Ragnall mac Gofraid
Ragnall mac Gofraid | |
---|---|
King of the Isles | |
![]() Ragnall's name as it appears on folio 35r of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 489 (the Annals of Ulster).[1] | |
Predecessor | Gofraid mac Arailt |
Died | 1004 or 1005 Munster |
Issue | Echmarcach?, Cacht?, Amlaíb? |
House | probably Uí Ímair |
Father | Gofraid mac Arailt |
Ragnall mac Gofraid (died 1004/1005) was King of the Isles and likely a member of the Uí Ímair kindred.[note 1] He was a son of Gofraid mac Arailt, King of the Isles. Ragnall and Gofraid flourished at a time when the Kingdom of the Isles seems to have suffered from Orcadian encroachment at the hands of Sigurðr Hlǫðvisson, Earl of Orkney. Gofraid died in 989. Although Ragnall is accorded the kingship upon his own death in 1004 or 1005, the succession after his father's death is uncertain.
During his career, Ragnall may have contended with Gilli, an apparent Hebridean rival who was closely aligned with Sigurðr. Another possible opponent of Ragnall may have been Sveinn Haraldsson, King of Denmark who attacked Mann in 955. This man is recorded to have been exiled from Scandinavia at one point in his career, and to have found shelter with a certain "rex Scothorum", a monarch that could refer to Ragnall himself. Whatever the case, Mann also fell prey to Æthelræd II, King of the English in 1000. Both military operations may have been the retaliation.
The circumstances surrounding Ragnall's death in Munster are unknown. On one hand it is possible that he had been exiled from the Isles at the time of his demise. Another possibility is that he had—or was in the process of—forming an alliance with Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig, King of Munster, a man who seems to have held an alliance with Ragnall's father. On possibility is that Ragnall sought assistance from Briain after having been forced from the Isles by Orcadian military might. A power vacuum resulting from Ragnall's demise may partly account from the remarkable English invasion of England by Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Alba.
At about the same time as Ragnall's death, Brian occupied the high kingship of Ireland, and there is evidence to suggest that the latter's authority stretched into the Irish Sea region and northern Britain. Not long afterwards, an apparent brother of Ragnall, Lagmann mac Gofraid, is attested on the Continent, a fact which might be evidence that this man had been ejected from the Isles by Brian. An apparent son Lagmann was slain in battle against Brian's forces in 1014. The lack of a suitable native candidate to reign in the Isles may have led to the region falling under the royal authority of the Norwegian Hákon Eiríksson. The latter's death in 1029 or 1030 may have likewise contributed to the rise Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin and the Isles, a possible son of Ragnall. Other children of Ragnall could include Cacht ingen Ragnaill, and the father of Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill, King of Dublin.
King of the Isles
[edit]![Map of Britain and Ireland](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ragnall_mac_Gofraid_%28map%29.png/170px-Ragnall_mac_Gofraid_%28map%29.png)
Ragnall was a son of Gofraid mac Arailt, King of the Isles.[20] Ragnall belonged to the Meic Arailt, a family named after his paternal grandfather, Aralt.[21] The latter's identity is uncertain, although he may well have been a member of the Uí Ímair kindred.[22][note 2] From at least 972[25] to 989 Gofraid actively campaigned in the Irish Sea region,[26] after which the political cohesion of Kingdom of the Isles[27]—perhaps shaken by Orcadian encroachment in the 980s[28]—seems to have diminished.[27]
There is evidence to suggest that Sigurðr Hlǫðvisson, Earl of Orkney extended his authority from Orkney into the Isles in the late tenth- and early eleventh century.[29] According to various Scandinavian sources, Sigurðr oversaw numerous raids into the Isles during his career. For instance, the thirteenth-century Njáls saga states that one of Sigurðr's followers, Kári Sǫlmundarson, extracted taxes from the northern Hebrides, then controlled by a Hebridean earl named Gilli.[30] Also noted are additional assaults conducted by accomplices of Sigurðr throughout the Hebrides, Kintyre, Mann, and Anglesey.[31] The thirteenth-century Orkneyinga saga makes note of Sigurðr's raids into the Hebrides,[32] whilst the thirteenth-century Eyrbyggja saga states that his forces reached as far as Mann where he collected taxation.[33]
![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Silver_coin_and_mixed_hoards_in_Scandinavian_Scotland_and_Mann.svg/170px-Silver_coin_and_mixed_hoards_in_Scandinavian_Scotland_and_Mann.svg.png)
The extent of Gofraid's own authority in the Hebrides is unknown due to his apparent coexistence with Gilli, and to the uncertainty of Orcadian encroachment. Gofraid's successor is likewise uncertain.[36] On one hand, he may have been succeeded by Ragnall himself.[37] Although it is conceivable that either Gilli or Sigurðr capitalised on Gofraid's death, and extended their overlordship as far south as Mann, possible after-effects such as these are uncorroborated.[38] Although it is possible that Gilli controlled the Hebrides whilst Gofraid ruled Mann, the title accorded to the latter on his death could indicate otherwise.[39] If so, the chronology of Gilli's subordination to Sigurðr may actually date to the period after Ragnall's death in 1004/1005.[40] Little is certain of Ragnall's reign.[41] Certainly, he was accorded the kingship of the Isles by the time of his death,[42] and it is possible that he faced opposition from Sigurðr during his career.[43]
Njáls saga specifically states that the latter and his men overcame a king on Mann named Gofraid after which they plundered the Isles.[44] Whilst this royal figure may well refer to Ragnall's father,[45] another possibility is that source actually refers to Ragnall himself.[46] Contemporary Orcadian expansion may be perceptible in the evidence of the land-assessment system of ouncelands in the Hebrides and along the western coast of Scotland.[47] If Sigurðr's authority indeed stretched over the Isles in the last decades of the tenth century, such an intrusion could account for the numbers of silver hoards dating to this time.[48] The remarkable proportion of silver hoards from Mann and the Scandinavian regions of Scotland that date to about 1000 seem to reflect the wealth of Sigurðr's domain at about the apogee of his authority. The hoards from Argyll that date to this period could be indicative of conflict between Sigurðr and Ragnall.[49]
![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Sveinn_Haraldsson_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Tiberius_B_I%2C_folio_151r%29.jpg/220px-Sveinn_Haraldsson_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Tiberius_B_I%2C_folio_151r%29.jpg)
At some point in the decade following Gofraid's demise, Sveinn Haraldsson, King of Denmark was forced from his own realm. According to Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum by Adam of Bremen, Sveinn fled to Æthelræd II, King of the English, before he found shelter with a certain "rex Scothorum".[51] Whilst this unnamed monarch could be identical to the reigning Cináed mac Maíl Choluim, King of Alba,[52] the term Scoti can refer to the Irish just as well as the Scots.[53] Adam is otherwise known to have been less than well-informed of affairs in Britain, and it is possible that was confused as to the king's true identity.[54] For instance, Adam may well have referred to a Scottish, Irish,[55] Cumbrian, or Norse-Gaelic monarch.[56] In fact, Ragnall's position of power in the Irish Sea could well have led Adam to regard him as an Irish royal.[57] In 995, the "B" version of the eleventh- to thirteenth-century Annales Cambriæ, the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century texts Brenhinedd y Saesson and Brut y Tywysogyon, report that Mann suffered an invasion from Sveinn.[58] One possibility is that this assault was directed at the Uí Ímair. Certainly, Ragnall does not appear to have achieved the same level of success as his father, whilst Sveinn's invasion coincided with a bitter struggle for Dublin between Ímar, King of Waterford and Sitriuc mac Amlaíb, King of Dublin[59]—strife amongst the Uí Ímair that was also capitalised upon by Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, King of Mide within the year.[60]
Death
[edit]![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ragnall_mac_Gofraid_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_503%2C_folio_20r%29.jpg/220px-Ragnall_mac_Gofraid_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_503%2C_folio_20r%29.jpg)
In 1004[63] or 1005,[64] Ragnall died in Munster.[65] His death is recorded by the eleventh- to fourteenth-century Annals of Inisfallen,[66] the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century Annals of Ulster,[67] and the twelfth-century Chronicon Scotorum.[68] The circumstances surrounding Ragnall's demise are uncertain.[69] One possibility is that he was attempting to take control of Limerick.[70] Another possibility is that he may have been exiled from the Isles,[71] which could account for the fact that no military engagement is associated with his obituaries.[72]
![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sigur%C3%B0r_Hl%C7%AB%C3%B0visson_%28AM_45_fol%2C_fol._12v%29.jpg/220px-Sigur%C3%B0r_Hl%C7%AB%C3%B0visson_%28AM_45_fol%2C_fol._12v%29.jpg)
Alternately, the record of Ragnall's death in Munster could indicate that he was attempting form an alliance with Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig, King of Munster.[70] In 1005, at about the time of Ragnall's death, Brian is styled imperator Scottorum ("emperor of the Scotti") by the ninth-century Book of Armagh.[74][note 3] This title could be indicative of claims of authority over not only the Irish, but also the Scandinavians of Ireland[82] and the Isles,[83] and the Gaels of Alba.[84] As such, it could reveal that Brian indeed came to an accommodation with Ragnall and at least some other Islesmen.[85][note 4] If so, such an aligned by Ragnall may have been undertaken in the context of countering the encroachment of Sigurðr's influence into the Isles.[81] Whether Ragnall was subdued by Brian or merely formed an alliance with him, a possible aftereffect of Brian's apparent extension into the Isles may have been Sveinn's campaigning in the region, a venture possibly undertaken in an effort to offset Brian's influence.[87]
![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Brian_B%C3%B3ruma_mac_Cenn%C3%A9tig_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_488%2C_folio_15r%29.jpg/220px-Brian_B%C3%B3ruma_mac_Cenn%C3%A9tig_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_488%2C_folio_15r%29.jpg)
There is evidence to suggest that Ragnall's family indeed held an alliance with Brian and his family.[21] In 974, for example, Gofraid's brother, Maccus, is recorded to have attacked the monastic site of Inis Cathaig, where Ímar, King of Limerick[89]—an apparent foe of Brian's family[21]—was taken prisoner.[89] Explicit evidence of an alliance between Brian's family and the Meic Arailt is preserved by the Annals of Inisfallen which reports that the Meic Arailt rendezvoused with the sons of Brian's father at Waterford in 984, and exchanged hostages with them in an apparent agreement pertaining to military cooperation.[90] This compact seems to indicate that Brian's family sought to align the Vikings of the Isles against those of Dublin.[91]
![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gofraid_mac_Arailt_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Jesus_College_111%2C_folio_59r%29.jpg/220px-Gofraid_mac_Arailt_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Jesus_College_111%2C_folio_59r%29.jpg)
In 1006, Brian mustered a massive force in southern Ireland and marched throughout the north of the island in a remarkable show of force.[93] A passage preserved by the eleventh- or twelfth-century Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib claims that, whilst in the north, Brian's maritime forces levied tribute from Saxons and Britons, and from Argyll, the Lennox, and Alba.[94] If Brian had indeed patronised Ragnall, the relationship could have been reflected by this passage.[95] Certainly, Ragnall's Meic Aralt predecessors—Maccus and Gofraid—campaigned on Anglesey and in a region identified as Dál Riata. Furthermore, their actions may have precipitated a retaliatory campaign by Æthelræd on Mann in 1000. In consequence, the history of the Meic Aralt, and Ragnall's eventual subservience to Brian, may account for the boasts of Brian's overseas authority.[72] Brian clearly possessed naval forces capable of operating overseas. In 1002, for example, the Annals of Inisfallen states that he campaigned in Ulaid, and was aided by forces drawn from Dublin.[96] Four years later, the same source notes the Dubliner's part in Brian's campaigning against the Ulaid.[97] As such, Brian could well have overseen operations meant to reassert his authority in the Isles and Argyll after Ragnall's demise.[98][note 5]
![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gilli_%28AM_162_B_epsilon_fol%2C_fol._4r%29.jpg/220px-Gilli_%28AM_162_B_epsilon_fol%2C_fol._4r%29.jpg)
Whilst Ragnall may have been driven from the Isles by Sigurðr's encroachment,[102] it is also possible that it was Ragnall's overseas death—and a resultant power vacuum—that lured Orcadian comital power into the realm.[103] Ragnall's near rival in the Isles may have been Gilli, who could have likewise seized upon Ragnall's death.[104] The elimination of Ragnall from the region could have also been a factor in the remarkable invasion of England by Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Alba in 1006.[105]
An apparent brother of Ragnall was a certain Lagmann mac Gofraid who is attested on the Continent commanding mercenary operations in the following decade.[106] Lagmann's overseas campaigning could reveal that Brian also capitalised upon Ragnall's demise, and forced Lagmann into exile.[107] The fact that the Annals of Ulster describes Brian in 1014 as "over-king of the Gaels of Ireland, and of the Foreigners, and of the Britons" could be evidence that Brian indeed held authority in the Isles, or at least sought to.[108] It is conceivable that such interference could have enticed certain Islesmen to back Sitriuc and the Dubliners against Brian at the Battle of Clontarf that year.[109] In fact, an apparent son of Lagmann, a certain Amlaíb mac Lagmainn, is recorded to have fought and died against Brian's forces at the battle.[110] Amongst the multitude of slain were both Brian[111] and Sigurðr.[112] If Lagmann also died at about this time, the lack of a suitable native candidate to succeed as King of the Isles may account for the record of the region falling under the control of the Norwegian Hákon Eiríksson.[113] Evidence that Knútr installed Hákon as overlord of the Isles may be preserved by the twelfth-century Ágrip af Nóregskonungasǫgum, which states that Hákon had been sent into the Isles by Óláfr Haraldsson, King of Norway, and that Hákon ruled the region for the rest of his life.[114][note 6]
Possible descendants
[edit]![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Echmarcach_mac_Ragnaill_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Domitian_A_VIII%2C_folio_67r%29.jpg/220px-Echmarcach_mac_Ragnaill_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Domitian_A_VIII%2C_folio_67r%29.jpg)
Ragnall may have been the father of Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin and the Isles.[117] Other possible parents of this Norse-Gaelic monarch include two like-named rulers of Waterford: Ragnall mac Ímair, King of Waterford, and this man's apparent son, Ragnall ua Ímair, King of Waterford.[118] Echmarcach appears to first emerge in the historical record in the first half of the eleventh century when the ninth- to twelfth-century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reveals that he was one of the three kings who met with Knútr Sveinnsson, ruler of the North Sea Empire comprising the kingdoms of Denmark, England, and Norway.[113] This source's record of Echmarcach in company with Máel Coluim and Mac Bethad mac Findlaích—the two other named kings—could indicate that he was in some sense a 'Scottish' ruler, and that his powerbase was located in the Isles. Such an orientation could add weight to the possibility that Echmarcach was descended from Ragnall.[119][note 7] If Hákon had indeed possessed overlordship of the Isles, his eventual demise in 1029 or 1030 may well have paved the way for Echmarcach's own rise to power.[123]
![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cacht_ingen_Ragnaill_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_488%2C_folio_18r%29.jpg/220px-Cacht_ingen_Ragnaill_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_488%2C_folio_18r%29.jpg)
There is evidence to suggest that Ragnall had a daughter who married into the Uí Briain.[125] Specifically, in 1032, the Annals of Inisfallen states that Donnchad mac Briain, King of Munster married the daughter of a certain Ragnall, adding: "hence the saying: 'the spring of Ragnall's daughter'".[126] Upon her death about two decades later, the Annals of Tigernach identifies this woman as Cacht ingen Ragnaill, and styles her Queen of Ireland.[127] Like Echmarcach himself, Cacht's patronym could be evidence that she was a daughter of Ragnall, or a near relation of the like-named men who ruled Waterford.[128]
Ragnall may have also been the paternal grandfather of Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill, King of Dublin.[129] The latter's apparent father, Amlaíb, could well have been the father of Sitriuc mac Amlaíb, a man whose fall in an attack on Mann with two members of the Uí Briain is recorded by the Annals of Ulster in 1073.[130] Decades afterwards in 1087, the same source relates that two descendants of a certain Ragnall were slain in another invasion of Mann.[131] Whilst Amlaíb may have been the father of these two as well,[129] it is also possible that they were sons of Echmarcach or Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill.[132]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Since the 1980s, academics have accorded Ragnall various personal names in English secondary sources: Ragnald,[2] Ragnaldr,[3] Raghnall,[4] Ragnall,[5] Ranald,[6] Røgnvaldr,[7] Ro̧gnvaldr,[8] Rǫgnvaldr,[9] Ronald,[10] and Rögnvaldr,[11] Likewise, since the 1980s, academics have accorded Ragnall various patronyms in English secondary sources: Raghnall mac Gothraidh,[4] Ragnall Godfreysson,[12] Ragnall Godredsson,[13] Ragnall Guðrøðsson,[14] Ragnall mac Gofraid meic Arailt,[15] Ragnall mac Gofraid,[16] Ragnall mac Gofraidh,[17] Rögnvaldr Guðrøðarson,[18] Røgnvaldr Guðrøðsson,[15] Rögnvaldr Guðrøðsson,[19] and Ronald Gothfrithsson.[10]
- ^ Gofraid's father appears to have been Aralt mac Sitriuc, King of Limerick, great-grandson of the eponymous ancestor of the Uí Ímair.[23] An alternate possibility is that Gofraid's father was Hagroldus, a Danish chieftain from Normandy, unrelated to the Uí Ímair.[24]
- ^ Other translations of this Latin title are: "Emperor of the Gaels",[75] "emperor of the Gaels",[76] "emperor of the Goídil",[9] "emperor of the Irish",[77] "Emperor of the Irish",[78] "Emperor of the Scoti",[79] "Emperor of the Scoti",[21] "emperor of the Scots",[80] and "emperor of the Scotti".[81]
- ^ Also in 1005, the Annals of Ulster describes Brian co rigraidh Erenn ("accompanied by the royalty of Ireland"). As a result of the apparent weakness of Ragnall's position in the Isles, it is possible that he was one of the subordinate royals in Brian's retinue.[86]
- ^ Nevertheless, Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib appears to have been compiled for the benefit of Brian's great-grandson, Muirchertach Ua Briain, High King of Ireland,[99] and it is possible that the boastful passage about Brian's overseas authority is reflective of either Muirchertach's own sphere of influence or his sphere of ambition.[100]
- ^ The historicity of this event is nevertheless uncertain, and Hákon's authority in the Isles is not attested by any other source.[115]
- ^ In 1005, Máel Coluim succeeded a kinsman to become King of Alba.[120] The twelfth-century pseudo-prophetic Prophecy of Berchán describes this monarch as an "enemy of Britons", and within the same passage seems to refer to military actions against the islands of Islay and Arran.[121] If correct, this source could be evidence of competition in the region between Brian and his Scottish counterpart.[21] On the other hand, there is a possibility that this source instead refers the flight of Máel Coluim from Alba into the Isles.[122] If such an act took indeed occurred, it would appear to have been before Máel Coluim's accession in 1005, and perhaps during Ragnall's reign in the Isles.[102]
Citations
[edit]- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1005.1; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1005.1; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 528.
- ^ Etchingham (2007); Etchingham (2001).
- ^ a b McLeod (2002).
- ^ Wadden (2016); Jennings (2015a); Wadden (2015); Downham (2014); Clancy (2013); Duffy (2013); Walker (2013); Downham (2007); Etchingham (2007); Woolf (2007a); Duffy (2006); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005); Hudson, BT (2005); Etchingham (2001); Woolf (2000); Williams, DGE (1997); Jennings (1994); Richter (1985).
- ^ Sellar (2000).
- ^ Wadden (2015); Downham (2007); Duffy (2006); Downham (2004).
- ^ Downham (2017).
- ^ a b Duffy (2013).
- ^ a b Smyth (1989).
- ^ Williams, G (2004); Hudson, BT (1994).
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005).
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005); Oram (2000).
- ^ Wadden (2015); Etchingham (2007); Etchingham (2001).
- ^ a b Downham (2007).
- ^ Wadden (2016).
- ^ Woolf (2000).
- ^ Hudson, BT (1994).
- ^ Williams, G (2004).
- ^ Jennings (2015a); Wadden (2015) pp. 17–18; Clancy (2008) p. 29; Downham (2007) pp. 193 fig. 12, 253, 267; Duffy (2006) pp. 53, 54; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 75, 130 fig. 4; Sellar (2000) p. 189, 192 tab. i; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 145; Smyth (1989) p. 213.
- ^ a b c d e Duffy (2013) ch. 3.
- ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 107; Wadden (2015) pp. 27, 29; Downham (2007) pp. 186–192, 193 fig. 12.
- ^ Downham (2017) p. 94 n. 29; McGuigan (2015) p. 107; Wadden (2015) pp. 27, 29; Downham (2007) pp. 186–192, 193 fig. 12.
- ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 107; Wadden (2015) p. 27; Beougher (2007) pp. 91–92, 92 n. 150; Downham (2007) pp. 186–191; Woolf (2007a) p. 207; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 65–70.
- ^ Williams, DGE (1997) p. 142; Anderson (1922) pp. 478–479 n. 6; Rhŷs (1890) p. 262; Jones; Williams; Pughe (1870) pp. 658, 691; Williams Ab Ithel (1860) pp. 24–25.
- ^ Wadden (2016) p. 172; The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 989.4; The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 989.3; Clancy (2008) p. 26; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 989.4; Downham (2007) pp. 193 fig. 12, 253; Woolf (2007b) p. 165; Duffy (2006) pp. 53, 54; Macniven (2006) p. 68; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 989.3; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 220; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 142.
- ^ a b Wadden (2016) p. 174; Downham (2007) p. 196.
- ^ Etchingham (2001) p. 179.
- ^ Cannon (2015); Jennings (2015b); Crawford (2013) ch. 3; Davies (2011) pp. 50, 58; Downham (2007) p. 196; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 220–221; Crawford (2004); Williams, G (2004) pp. 94–96; Oram (2000) p. 11; Crawford (1997) pp. 65–68; Williams, DGE (1997) pp. 142–143; Jennings (1994) p. 225; Smyth (1989) p. 150.
- ^ Crawford (2013) ch. 3; Thomson (2008) p. 61; Downham (2007) p. 196; Macniven (2006) p. 77; Raven (2005) p. 140; Etchingham (2001) pp. 173–174; Crawford (1997) p. 66; Williams, DGE (1997) pp. 142–143; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 113; Jennings (1994) p. 225; Johnston (1991) pp. 18, 114, 248; Smyth (1989) p. 150; Dasent (1967) pp. 148–149 ch. 84; Anderson (1922) pp. 497–498, 497–498 n. 3; Jónsson (1908) pp. 184–186 ch. 85.
- ^ Thomson (2008) p. 61; Williams, G (2004) pp. 95–96; Etchingham (2001) pp. 173–174; Williams, DGE (1997) pp. 142–143; Jennings (1994) p. 224; Smyth (1989) p. 150; Johnston (1991) p. 114; Dasent (1967) pp. 160–163 ch. 88; Anderson (1922) pp. 502–503; Jónsson (1908) pp. 199–203 chs. 89; Vigfusson (1887) p. 324 ch. 90.
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 196; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 75; Williams, G (2004) p. 95; Vigfusson (1887) p. 14 ch. 11; Anderson; Hjaltalin; Goudie (1873) pp. 209–210 ch. 186.
- ^ Crawford (2013) ch. 3; Thomson (2008) p. 61; Downham (2007) p. 196; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 75; Williams, G (2004) p. 95, 95 n. 139; Crawford (1997) p. 66; Williams, DGE (1997) pp. 37, 88, 142–143; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 113; Anderson (1922) p. 528; Gering (1897) p. 103 ch. 29; Morris; Magnússon (1892) p. 71 ch. 29.
- ^ Williams, G (2004) p. 74 fig. 2.
- ^ Williams, G (2004) p. 75.
- ^ Williams, DGE (1997) pp. 142–144; Jennings (1994) p. 222.
- ^ Walker (2013) ch. 5; Duffy (2006) p. 54; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 221; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 75; Oram (2000) p. 11.
- ^ Williams, DGE (1997) pp. 142–144.
- ^ Jennings (1994) pp. 225–226.
- ^ Jennings (1994) pp. 226, 229.
- ^ Williams, DGE (1997) p. 145.
- ^ Duffy (2013) ch. 3; Jennings (1994) p. 222.
- ^ Duffy (2006) p. 54.
- ^ Crawford (2013) ch. 3; Thomson (2008) p. 61; Downham (2007) p. 196; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 75; Williams, G (2004) p. 95; Crawford (1997) p. 66; Williams, DGE (1997) pp. 88, 142; Dasent (1967) p. 150 ch. 85; Anderson (1922) p. 500; Jónsson (1908) p. 187 ch. 86.
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 196; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 75; Williams, G (2004) p. 95, 95 n. 137; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 113 n. 9.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 75.
- ^ Crawford (2013) ch. 3; Crawford (2004); Williams, G (2004) pp. 94–96; Andersen (1991) pp. 73–74; Johnston (1991) p. 248.
- ^ Crawford (2013) ch. 3.
- ^ Williams, G (2004) p. 74 fig. 2, 75.
- ^ O'Keeffe (2001) p. 97; Thorpe (1861) p. 271; Cotton MS Tiberius B I (n.d.).
- ^ Duffy (2013) ch. 6; Woolf (2007a) p. 223; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 74–75; Downham (2004) p. 60; Hudson, B (1994) p. 320; Anderson (1922) p. 481 n. 1; Schmeidler (1917) p. 95.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 74–75; Hudson, B (1994) p. 320.
- ^ Duffy (2013) ch. 6.
- ^ Woolf (2007a) p. 223 n. 6.
- ^ Woolf (2007a) p. 223 n. 6; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 74–75; Downham (2004) p. 60; Hudson, B (1994) p. 320.
- ^ Woolf (2007a) p. 223 n. 6; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 74–75.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 74–75.
- ^ Wadden (2016) p. 174; Wadden (2015) p. 18; Gough-Cooper (2015) p. 45 § b1017.1; Downham (2007) p. 131; Downham (2004) p. 60; Jennings (1994) p. 222; Rhŷs (1890) p. 264; Jones; Williams; Pughe (1870) p. 659; Williams Ab Ithel (1860) pp. 32–33.
- ^ Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 993.6; The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 995.2; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 993.6; Downham (2007) p. 131 n. 151; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 995.2.
- ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 995.5; Downham (2007) p. 131 n. 151; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 995.5.
- ^ Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1004.5; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1004.5; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 503 (n.d.).
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 75–76.
- ^ Wadden (2015) pp. 17–18; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 528; Etchingham (2007) p. 160; Etchingham (2001) pp. 180, 187.
- ^ Downham (2017) pp. 93–94; Wadden (2016) p. 174; Jennings (2015a); Wadden (2015) pp. 17–18, 28; Downham (2014) p. 23; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 528; Clancy (2013) p. 69; Downham (2013b) p. 147; Duffy (2013) ch. 3; Walker (2013) ch. 5; Clancy (2008) p. 29; Downham (2007) pp. 193 fig. 12, 197, 253; Etchingham (2007) p. 160; Woolf (2007a) p. 246; Duffy (2006) pp. 53, 54; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 221; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 130 fig. 4; Downham (2004) p. 60; McLeod (2002) p. 28; Etchingham (2001) pp. 180, 187; Oram (2000) p. 11; Woolf (2000) p. 162 n. 76; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 145; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 113, 118; Jennings (1994) pp. 203, 222, 226, 229; Hudson, BT (1992) p. 355; Smyth (1989) p. 213.
- ^ Downham (2017) pp. 93–94; Wadden (2016) p. 174; Downham (2014) p. 23; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 528; Downham (2013b) p. 147; Duffy (2013) ch. 3; Downham (2007) pp. 197, 267; Etchingham (2007) p. 160; Etchingham (2001) p. 180; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 113.
- ^ Downham (2017) pp. 93–94; Wadden (2016) p. 174; Wadden (2015) pp. 17–18; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1004.5; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1004.5; Downham (2007) pp. 193 fig. 12, 197, 267; Etchingham (2007) p. 160.
- ^ Wadden (2016) p. 174; Wadden (2015) pp. 17–18, 28; Downham (2013b) p. 147; The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1005.1; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1005.1; Downham (2007) pp. 193 fig. 12, 197, 267; Etchingham (2007) p. 160; Woolf (2007a) p. 246; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 221; Williams, G (2004) p. 75; McLeod (2002) p. 28; Sellar (2000) p. 189; Woolf (2000) p. 162 n. 76; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 145; Jennings (1994) pp. 203, 222; Hudson, BT (1992) p. 355.
- ^ Downham (2017) pp. 93–94; Wadden (2016) p. 174; Wadden (2015) pp. 17–18, 28; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 1004; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 1004; Downham (2007) pp. 193 fig. 12, 197, 267.
- ^ Downham (2017) pp. 93–94; Downham (2007) p. 197.
- ^ a b Downham (2007) p. 197.
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 197; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 76; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 113.
- ^ a b Hudson, BT (2005) p. 76.
- ^ Unger (1871) p. 56 ch. 35; AM 45 Fol (n.d.).
- ^ Ní Mhaonaigh (2018) p. 136; Ní Mhaonaigh (2017b) pp. 174–175, 175 n. 35; Downham (2017) p. 93; Wadden (2016) p. 174; Wadden (2015) p. 18; Casey; Meehan (2014); Duffy (2014) p. 10; Duffy (2013) ch. 3; Bhreathnach (2009) p. 268; Duffy (2009) p. 289; Byrne (2008) p. 862; Hughes (2008) p. 647; Beougher (2007) pp. 1, 150; Etchingham (2007) p. 160; Woolf (2007a) p. 225; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 225; Herbert (2005) p. 111; Jaski (2005); Jefferies (2005); MacShamhráin (2005) pp. 15–17; Ó Cróinín (2005); Etchingham (2001) p. 180; Oram (2000) p. 12; Duffy (1997) p. 34; Flanagan (1996) p. 192; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 113; Duffy (1993) p. 24; Gwynn, A (1978) p. 42; Gwynn, J (1913) p. 32.
- ^ Woolf (2007a) p. 225.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 225; Oram (2000) p. 12.
- ^ Ní Mhaonaigh (2018) p. 136; Casey; Meehan (2014); Beougher (2007) p. 150; Jaski (2005); Jefferies (2005); Ó Cróinín (2005); Oram (2000) p. 46 n. 66; Duffy (1997) p. 34.
- ^ Ní Mhaonaigh (2017b) p. 174; Beougher (2007) p. 153.
- ^ MacShamhráin (2005) pp. 16–17.
- ^ Casey; Meehan (2014).
- ^ a b Etchingham (2007) p. 160; Etchingham (2001) p. 180.
- ^ Jaski (2005); MacShamhráin (2005) p. 17.
- ^ Wadden (2016) pp. 174–175; Wadden (2015) p. 18; Etchingham (2007) p. 160; Etchingham (2001) p. 180.
- ^ Wadden (2016) pp. 174–175; Wadden (2015) p. 18; Byrne (2008) p. 862; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 225; Jaski (2005); MacShamhráin (2005) p. 17; Oram (2000) p. 46 n. 66.
- ^ Wadden (2015) p. 18; Etchingham (2007) p. 160; Etchingham (2001) p. 180.
- ^ Wadden (2016) p. 174; The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1005.7; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1005.7.
- ^ Wadden (2015) p. 18; Gough-Cooper (2015) p. 45 § b1017.1; Downham (2004) p. 60; Rhŷs (1890) p. 264; Williams Ab Ithel (1860) pp. 32–33.
- ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 977.2; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 977.2; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
- ^ a b Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 972.13; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 972.13; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 974.2; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 974.2; Downham (2007) p. 54; Duffy (2006) pp. 53–54; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 141; Jennings (1994) pp. 212–213.
- ^ Wadden (2015) pp. 17, 28–29; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 528; Duffy (2013) ch. 3; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 984.2; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 984.2; Downham (2007) pp. 195, 253, 263; Etchingham (2007) pp. 157–158; Duffy (2004); Jennings (1994) pp. 217–218;.
- ^ Downham (2007) pp. 198–199.
- ^ Rhŷs (1890) p. 262; Williams Ab Ithel (1860) pp. 24–25; Jesus College MS. 111 (n.d.); Oxford Jesus College MS. 111 (n.d.).
- ^ Wadden (2016) p. 175; Clarkson (2014) ch. 8 ¶ 6; Duffy (2013) ch. 3; Duffy (2004).
- ^ Downham (2017) p. 93, 93 n. 29; Wadden (2016) p. 175; Clarkson (2014) ch. 8 ¶¶ 4–5; Duffy (2013) ch. 3; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 46; Taylor (2006) pp. 26–27; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 76; Ní Mhaonaigh (1995) p. 376; Hudson, BT (1994) p. 114; Candon (1988) p. 408; Anderson (1922) p. 525 n. 3; Todd (1867) pp. 136–137 ch. 78.
- ^ Wadden (2016) p. 176; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 76.
- ^ Wadden (2016) p. 175; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1002.4; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1002.4.
- ^ Wadden (2016) p. 175; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1006.2; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1006.2.
- ^ Wadden (2016) pp. 175–176.
- ^ Downham (2017) pp. 97–99; Ní Mhaonaigh (2017a); Ní Mhaonaigh (2017b) p. 170; Wadden (2015) p. 20; Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 199; Swift (2013) p. 122; DuBois (2011) p. 269; Beougher (2007) p. 6; Taylor (2006) p. 27; Breatnach (2005); Downham (2005) p. 21; Hudson, B (2002) p. 255; Ní Mhaonaigh (1996) p. 101; Ní Mhaonaigh (1995); Ní Mhaonaigh (1992) pp. 136–137, 145; Candon (1988) p. 397.
- ^ Taylor (2006) pp. 26–27; Ní Mhaonaigh (1995) p. 376; Candon (1988) p. 408.
- ^ Ásgeirsson (2013) pp. 74, 97, 127; AM 162 B Epsilon Fol (n.d.).
- ^ a b Hudson, BT (1994) p. 113.
- ^ Walker (2013) ch. 5.
- ^ Woolf (2000) p. 162 n. 76.
- ^ Walker (2013) ch. 5; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 112–113.
- ^ Downham (2007) pp. 193 fig. 12, 197; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 68, 76–77, 132; Downham (2004) pp. 60–61; Marx (1914) pp. 81–82 § 5.8, 85–87 § 5.11–12.
- ^ Downham (2014) p. 23; Downham (2007) p. 197.
- ^ Downham (2014) p. 23; The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1014.2; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1014.2; Etchingham (2007) p. 160.
- ^ Downham (2014) p. 23.
- ^ Downham (2007) pp. 197–198; Downham (2004) pp. 60–61.
- ^ Duffy (2004).
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 196; Crawford (2004).
- ^ a b Hudson, BT (2005) p. 132.
- ^ Driscoll (2008) pp. 36–37; Woolf (2007a) p. 246; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 196–198; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 130–131; Williams, DGE (1997) pp. 101–102.
- ^ Driscoll (2008) p. 97 n. 78; Woolf (2007a) p. 246; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 130–131.
- ^ Baker (2000) p. 114; Cotton MS Domitian A VIII (n.d.).
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) pp. 528, 564, 564 n. 140, 573; Downham (2013b) p. 147; McGuigan (2015) p. 107; Clancy (2008) p. 29; Downham (2007) p. 193 fig. 12; Woolf (2007a) p. 246; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 129, 130 fig. 4; Etchingham (2001) pp. 158 n. 35, 181–182, 197; Williams, DGE (1997) pp. 104, 145; Hudson, BT (1994) pp. 111, 117; Hudson, BT (1992) pp. 355–356.
- ^ Downham (2013b) p. 147; Woolf (2007a) p. 246; Connon (2005); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 228; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 129; Etchingham (2001) pp. 158 n. 35, 181–182; Oram (2000) p. 16; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 104; Duffy (1992) pp. 96, 97; Hudson, BT (1992) p. 355.
- ^ Irvine (2004) p. 76; Etchingham (2001) pp. 161, 181–182; Swanton (1998) pp. 156, 157, 159; Whitelock (1996) p. 255; Anderson (1922) pp. 546–547 n. 1, 590–592 n. 2; Thorpe (1861) p. 291; Stevenson (1853) p. 94.
- ^ Walker (2013) ch. 5; Duffy (2013) ch. 3; Broun (2004).
- ^ Wadden (2016) p. 180; Duffy (2013) ch. 3; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9; Woolf (2007) pp. 225–226, 253; Hudson (1996) pp. 52 § 183, 90 § 183; Anderson (1930) p. 51 § 181; Anderson (1922) p. 574; Skene (1867) p. 99.
- ^ Woolf (2007a) pp. 225–226, Hudson, BT (1994) p. 113.
- ^ Woolf (2007a) p. 246.
- ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1054.4; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1054.4; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
- ^ Downham (2013a) p. 171, 171 n. 77; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 130 fig. 4, 134; Etchingham (2001) pp. 182, 197; Richter (1985) p. 335.
- ^ Downham (2013a) p. 171, 171 n. 77; Downham (2013b) p. 147; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1032.6; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1032.6; Bracken (2004a); Etchingham (2001) p. 182; Duffy (1992) p. 97.
- ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1054.4; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1054.4; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 134; Etchingham (2001) p. 183.
- ^ Downham (2013a) p. 171, 171 n. 77; Downham (2013b) p. 147.
- ^ a b Hudson, BT (2005) p. 130 fig. 4.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1073.5; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1073.5; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Hudson, B (2005); Hudson, BT (2005) p. 130 fig. 4; Oram (2000) pp. 18–19.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1087.7; Oram (2011) p. 32; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1087.7; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 233; Oram (2000) p. 19; Candon (1988) pp. 403–404.
- ^ Oram (2011) p. 32; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 233; Oram (2000) p. 19.
References
[edit]Primary sources
[edit]- "AM 45 Fol". Handrit.is. n.d. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - "AM 162 B Epsilon Fol". Handrit.is. n.d. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - Anderson, AO, ed. (1922). Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286. Vol. 1. London: Oliver and Boyd. OL 14712679M.
- Anderson, AO (1930). "The Prophecy of Berchan". Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie. 18: 1–56. doi:10.1515/zcph.1930.18.1.1. eISSN 1865-889X. ISSN 0084-5302. S2CID 162902103.
- Anderson, J; Hjaltalin, JA; Goudie, G, eds. (1873). The Orkneyinga Saga. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas.
- "Annals of Inisfallen". Corpus of Electronic Texts (23 October 2008 ed.). University College Cork. 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- "Annals of Inisfallen". Corpus of Electronic Texts (16 February 2010 ed.). University College Cork. 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- "Annals of the Four Masters". Corpus of Electronic Texts (3 December 2013 ed.). University College Cork. 2013a. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- "Annals of the Four Masters". Corpus of Electronic Texts (16 December 2013 ed.). University College Cork. 2013b. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- "Annals of Tigernach". Corpus of Electronic Texts (13 April 2005 ed.). University College Cork. 2005. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- Ásgeirsson, BG (2013). Njáls Saga í AM 162 B ε fol. Lýsing og Útgáfa (BA thesis). Háskóli Íslands. hdl:1946/16476.
- Baker, PS, ed. (2000). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition. Vol. 8. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer. ISBN 0859914909.
- "Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488". Early Manuscripts at Oxford University. Oxford Digital Library. n.d. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - "Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489". Early Manuscripts at Oxford University. Oxford Digital Library. n.d. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - "Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 503". Early Manuscripts at Oxford University. Oxford Digital Library. n.d. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - "Chronicon Scotorum". Corpus of Electronic Texts (24 March 2010 ed.). University College Cork. 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- "Chronicon Scotorum". Corpus of Electronic Texts (14 May 2012 ed.). University College Cork. 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- "Cotton MS Domitian A VIII". British Library. n.d. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - "Cotton MS Tiberius B I". British Library. n.d. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - Dasent, GW, ed. (1967) [1911]. The Story of Burnt Njal. Everyman's Library. London: J. M. Dent & Sons.
- Driscoll, MJ, ed. (2008). Ágrip af Nóregskonungasǫgum: A Twelfth-Century Synoptic History of the Kings of Norway. Viking Society for Northern Research Text Series (2nd ed.). London: Viking Society for Northern Research. ISBN 978-0903521758.
- Gering, H, ed. (1897). Eyrbyggja saga. Altnordische Saga-Bibliothek. Halle: Max Niemeyer. OL 14945246M.
- Gough-Cooper, HW, ed. (2015). Annales Cambriae: The B Text From London, National Archives, MS E164/1, pp. 2–26 (PDF) (September 2015 ed.) – via Welsh Chronicles Research Group.
- Gwynn, J, ed. (1913). Liber Ardmachanus: The Book of Armagh. Dublin: Hodges Figgis & Co.
- Hudson, BT (1996). Prophecy of Berchán: Irish and Scottish High-Kings of the Early Middle Ages. Contributions to the Study of World History. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313295670. ISSN 0885-9159.
- Irvine, S, ed. (2004). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition. Vol. 7. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer. ISBN 0859914941.
- "Jesus College MS. 111". Early Manuscripts at Oxford University. Oxford Digital Library. n.d. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - Jones, O; Williams, E; Pughe, WO, eds. (1870). The Myvyrian Archaiology of Wales. Denbigh: Thomas Gee. OL 6930827M.
- Jónsson, F, ed. (1908). Brennu-Njálssaga (Njála). Altnordische Saga-Bibliothek. Halle: Max Niemeyer.
- Marx, J, ed. (1914). Gesta Normannorum Ducum. Rouen: A. Lestringant.
- Morris, W; Magnússon, E, eds. (1892). The Story of the Ere-Dwellers (Eyrbyggja Saga). The Saga Library. London: Bernard Quaritch.
- O'Keeffe, KO, ed. (2001). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition. Vol. 5. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer. ISBN 0859914917.
- "Oxford Jesus College MS. 111 (The Red Book of Hergest)". Welsh Prose 1300–1425. n.d. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - Rhŷs, J; Evans, JG, eds. (1890). The Text of the Bruts From the Red Book of Hergest. Oxford. OL 19845420M.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Schmeidler, B, ed. (1917). "Adam von Bremen, Hamburgische Kirchengeschichte". Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum in Usum Scholarum Ex Monumentis Germaniae Historicus Recusi. Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum in Usum Scholarum Separatim Editi. Hanover: Hahn. ISSN 0343-0820.
- Skene, WF, ed. (1867). Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots, and Other Early Memorials of Scottish History. Edinburgh: H.M. General Register House. OL 23286818M.
- Stevenson, J, ed. (1853). The Church Historians of England. Vol. 2. London: Seeleys.
- Swanton, M, ed. (1998) [1996]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415921295.
- "The Annals of Tigernach". Corpus of Electronic Texts (2 November 2010 ed.). University College Cork. 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- "The Annals of Ulster". Corpus of Electronic Texts (29 August 2008 ed.). University College Cork. 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- "The Annals of Ulster". Corpus of Electronic Texts (15 August 2012 ed.). University College Cork. 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- Thorpe, B, ed. (1861). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. Vol. 1. London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts.
- Todd, JH, ed. (1867). Cogad Gaedel re Gallaib: The War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill. London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer. OL 24826667M.
- Unger, CR, ed. (1871). Codex Frisianus: En Samling Af Norske Konge-Sagaer. Norske historiske kildeskriftfonds skrifter,9. Oslo: P.T. Mallings Forlagsboghandel. hdl:2027/hvd.32044084740760. OL 23385970M.
- Vigfusson, G, ed. (1887). Icelandic Sagas and Other Historical Documents Relating to the Settlements and Descents of the Northmen on the British Isles. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. Vol. 1. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. OL 16401290M.
- Whitelock, D, ed. (1996) [1955]. English Historical Documents, c. 500–1042 (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 0203439503.
- Williams Ab Ithel, J, ed. (1860). Brut y Tywysigion; or, The Chronicle of the Princes. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts. OL 24776516M.
Secondary sources
[edit]- Andersen, PS (1991). "When was Regular, Annual Taxation Introduced in the Norse Islands of Britain? A Comparative Study of Assessment Systems in North-Western Europe". Scandinavian Journal of History. 16 (1–2): 73–83. doi:10.1080/03468759108579210. eISSN 1502-7716. ISSN 0346-8755.
- Beougher, DB (2007). Brian Boru: King, High-King, and Emperor of the Irish (PhD thesis). Pennsylvania State University.
- Bracken, D (2004). "Mac Briain, Donnchad (d. 1064)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20452. Retrieved 30 January 2016. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Bhreathnach, E (2009). "Ireland, c.900–c.1000". In Stafford, P (ed.). A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland, c.500–c.1100. Blackwell Companions to British History. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 268–284. ISBN 978-1405106283.
- Breatnach, C (2005). "Historical Tales". In Duffy, S (ed.). Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. pp. 221–222. ISBN 0415940524.
- Broun, D (2004). "Malcolm II (d. 1034)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/17858. Retrieved 24 October 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Byrne, FJ (2008) [2005]. "Ireland and Her Neighbours, c.1014–c.1072". In Ó Cróinín, D (ed.). Prehistoric and Early Ireland. New History of Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 862–898. ISBN 978-0198217374.
- Candon, A (1988). "Muirchertach Ua Briain, Politics and Naval Activity in the Irish Sea, 1075 to 1119". In Mac Niocaill, G; Wallace, PF (eds.). Keimelia: Studies in Medieval Archaeology and History in Memory of Tom Delaney. Galway: Galway University Press. pp. 397–416.
- Cannon, J (2015) [1997]. "Sigurd, Jarl of Orkney". In Crowcroft, R; Cannon, J (eds.). The Oxford Companion to British History (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001. ISBN 978-0199677832 – via Oxford Reference.
- Casey, D; Meehan, B (2014). "Brian Boru and the Book of Armagh". History Ireland. 22 (2): 28–29. ISSN 0791-8224. JSTOR 23631081.
- Charles-Edwards, TM (2013). Wales and the Britons, 350–1064. The History of Wales. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198217312.
- Clancy, TO (2008). "The Gall-Ghàidheil and Galloway" (PDF). The Journal of Scottish Name Studies. 2: 19–51. ISSN 2054-9385.
- Clancy, TO (2013). "The Christmas Eve Massacre, Iona, AD 986". The Innes Review. 64 (1): 66–71. doi:10.3366/inr.2013.0048. eISSN 1745-5219. ISSN 0020-157X.
- Clarkson, T (2010). The Men of the North: The Britons and Southern Scotland (EPUB). Edinburgh: John Donald. ISBN 978-1907909023.
- Clarkson, T (2014). Strathclyde and the Anglo-Saxons in the Viking Age (EPUB). Edinburgh: John Donald. ISBN 978-1907909252.
- Connon, A (2005). "Sitriuc Silkenbeard". In Duffy, S (ed.). Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. pp. 429–430. ISBN 0415940524.
- Crawford, BE (1997) [1987]. Scandinavian Scotland. Scotland in the Early Middle Ages. Leicester: Leicester University Press. ISBN 0718511972.
- Crawford, BE (2004). "Sigurd (II) Hlödvisson (d. 1014)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49270. Retrieved 29 February 2016. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Crawford, BE (2013). The Northern Earldoms: Orkney and Caithness From 870 to 1470. Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited. ISBN 978-0857906182.
- Davies, W (2011) [1990]. "Vikings". Patterns of Power in Early Wales. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 48–60. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201533.003.0004. ISBN 978-0198201533 – via Oxford Scholarship Online.
- Downham, C (2004). "England and the Irish-Sea Zone in the Eleventh Century". In Gillingham, J (ed.). Anglo-Norman Studies. Vol. 26. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 55–73. ISBN 1843830728. ISSN 0954-9927.
- Downham, C (2005). "The Battle of Clontarf in Irish History and Legend". History Ireland. 13 (5): 19–23. ISSN 0791-8224. JSTOR 27725330.
- Downham, C (2007). Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press. ISBN 978-1903765890.
- Downham, C (2013a). "Living on the Edge: Scandinavian Dublin in the Twelfth Century". No Horns on Their Helmets? Essays on the Insular Viking-Age. Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, and Scandinavian Studies. Aberdeen: Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies and The Centre for Celtic Studies, University of Aberdeen. pp. 157–178. ISBN 978-0955772016. ISSN 2051-6509.
- Downham, C (2013b). "The Historical Importance of Viking-Age Waterford". No Horns on Their Helmets? Essays on the Insular Viking-Age. Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, and Scandinavian Studies. Aberdeen: Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies and The Centre for Celtic Studies, University of Aberdeen. pp. 129–155. ISBN 978-0955772016. ISSN 2051-6509.
- Downham, C (2014). "Clontarf in the Wider World". History Ireland. 22 (2): 22–26. ISSN 0791-8224. JSTOR 23631079.
- Downham, C (2017). "Scottish Affairs and the Political Context of Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh". Traversing the Inner Seas: Contacts and Continuity Around Western Scotland, the Hebrides and Northern Ireland. Edinburgh: Scottish Society for Northern Studies. pp. 86–106.
- DuBois, TA (2011). "Juxtaposing Cogadh Gáedel re Gallaib with Orkneyinga Saga". Oral Tradition. 26 (2): 267–296. eISSN 1542-4308. ISSN 0883-5365.
- Duffy, S (1992). "Irishmen and Islesmen in the Kingdoms of Dublin and Man, 1052–1171". Ériu. 43: 93–133. eISSN 2009-0056. ISSN 0332-0758. JSTOR 30007421.
- Duffy, S (1993). Ireland and the Irish Sea Region, 1014–1318 (PhD thesis). Trinity College, Dublin. hdl:2262/77137.
- Duffy, S (1997). Ireland in the Middle Ages. British History in Perspective. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Macmillan Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-25171-1. ISBN 978-1349251711.
- Duffy, S (2002). "Emerging from the Mist: Ireland and Man in the Eleventh Century" (PDF). In Davey, P; Finlayson, D; Thomlinson, P (eds.). Mannin Revisited: Twelve Essays on Manx Culture and Environment. Edinburgh: The Scottish Society for Northern Studies. pp. 53–61. ISBN 0953522628. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
- Duffy, S (2004). "Brian Bóruma [Brian Boru] (c.941–1014)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/3377. Retrieved 18 February 2016. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Duffy, S (2006). "The Royal Dynasties of Dublin and the Isles in the Eleventh Century". In Duffy, S (ed.). Medieval Dublin. Vol. 7. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 51–65. ISBN 1851829741.
- Duffy, S (2009). "Ireland, c.1000–c.1100". In Stafford, P (ed.). A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland, c.500–c.1100. Blackwell Companions to British History. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 285–302. ISBN 978-1405106283.
- Duffy, S (2013). Brian Boru and the Battle of Clontarf. Gill & Macmillan.
- Duffy, S (2014). "Brian Boru: Imperator Scotorum". History Ireland. 22 (2): 10–11. ISSN 0791-8224. JSTOR 23631072.
- Etchingham, C (2001). "North Wales, Ireland and the Isles: the Insular Viking Zone". Peritia. 15: 145–187. doi:10.1484/J.Peri.3.434. eISSN 2034-6506. ISSN 0332-1592.
- Etchingham, C (2007). "Viking-Age Gwynedd and Ireland: Political Relations". In Wooding, JM; Jankulak, K (eds.). Ireland and Wales in the Middle Ages. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 149–167. ISBN 978-1851827480.
- Flanagan, MT (1996). "Henry II, the Council of Cashel and the Irish Bishops". Peritia. 10: 184–211. doi:10.1484/J.Peri.3.7. eISSN 2034-6506. ISSN 0332-1592.
- Forte, A; Oram, RD; Pedersen, F (2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521829922.
- Gwynn, A (1978). "Brian in Armagh (1005)". Seanchas Ardmhacha: Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society. 9 (1): 35–50. doi:10.2307/29740904. ISSN 0488-0196. JSTOR 29740904.
- Herbert, M (2005). "Before Charters? Property Records in Pre-Anglo-Norman Ireland". In Flanagan, MT; Green, JA (eds.). Charters and Charter Scholarship in Britain and Ireland. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 107–119. doi:10.1057/9780230523050. ISBN 978-0230523050.
- Hudson, B (1994). "Knútr and Viking Dublin". Scandinavian Studies. 66 (3): 319–335. eISSN 2163-8195. ISSN 0036-5637. JSTOR 40919663.
- Hudson, B (2002). "Brjáns Saga". Medium Ævum. 71 (1): 241–285. doi:10.2307/43630435. eISSN 2398-1423. ISSN 0025-8385. JSTOR 43630435.
- Hudson, B (2005). "Ua Briain, Tairrdelbach, (c. 1009–July 14, 1086 at Kincora)". In Duffy, S (ed.). Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. pp. 462–463. ISBN 0415940524.
- Hudson, BT (1992). "Cnut and the Scottish Kings". English Historical Review. 107 (423): 350–360. doi:10.1093/ehr/CVII.423.350. eISSN 1477-4534. ISSN 0013-8266. JSTOR 575068.
- Hudson, BT (1994). Kings of Celtic Scotland. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313290873. ISSN 0885-9159.
{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help) - Hudson, BT (2005). Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195162370.
- Hughes, K (2008) [2005]. "The Irish Church, 800–c.1050". In Ó Cróinín, D (ed.). Prehistoric and Early Ireland. New History of Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 635–655. ISBN 978-0198217374.
- Jaski, B (2005). "Brian Boru (926[?]–1014)". In Duffy, S (ed.). Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. pp. 45–47. ISBN 0415940524.
- Jefferies, HA (2005). "Ua Briain (Uí Briain, O'Brien)". In Duffy, S (ed.). Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. pp. 457–459. ISBN 0415940524.
- Jennings, A (1994). Historical Study of the Gael and Norse in Western Scotland From c.795 to c.1000 (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh. hdl:1842/15749.
- Jennings, A (2015a) [1997]. "Isles, Kingdom of the". In Crowcroft, R; Cannon, J (eds.). The Oxford Companion to British History (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001. ISBN 978-0199677832 – via Oxford Reference.
- Jennings, A (2015b) [1997]. "Orkney, Jarldom of". In Crowcroft, R; Cannon, J (eds.). The Oxford Companion to British History (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001. ISBN 978-0199677832 – via Oxford Reference.
- Johnston, AR (1991). Norse Settlement in the Inner Hebrides ca. 800–1300; With Special Reference to the Islands of Mull, Coll and Tiree (PhD thesis). University of St Andrews. hdl:10023/2950.
- Macniven, A (2006). The Norse in Islay: A Settlement Historical Case-Study for Medieval Scandinavian Activity in Western Maritime Scotland (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh. hdl:1842/8973.
- MacShamhráin, A (2005). "Brian Bóruma, Armagh and High Kingship". Seanchas Ardmhacha: Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society. 20 (2): 1–21. doi:10.2307/29742749. ISSN 0488-0196. JSTOR 29742749.
- McGuigan, N (2015). Neither Scotland nor England: Middle Britain, c.850–1150 (PhD thesis). University of St Andrews. hdl:10023/7829.
- McLeod, W (2002). "Rí Innsi Gall, Rí Fionnghall, Ceannas nan Gàidheal: Sovereignty and Rhetoric in the Late Medieval Hebrides". Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies. 43: 25–48. ISSN 1353-0089.
- Ní Mhaonaigh, M (1992). "Bréifne Bias in Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib". Ériu. 43: 135–158. eISSN 2009-0056. ISSN 0332-0758. JSTOR 30007422.
- Ní Mhaonaigh, M (1995). "Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib: Some Dating Considerations". Peritia. 9: 354–377. doi:10.1484/J.Peri.3.255. eISSN 2034-6506. ISSN 0332-1592.
- Ní Mhaonaigh, M (1996). "'Cogad Gáedel Re Gallaib' and the Annals: A Comparison". Ériu. 47: 101–126. eISSN 2009-0056. ISSN 0332-0758. JSTOR 30007439.
- Ní Mhaonaigh, M (2017a). "Brian Boru". In Echard, S; Rouse, R (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–2. doi:10.1002/9781118396957.wbemlb404. ISBN 978-1118396957.
- Ní Mhaonaigh, M (2017b). "Glorious by Association: The Clontarf Obituary of Brian Boru". In Duffy, S (ed.). Medieval Dublin. Vol. 16. Four Courts Press. pp. 170–187. doi:10.17863/CAM.26938. ISBN 9781846826047.
- Ní Mhaonaigh, M (2018). "Perception and Reality: Ireland c.980–1229". In Smith, B (ed.). The Cambridge History of Ireland. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 131–156. doi:10.1017/9781316275399.009. ISBN 978-1107110670.
- Oram, RD (2000). The Lordship of Galloway. Edinburgh: John Donald. ISBN 0859765415.
- Oram, RD (2011). Domination and Lordship: Scotland 1070–1230. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748614967.
- Ó Cróinín, D (2005). "Armagh, Book of". In Duffy, S (ed.). Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. pp. 30–31. ISBN 0415940524.
- Raven, JA (2005). Medieval Landscapes and Lordship in South Uist (PhD thesis). Vol. 1. University of Glasgow.
- Richter, M (1985). "The European Dimension of Irish History in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries". Peritia. 4: 328–345. doi:10.1484/J.Peri.3.113. eISSN 2034-6506. ISSN 0332-1592.
- Sellar, WDH (2000). "Hebridean Sea Kings: The Successors of Somerled, 1164–1316". In Cowan, EJ; McDonald, RA (eds.). Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. pp. 187–218. ISBN 1862321515.
- Smyth, AP (1989) [1984]. Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland, AD 80–1000. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0748601007.
- Somerville, AA; McDonald, RA, eds. (2014). The Viking Age: A Reader. Readings in Medieval Civilizations and Cultures (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1442608696.
- Swift, C (2013). "Chivalry, Saracens and the Chansons de Geste of Brian Boru". In Duffy, S (ed.). Medieval Dublin. Vol. 15. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 119–140. hdl:10395/2767. ISBN 9781846825675.
- Taylor, S (2006). "The Early History and Languages of West Dunbartonshire". In Brown, I (ed.). Changing Identities, Ancient Roots: The History of West Dunbartonshire From Earliest Times. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 12–41. ISBN 978-0748625611.
- Thomson, PL (2008) [1987]. The New History of Orkney (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 978-1841586960.
- Wadden, P (2015). "The Normans and the Irish Sea World in the Era of the Battle of Clontarf". In McAlister, V; Barry, T (eds.). Space and Settlement in Medieval Ireland. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 15–33. ISBN 978-1846825002.
- Wadden, P (2016). "Dál Riata c. 1000: Genealogies and Irish Sea Politics". Scottish Historical Review. 95 (2): 164–181. doi:10.3366/shr.2016.0294. eISSN 1750-0222. ISSN 0036-9241.
- Williams, DGE (1997). Land Assessment and Military Organisation in the Norse Settlements in Scotland, c.900–1266 AD (PhD thesis). University of St Andrews. hdl:10023/7088.
- Williams, G (2004). "Land Assessment and the Silver Economy of Norse Scotland". In Williams, G; Bibire, P (eds.). Sagas, Saints and Settlements. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. pp. 65–104. ISBN 9004138072. ISSN 1569-1462.
- Woolf, A (2000). "The 'Moray Question' and the Kingship of Alba in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries". Scottish Historical Review. 79 (2): 145–164. doi:10.3366/shr.2000.79.2.145. eISSN 1750-0222. ISSN 0036-9241. S2CID 162334631.
- Woolf, A (2007a). From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748612338.
- Woolf, A (2007b). "The Wood Beyond the World: Jämtland and the Norwegian Kings". In Smith, BB; Taylor, S; Williams, G (eds.). West Over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-Borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. pp. 153–166. ISBN 978-9004158931. ISSN 1569-1462.
- Walker, IW (2013) [2006]. Lords of Alba: The Making of Scotland (EPUB). Brimscombe Port: The History Press. ISBN 978-0752495194.
Media related to Ragnall mac Gofraid at Wikimedia Commons