom and a fairer distribution of resources. According to Rawls, every individual should be allowed to choose and pursue his or her own conception of what is desirable in life, while a socially just distribution of goods must be maintained. Rawls argued that differences in material wealth are tolerable if general economic growth and wealth also benefit the poorest.[35] A Theory of Justice countered utilitarian thinking in the tradition of Jeremy Bentham, instead following the Kantian concept of a social contract, picturing society as a mutual agreement between rational citizens, producing rights and duties as well as establishing and defining roles and tasks of the state. Rawls put the "equal liberty principle" in the first place, providing every person with equal access to the same set of fundamental liberties, followed by the "fair equality of opportunity" and "difference principle", thus allowing social and economic inequalities under the precondition that privileged positions are accessible to everyone, that everyone has equal opportunities and that even the least advantaged members of society benefit from this framework. This was later restated in the equation of Justice as Fairness. Rawls proposed these principles not just to adherents of liberalism, but as a basis for all democratic politics, regardless of ideology. The work advanced social liberal ideas immensely within 1970s' political and philosophic academia.[36] Rawls may therefore be seen as a "patron saint" of social liberalism.[32]
Decline
Following economic problems in the 1970s, liberal thought underwent some transformation. Keynesian economic management was seen as interfering with the free market, while increased welfare spending that had been funded by higher taxes prompted fears of lower investment, lower consumer spending and the creation of a "dependency culture". Trade unions often caused high wages and industrial disruption, while full employment was regarded as unsustainable. Writers such as Milton Friedman and Samuel Brittan, who were influenced by Friedrich Hayek, advocated a reversal of social liberalism. Their policies, which are often called neoliberalism, had a significant influence on Western politics, most notably on the governments of United Kingdom Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and United States President Ronald Reagan, who pursued policies of deregulation of the economy and reduction in spending on social services.[37]
Part of the reason for the collapse of the social liberal coalition was a challenge in the 1970s from financial interests that could operate independently of national governments. Another cause was the decline of organized labor which had formed part of the coalition, but was also a support for left-wing ideologies challenging the liberal consensus. Related to this was the decline of working class consciousness and the growth of the middle class. The push by the United States, which had been least accepting of social liberalism, for trade liberalization further eroded support.[38]
Social liberal parties and organisations worldwide
In Europe, social liberal parties tend to be small or medium-sized centrist and centre-left parties.[39] Examples of successful European social liberal parties, which have participated in government coalitions at national or regional levels, are the Liberal Democrats in the United Kingdom, Democrats 66 in the Netherlands and the Danish Social Liberal Party. In continental European politics, social liberal parties are integrated in the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) group in the European Parliament, which is the fourth biggest group at the parliament and includes both social liberal parties and market liberal parties.[40]
Giving an exhaustive list of social liberal parties worldwide is difficult, largely because political organisations are not always ideologically pure. Party ideologies often change over time. However, the following parties and organisations are usually accepted by peers[nb 1] or scholars as following social liberalism as a core ideology.
Social liberal parties or parties with social liberal factions
- Australia: Australian Labor Party[41][42][43]
- Bahamas: Progressive Liberal Party[44]
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: Our Party[45]
- Canada: Liberal Party of Canada[46][47][48][49]
- Croatia: Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats,[50], Istrian Democratic Assembly[50][51], Civic Liberal Alliance
- Czech Republic: Party for the Open Society[52][53]
- Denmark: Danish Social Liberal Party[54][55][56][57][58]
- Egypt: Constitution Party[59]
- Estonia: Estonian Centre Party[60]
- Finland: Swedish People's Party[61]
- France: La République En Marche!,[62] Radical Movement
- Germany: Liberal Democrats[63][64]
- Greece: The River[65]
- Hungary: Democratic Coalition[66]
- Iceland: Bright Future[67]
- India: Indian National Congress[68]
- Israel: Hatnuah,[69] Yesh Atid, Kulanu
- Italy: Democratic Party,[70] Italian Republican Party[71][72]
- Kosovo: Democratic Party of Kosovo[73]
- Latvia: Development/For!
- Lithuania: Labour Party[74]
- Malaysia: People's Justice Party[75]
- Montenegro: Positive Montenegro[76]
- Morocco: Citizens' Forces[77][78]
- Myanmar (Burma): National Democratic Force[79]
- Netherlands: Democrats 66[54][55][80]
- New Zealand: New Zealand Labour Party[81]
- Norway: Liberal Party[82][83]
- Peru: Possible Peru[84]
- Russia: Russian Democratic Party "Yabloko"[85][86]
- Serbia: Enough is Enough, New Party, Movement of Free Citizens
- Slovakia: Progressive Slovakia
- Slovenia: List of Marjan Šarec, Modern Centre Party, Party of Alenka Bratušek
- South Korea: Democratic Party of Korea[87]
- Spain: Ciudadanos; Union, Progress and Democracy[88][89]
- Sweden: Liberals[90]
- Taiwan: Democratic Progressive Party, New Power Party
- Trinidad and Tobago: People's National Movement[91]
- United Kingdom: Liberal Democrats[54][55][92][93]
- United States: Democratic Party[94][95]
- Åland: Liberals for Åland[96]
Historical social liberal parties or parties with social liberal factions
- Andorra: Democratic Renewal
- Australia: Australian Democrats[97][98][99]
- Belgium: Spirit,[100] Vivant[101]
- France: Radical Party of the Left[102]
- Germany: Radical People's Party, German People's Party, Progressive People's Party,[103] German Democratic Party[104][105]
- Hungary: Alliance of Free Democrats[106]
- Iceland: Liberal Party,[107] Union of Liberals and Leftists[108]
- Italy: Action Party,[109] Democratic Alliance[110]
- Japan: Democratic Party of Japan[111]
- Latvia: Society for Political Change[112]
- Lithuania: New Union (Social Liberals)[56][113]
- Luxembourg: Radical Socialist Party
- Moldova: Our Moldova Alliance[114]
- Netherlands: Free-thinking Democratic League[115]
- Norway: Liberal People's Party
- Poland: Democratic Party – demokraci.pl[116][117]
- Slovenia: Liberal Democracy of Slovenia,[11][58][118] Zares[119][120]
- South Korea: People’s Party for Reform, Uri Party, Participation Party
- Switzerland: Ring of Independents[121]
- United Kingdom: Liberal Party,[93] Social Democratic Party[122][123]
Notable social liberal thinkers
This list presents some notable scholars and politicians who are generally considered as having made significant contributions to the evolution of social liberalism as a political ideology. Ordered by date of birth
- Jeremy Bentham[7] (1748–1832)
- John Stuart Mill[7][27][124][125] (1806–1873)
- Thomas Hill Green[7][27][126][127][128] (1836–1882)
- Lester Frank Ward (1841–1913)
- Lujo Brentano[27] (1844–1931)
- Bernard Bosanquet[127] (1848–1923)
- Woodrow Wilson[9] (1856–1924)
- Émile Durkheim[129][130][131] (1858–1917)
- John Atkinson Hobson[7][126][127][128] (1858–1940)
- John Dewey[7][9] (1859–1952)
- Friedrich Naumann[132][133][134] (1860–1919)
- Gerhart von Schulze-Gävernitz[27] (1864–1943)
- Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse[7][27][126][127][128] (1864–1929)
- William Beveridge[7][126] (1879–1963)
- Hans Kelsen[9] (1881–1973)
- John Maynard Keynes[7][9][126] (1883–1946)
- Lester B. Pearson (1897–1972)
- Bertil Ohlin[135][136] (1899–1979)
- Piero Gobetti[125] (1901–1926)
- Karl Popper (1902–1994)
- Guido Calogero[125] (1904–1986)
- Isaiah Berlin[9] (1909–1997)
- Norberto Bobbio[9][125] (1909–2004)
- Miguel Reale[137][138] (1910–2005)
- John Rawls[7][124][139][140] (1921–2002)
- Don Chipp[141] (1925–2006)
- Karl-Hermann Flach[142] (1929–1973)
- Vlado Gotovac[143] (1930–2000)
- Richard Rorty[144] (1931–2007)
- Ronald Dworkin[124][125][140] (1931–2013)
- Amartya Sen[124][145][146] (born 1933)
- José G. Merquior[9][147] (1941–1991)
- Bruce Ackerman[124][140] (born 1943)
- Martha Nussbaum[145] (born 1947)
- Paul Krugman[148] (born 1953)
- Dirk Verhofstadt[145] (born 1955)
See also
Notes
References
- Citations
- ^ Donald E. Pease, Robyn Wiegman (eds.), The Futures of American Studies, Duke University Press, 2002, p. 518.
- ^ Rohr, Donald G. (September 1964). "The Origins of Social Liberalism in Germany". The Journal of Economic History. 24 (03).
- ^ Gaus, Gerald; Courtland, Shane D. (Spring 2011). "The 'New Liberalism'". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
{{cite web}}
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(help); Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=
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suggested) (help) - ^ John Derbyshire (12 July 2010). "The origins of social liberalism". New Statesman.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ The history of European liberalism (1959), Guido De Ruggiero, pp. 155–157
- ^ Faulks, Keith (10 December 1999). "Political Sociology: A Critical Introduction". Edinburgh University Press. Retrieved 10 December 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Adams, Ian (2001). Political Ideology Today (Politics Today). Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0719060206.
- ^ Slomp, Hans (2000). European Politics Into the Twenty-First Century: Integration and Division. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0275968146.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Ortiz, Cansino; Gellner, Ernest; Geliner, E.; Merquior, José Guilherme; Emil, César Cansino (1996). Liberalism in Modern Times: Essays in Honour of Jose G. Merquior. Budapest: Central European University Press. 185866053X.
- ^ Hombach, Bodo (2000). The politics of the new centre. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9780745624600.
- ^ a b Richard E. Matland; Kathleen A. Montgomery (2003). Women's access to political power in post-communist Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-924685-4.
- ^ Chideya, Farai (2004). The Red and the Blue: A Divided America. Soft Skull. p. 34.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ Richardson, pp. 36–37
- ^ Eatwell, Roger; Wright, Anthony (1999). Contemporary political ideologies. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 9780826451736.
- ^ Michael Freeden, The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform (Oxford UP, 1978).
- ^ The Routledge encyclopaedia of philosophy, p.599
- ^ Peter Weiler, "New Liberalism" in Fred M. Leventhal, ed., Twentieth-century Britain: an encyclopedia (Garland, 1995) pp 564-65.
- ^ Peter Weiler, The New Liberalism: Liberal Social Theory in Great Britain, 1889-1914 (2016) excerpt
- ^ Inho Na (2003). Sozialreform oder Revolution: Gesellschaftspolitische Zukunftsvorstellungen im Naumann-Kreis 1890–1903/04. Tectum Verlag. p. 27.
- ^ Derman, Joshua (2012), Max Weber in Politics and Social Thought: From Charisma to Canonization, Cambridge University Press, p. 25
- ^ Van De Grift, Liesbeth (2012). Securing the Communist State: The Reconstruction of Coercive Institutions in the Soviet Zone of Germany and Romania, 1944-48. Lexington Books. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7391-7178-3.
- ^ Mommsen, Hans (1996). The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy. University of North Carolina Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-8078-2249-3.
- ^ Kurlander, Eric (2006). The Price of Exclusion: Ethnicity, National Identity, and the Decline of German Liberalism, 1898–1933. Berghahn Books. p. 197. ISBN 1-8454-5069-8.
- ^ a b c Oliver Marc Hartwich: Neoliberalism: The Genesis of a Political Swearword Archived 25 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Contemporary political ideologies (1999) Roger Eatwell, Anthony Wright, pp. 35–36
- ^ Marks, Gary; Wilson, Carole (July 2000). "The Past in the Present: A Cleavage Theory of Party Response to European Integration" (PDF). British Journal of Political Science. 30: 433–459. doi:10.1017/S0007123400000181. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2008.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=
ignored (|name-list-style=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f Richardson, James L. (2001). Contending Liberalisms in World Politics: Ideology and Power. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. 155587939X.
- ^ Commager, Henry Steele, ed.; Lester Ward and the Welfare State. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967
- ^ Richardson, pp. 38–41
- ^ Richardson, pp. 137-138
- ^ Feuchtwanger, pp. 273-317
- ^ a b Andrew Vincent (2010). Modern Political Ideologies (Third ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 54.
- ^ Adams, p. 32
- ^ Contending liberalisms in world politics: ideology and power (2001), James L. Richardson, pp. 38–41
- ^ gary Browning (2000). Contemporary liberalism. Sage. pp. 154–155.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ Edwin van de Haar (2015). Degrees of Freedom: Liberal Political Philosophy and Ideology. Transaction.
- ^ Faulks, Keith (10 December 1999). "Political Sociology: A Critical Introduction". Edinburgh University Press. Retrieved 10 December 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ Richardson, pp. 138-139
- ^ Kirchner, Emil (2000). Liberal parties in Western Europe. Cambridge University Press. pp. 356–7. ISBN 9780521323949.
- ^ "ALDE National Delegations". ALDE Group in the European Parliament. 2010. Archived from the original on 3 February 2010. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
{{cite web}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ Jingjing Huo (2009). Third Way Reforms: Social Democracy After the Golden Age. Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-521-51843-7.
- ^ Judith Brett (1994). "Ideology". In Judith Brett; James A. Gillespie; Murray Goot (eds.). Developments in Australian Politics. Macmillan Education AU. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-7329-2009-8.
- ^ Gwenda Tavan (2005). The Long, Slow Death of White Australia. Scribe Publications. p. 193.
- ^ "Haiti's future is secure! It has lots of children". The Nassau Guardian. 22 December 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
- ^ Sejfija, Ismet (2013), "Analysis of Interviews with Representatives of Political Parties in Bosnia-Herzegovina" (PDF), Dealing with the Past in the Western Balkans. Initiatives for Peacebuilding and Transitional Justice in Bosnia- Herzegovina, Serbia and Croatia, Berghahn Foundation, p. 92
- ^ The party became infused with social liberalism in the 1940s and 1950s. Law Commission of Canada (2011). Law and Citizenship. UBC Press. p. 6.
- ^ Prentice, Susan (2004). "Manitoba's childcare regime: Social liberalism in flux". Canadian Journal of Sociology. 29 (2): 193–207. doi:10.1353/cjs.2004.0029.
- ^ Prince, Michael J. (2012). "Canadian disability activism and political ideas: In and between neo-liberalism and social liberalism". Canadian Journal of Disability Studies. 1 (1): 1–34. doi:10.15353/cjds.v1i1.16.
- ^ Miriam Smith says, "The Liberal Party of Canada, the party that championed the Charter, is strongly identified with the document and uses the social liberalism of the Charter as a distinctive badge of party identification. " Smith, Miriam (2005). "Social movements and judicial empowerment: Courts, public policy, and lesbian and gay organizing in Canada". Politics & Society. 33 (2): 327–353. doi:10.1177/0032329205275193.
- ^ a b Nordsieck, Wolfram. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Retrieved 7 November 2015.
- ^ "Croatia Elections 2015: Overview of the Parties - IDS and HDSSB". www.total-croatia-news.com. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ Formerly "Civic Movement". Vít Hloušek; Lubomír Kopeček (2010), Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared, Ashgate, p. 117
- ^ Steven Saxonberg (2003), "The Czech road towards a consolidated democracy", The Road to the European Union, vol. 1, Manchester University Press, p. 71
- ^ a b c Marks, Gary; Wilson, Carole (July 2000). "The Past in the Present: A Cleavage Theory of Party Response to European Integration" (PDF). British Journal of Political Science. 30 (3): 433–459. doi:10.1017/S0007123400000181. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2008.
{{cite journal}}
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ignored (|name-list-style=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c J. Kirchner, Emil (1988). Liberal parties in Western Europe. Avon: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-32394-0.
- ^ a b Nordsieck, Wolfram. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Retrieved 25 January 2013.
- ^ Madsen, Tomas Bech (Autumn 2007). "Radicalis and Liberalis in Denmark" (PDF). Journal of Liberal Democrat History. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2009.
{{cite journal}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ a b Almeida, Dimitri. "Liberal Parties and European Integration" (PDF). Retrieved 11 May 2008.
- ^ "Egyptian Social Democratic Party Elections Highlight a Deep Rift". Atlanticcouncil.org. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
- ^ Elisabeth Bakke (2010). Central and East European party systems since 1989. Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-139-48750-4.
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ignored (help) - ^ Vít Hloušek; Lubomír Kopeček (2010). Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-7546-7840-3.
- ^ Isabelle Hertner (2018). Centre-left parties and the European Union: Power, accountability and democracy. Manchester University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-5261-2036-6.
- ^ Movement genesis: social movement theory and the 1980s West German peace movement by Steve Breyman As quoted in the text: "The Liberal Democrats (Liberale Demokraten or LD) split from the FDP to create their own social-left liberal alternative."
- ^ Geoffrey Roberts (1997). Party Politics in the New Germany. p. 20. ISBN 9781855673113.
- ^ Hendrik Träger (2015). "Die Europawahl 2014 als second-order election". In Michael Kaeding; Niko Switek (eds.). Die Europawahl 2014: Spitzenkandidaten, Protestparteien, Nichtwähler. Springer-Verlag. p. 41. ISBN 978-3-658-05738-1.
- ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
- ^ "Politics in Iceland: A beginner's guide". Iceland Monitor. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
- ^ Dutt, Sagarika (2015). India in a Globalized World. Oxford University Press. p. 1.
- ^ http://www.iemed.org/observatori/recursos/documents/cronologies/arxius-cronologies-anuari-2014/chronology_israel_and%20_palestine_IEMed_yearbook_2014_EN.pdf
- ^ De Lucia, Dario (2017). Dal PCI al PD. Imprimatur editore.
Le culture di riferimento dei politici appartenenti al Partito democratico sono: la socialdemocrazia, il cristianesimo sociale e il liberalismo sociale (The reference cultures of politicians belonging to the Democratic Party are: social democracy, social Christianity and social liberalism)
- ^ Geoffrey Pridham (1988). "Two roads of Italian liberalism: the Partito Repubblicana Italiano and the Partito Liberale Italiano". In Emil J. Kirchner (ed.). Liberal Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge University Press. pp. 29–61. ISBN 978-0-521-32394-9.
- ^ Hans Slomp (2011). Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 403. ISBN 978-0-313-39182-8.
- ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
- ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
- ^ http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_34966-544-2-30.pdf?130819134006
- ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
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suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Neues Parlament für Kryptowährungen". arabparliaments.org. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "Political Parties". Election.irrawaddy.org. 7 April 2010. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
- ^ Vít Hloušek; Lubomír Kopeček (2010). Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-0-7546-9661-2. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
- ^ Vowles, Jack (1997). Political Science. Vol. 49–50. p. 98.
- ^ Hans Slomp (2011). Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 425. ISBN 978-0-313-39182-8.
- ^ Oyvind Osterud (2013). Norway in Transition: Transforming a Stable Democracy. Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-317-97037-8.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Anatoly Kulik; Susanna Pshizova (2005). Political Parties in Post-Soviet Space: Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, and the Baltics. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-275-97344-5.
- ^ David White (2006). The Russian Democratic Party Yabloko: Opposition in a Managed Democracy. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-7546-4675-4.
- ^ http://thediplomat.com/2015/12/an-identity-crisis-for-south-koreas-opposition/ As stated in the text: "South Korea's main opposition social-liberal party is reeling (again) from intraparty factional struggle. Rebranded earlier this week "the Minjoo Party of Korea" (formerly New Politics Alliance for Democracy), the party is searching for a new identity and direction after high profile and popular assemblyperson Ahn Cheol-soo defected on 13 December."
- ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "SPAIN". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
Unión, Progreso y Democracia (UPD): Social liberalism
- ^ UPyD. Ideology: centralism, social liberalism. Political Position: Centre Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, European Social Survey
- ^ Claire Annesley, ed. (2013). A Political and Economic Dictionary of Western Europe. Routledge. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-203-40341-9.
- ^ "Caribbean Elections - People's National Movement". www.caribbeanelections.com. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ Hans Slomp (2011). Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-313-39182-8.
- ^ a b Alistair Clark (2012). "The Liberal Democrats". Political Parties in the UK. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-230-36868-2.
- ^ Grigsby, Ellen (2008). Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Politics Science. Florence: Cengage Learning. pp. 106–7. ISBN 0495501123.
Its liberalism is for the most part the later version of liberalism—modern liberalism.
- ^ Arnold, N. Scott (2009). Imposing values: an essay on liberalism and regulation. Florence: Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 0495501123.
Modern liberalism occupies the left-of-center in the traditional political spectrum and is represented by the Democratic Party in the United States.
- ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
- ^ James Walter (2010). What Were They Thinking?: The Politics of Ideas in Australia (Large Print 16pt). ReadHowYouWant.com. p. 430. ISBN 978-1-4596-0494-0.
- ^ European: Webster's Timeline History 1973–1977. John Wiley & Sons. 2009. p. 207. ISBN 9780546976427.
- ^ Wilhelm Mirow (2016). Strategic Culture, Securitisation and the Use of Force: Post-9/11 Security Practices of Liberal Democracies. Taylor & Francis. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-317-40660-0.
- ^ Bram Wauters; Marco Lisi; Juan-Rodríguez Teruel (2016). "Democratising Party Leadership Selection in Belgium and Israel". In Giulia Sandri; Antonella Seddone; Fulvio Venturino (eds.). Party Primaries in Comparative Perspective. Routledge. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-317-08356-6.
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- Sources
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- De Ruggiero, Guido. The history of European liberalism. Boston: Beacon Press, 1959.
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- Feuchtwanger, E.J. Democracy and empire: Britain 1865-1914. London: Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., 1985. ISBN 0-7131-6162-0
- Richardson, James L. Contending liberalisms in world politics. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 2001. ISBN 1-55587-915-2
- Slomp, Hans. European politics Into the twenty-first century: integration and division. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2000. ISBN 0-275-96814-6
Further reading
- Green, Thomas Hill (2006). Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation. New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange. ISBN 1584776145.
- Hobhouse, L. T. (1994). Liberalism and Other Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521437261.
- Hobson, John Atkinson (2000). The Crisis of Liberalism: New Issues of Democracy. Delaware: Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 1421227819.
- Martin, Keith D. (2010). A Liberal Mandate: Reflections on our Founding Vision and Rants on how we have Failed to Achieve it. Silver Spring, MD: Weit Press. ISBN 978-0-578-04365-4.
- Merquior, J.G. (1991). Liberalism Old and New. Cambridge: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0805786279.
- Mill, John Stuart (1989). 'On Liberty' and Other Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521379172.
- Rawls, John (2005). A Theory of Justice. Harvard: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674017722.
- Rawls, John (2005). Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231130899.
- Simhony, Avital; Weinstein, David (2001). The New Liberalism: Reconciling Liberty and Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521794048.
External links
Media related to Social liberalism at Wikimedia Commons