Ma Yinchu
Ma Yinchu | |
|---|---|
马寅初 | |
 Ma Yinchu | |
| President of Peking University | |
| In office June 1951 – March 1960 | |
| Preceded by | Tang Yongtong |
| Succeeded by | Lu Ping |
| Personal details | |
| Born | June 24, 1882 Sheng County, Zhejiang, Qing China |
| Died | May 10, 1982 (aged 99) Beijing, China |
| Political party | Chinese Communist Party |
| Alma mater | Tianjin University Yale University Columbia University |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Economics |
| Institutions | Peking University |
Ma Yinchu (simplified Chinese: 马寅初; traditional Chinese: 馬寅初; pinyin: Mǎ Yínchū; 1882–1982) was a prominent Chinese economist.[1] He was the father of China's family planning.
Biography
[edit]Early life
[edit]Ma Yinchu was born in Sheng County, Shaoxing, Zhejiang. He was the fifth child of the owner of a small distillery that specialized in fermented rice liquor. While his father wished for him to carry on this business, Ma showed an inclination toward scholarship. As a result, his father cut him off financially, and their relationship never recovered. His Christian uncle enlisted Ma into a Protestant church middle school in Shanghai.[2] Despite losing his father's support, he studied mining and metallurgy at Beiyang University (now called Tianjin University). In 1907, Ma received government sponsorship to study economics at Yale University, after which he received a Ph.D. in economics and philosophy from Columbia University in 1914.[3] At Columbia, Ma studied New York City’s finances.[4] His dissertation on New York City's public finance was later used in a textbook at Columbia.[5]: 172
Return to China
[edit]When he returned to China, Ma sought to promote Western ideas of fiscal policy and banking.[4] In 1920 he helped to found the Shanghai College of Commerce, and in 1923 he became the founding president of the Chinese Economics Society. During the 1930s, Ma began to criticize the Kuomintang government under Chiang Kai-shek. He was imprisoned by the KMT government for supporting the student protest movement,[5]: 173 spending time at the Xifeng concentration camp.[6]
From 1945 to 1949, Ma lived in Hong Kong.[5]: 173 In 1949, at the request of Zhou Enlai, he served as a nonpartisan delegate to the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. From 1950 to 1951, he served as the president of Zhejiang University, and then as the president of Peking University from 1951 to 1960.[7] In this position, Ma was well liked, and seen as warm and genuine by his students. However, he was removed due to his unorthodox economic views.[8]
New Population Theory
[edit]In June 1957, at the fourth session of the First National People's Congress, Ma presented his New Population Theory. Having examined trends of the early 1950s, he concluded that further population growth at such high rates would be detrimental to China's development. Therefore, he advocated government control of fertility. During the following three years, Ma's theory suffered two rounds of attacks, and he was dismissed from public life.[9] The charges of the government were that the theory followed Malthusianism, attempted to discredit the superiority of socialism, and showed contempt for the people.[10]
Rehabilitation and later life
[edit]Ma's New Population Theory did not receive mention in the People's Daily again until June 5, 1979. On July 26 of the same year, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party formally apologized to him, stating that events had validated his theory.[11] In September 1979, all charges against him were retracted, and he was made honorary president of Peking University. Ma Yinchu died on May 10, 1982, due to heart and lung disease and pneumonia.[12]
Legacy
[edit]Even before Ma's death, scholars were realizing the enormity of the government's error in censoring his views for two decades. This view can be demonstrated by the title of a newspaper article published in 1979: "Erroneously criticized one person, population mistakenly increased 300,000,000".[11] Ma's theory also became enshrined in public policy; China's one-child policy drew heavily on Ma's reasoning that "the State should have the power to intervene in reproduction and to control population", and follows his advice in heavily utilizing propaganda on the dangers of population growth.[13] In Ma's hometown, a middle school has been named in his honor. His birth home is being renovated as a museum, and the street on which it resides is now called "Famous Man Street".[14] Nationally, the scholar is featured prominently in primary and middle school textbooks as "Uncle Ma", where he is praised for his contributions to population control and environmental protection. In 1997, a nine-part series about his life was aired in commemoration of the 40th anniversary of the publication of his population theory.[12]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Mao Zedong (1986). Michael Y. M. Kau; John K. Leung (eds.). The Writings of Mao Zedong, 1949–1976. M.E. Sharpe. p. 361. ISBN 0-87332-391-2.
- ^ "马寅初的早年学生生涯" [Ma Yinchu's early student career]. hzzx.gov.cn (in Chinese). 8 November 2012.
- ^ Shapiro, Judith; W, Alfred (2001). Mao's War Against Nature: Politics and the Environment in Revolutionary China. Cambridge University Press. pp. 36–7. ISBN 0-521-78680-0.
- ^ a b Weber, Isabella (2021). How China Escaped Shock Therapy: The Market Reform Debate. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-429-49012-5. OCLC 1228187814.
- ^ a b c Li, David Daokui (2024). China's World View: Demystifying China to Prevent Global Conflict. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393292398.
- ^ "Xifeng Concentration Camp Revolutionary History Memorial Hall". Guiyang Provincial Government. 18 October 2019. Archived from the original on 14 October 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
- ^ Mao (1986), 361.
- ^ Shapiro (2001), 38–43.
- ^ Bian Yufang (卞毓方) (2008). "Ma Yinchu: The Third Model of Thinker" 《马寅初：思想者的第三种造型》. 《青年文摘》 [Youth Literary Digest] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Youth Press. pp. 144–149. ISBN 978-7-5006-6468-0.
- ^ Tien, H. Yuan (December 1981). "Demography in China: From Zero to Now". Population Index. 47 (4). Office of Population Research: 683–710. doi:10.2307/2736034. JSTOR 2736034. PMID 12264579.
- ^ a b Tien (1981), 688.
- ^ a b Shapiro (2001), 45.
- ^ Tien, H. Yuan (June 1980). "Wan, Xi, Shao: How China Meets Its Population Problem". International Family Planning Perspectives. 6 (2). Guttmacher Institute: 65–70. doi:10.2307/2947873. JSTOR 2947873.
- ^ Shapiro (2001), 36, 45.
- 20th-century Chinese economists
- Chinese demographers
- Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
- Academic staff of the National Central University
- Academic staff of Nanjing University
- Academic staff of Zhejiang University
- 1882 births
- 1982 deaths
- People from Shengzhou
- Birth control activists
- Members of Academia Sinica
- Tianjin University alumni
- One-child policy
- Presidents of Peking University
- Presidents of Zhejiang University
- Educators from Shaoxing
- Economists from Zhejiang
- Yale University alumni