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Free trade agreements of the European Union

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
See also: European Union Customs Union

EU Free trade agreements
  European Union
  Agreement in force
  Agreement provisionally applied
  Agreement signed, but not applied
  Agreement initialed, not signed
  Agreement being negotiated
  Agreement negotiations on hold/suspended


The European Union has concluded free trade agreements (FTAs)[1] and other agreements with a trade component with many countries worldwide and is negotiating with many others.[2] The European Union negotiates free trade deals on behalf of all of its member states, as the member states have granted the EU has an "exclusive competence" to conclude trade agreements. Even so, member states' governments control every step of the process (via the Council of the European Union, whose members are national ministers from each national government):

  • Before negotiations start, member states' governments (via the Council of Ministers) approve the negotiating mandate;
  • During negotiations, member states' governments are regularly briefed on the progress of negotiations and can update the negotiations mandate or suspend negotiations;
  • Upon conclusion of negotiations, member states' governments decide whether the agreement should be signed;
  • After approval from the European Parliament and (in case the agreement covers areas other than trade such as investment protection) upon ratification in each member state parliament, member states' governments decide whether the agreement should be concluded and enter into effect.

Trade agreements in force

[edit]
State No of jurisdictions represented[a] Signed Provisional
application		 In force since Notes Relations
 Akrotiri and Dhekelia 1 2003 2004[3][b] Customs union
 Albania 1 2006 2006[c] 2009[4] SAA Negotiating for EU accession
 Algeria 1 2002 2005[5] Euro-mediterranean AA
Andean Community
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Peru 		3 2012[6] 2013, 2017 2024[7][8] FTA[9][10]
 Andorra 1 1990 1991[11] Customs union Andorra–EU relations
 Angola 1 2023 2024[12] SIFA
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 2008 2008[c] 2015[13] SAA Candidate for EU accession
Central America
 Costa Rica
 Guatemala
 Honduras
 Nicaragua
 Panama
 El Salvador 		6 2012 2013 2024[14] AA European Union Central American Association Agreement
 Chile 1 2002, 2023 2003, 2024 2005[15] 2025[16] AA,[17] Interim & Updated EU-Chile AA
 Egypt 1 2001 2004[18] Euro-mediterranean AA
 Faroe Islands 1 1996 1997[19] Autonomous entity of Denmark Faroe Islands-EU relations
 Georgia 1 2014 2014 2016[20] AA incl DCFTA Georgia–EU relations and Candidate for EU accession
 Iceland 1 1992 1994[21] EEA Iceland–EU relations
 Israel 1 1995 1996[c][22] 2000[23] Euro-Mediterranean AA Israel–EU relations
 Japan 1 2018[24] 2019[25] Economic Partnership Agreement [26] Japan-EU relations
 Jordan 1 1997 2002[27] Euro-Mediterranean AA Jordan–EU relations
 Kenya 1 2023 2024 Economic Partnership Agreement
 Kosovo 1 2015 2016[28] SAA Potential candidate for EU accession
 Lebanon 1 2002 2006[29] Euro-Mediterranean AA Lebanon–EU relations
 Liechtenstein 1 1992 1995[21] EEA Liechtenstein–EU relations
 Mexico 1 1997 2000[30] FTA[31][32] Mexico–EU relations
 Moldova 1 2014 2014 2016[33] Moldova–European Union Association Agreement incl European Union–Moldova Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area Moldova–EU relations and Negotiating for EU accession
 Monaco 1 1958 Franco-Monegasque Customs Convention (customs union)[34] Monaco–EU relations
 Montenegro 1 2007 2008[c] 2010[35] SAA Negotiating for EU accession
 Morocco 1 1996 2000[36] Euro-Mediterranean AA Morocco–EU relations
 New Zealand 1 2023 2024[37] FTA New Zealand–EU relations
 North Macedonia 1 2001 2001[c] 2004[38] SAA Negotiating for EU accession
 Norway 1 1992 1994[21] EEA Norway–EU relations
 EU's Overseas Countries and Territories 13 2001 2001[39][40] Association of the OCTs with the EU
 Palestinian Authority 1 1997 1997[41] Euro-Mediterranean AA Palestine–EU relations
 San Marino 1 1991 1992[d] 2002[42] Customs union San Marino–EU relations
 Serbia 1 2008 2010[c] 2013[43] SAA Negotiating for EU accession
 Singapore 1 2018[44] 2019[45] FTA[46]
 South Africa 1 1999 2000[47] 2004[48] ATDC[e] South Africa–EU relations
 South Korea 1 2010 2011 2015[49] FTA[50] South Korea–EU relations
  Switzerland 1 1972 1973[51] Trade agreement Switzerland–EU relations
 Tunisia 1 1995 1998[52] Euro-Mediterranean AA
 Turkey 1 1995[f] 1995[53] Customs union Turkey–EU relations
 Ukraine 1 2014 2016 2017[54][55] Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement incl DCFTA Ukraine–EU relations and Negotiating for EU accession
 United Kingdom[g] 1 2020 2021[56] 2021[57] Trade and Cooperation Agreement United Kingdom–EU relations
 Vietnam 1 2019 2020[58] EVFTA[59] Vietnam–EU relations

Trade agreements provisionally applied

[edit]
State Signed Provisional
Application		 Ratification Notes Relations
CARIFORUM States
 Antigua and Barbuda
 Bahamas
 Barbados
 Belize
 Dominica
 Dominican Republic
 Grenada
 Guyana
 Jamaica
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
 Saint Lucia
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 Suriname
 Trinidad and Tobago
 Haiti 		2008 2008
37 / 44
[60] 		EPA - Croatia acceded to the agreement on 28 November 2017
Eastern and Southern Africa States
 Comoros
 Madagascar
 Mauritius
 Seychelles
 Zambia[61]
 Zimbabwe 		2009 2012, 2019
5 / 35
[62] 		Interim Agreement for establishing a framework for an EPA
 Côte d'Ivoire 2009 2016
23 / 30
[63] 		Stepping Stone EPA
 Cameroon 2009 2014
21 / 30
[64] 		Interim agreement with a view to an EPA
Pacific States
 Fiji
 Papua New Guinea
 Samoa
 Solomon Islands 		2009 2009, 2014, 2018, 2020
4 / 5
[65] 		Interim Partnership Agreement
South African Development Community members
 Botswana
 Lesotho
 Mozambique
 Namibia
 South Africa
 Swaziland 		2016 2016
20 / 35
[66] 		Economic Partnership Agreement
 Ghana 2016 2016[67]
9 / 30
[67] 		Stepping Stone EPA
 Canada 2016 2017[68]
18 / 30
[69] 		Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement[70]


Agreements finalised (negotiations concluded, but not signed)

[edit]
State Negotiations Concluded Signed Provisional
Application		 Ratification Notes
 Andorra
 San Marino 		December 2023 No No Association Agreement[71]
Economic Community of West African States members
 Benin
 Burkina Faso
 Cabo Verde
 Côte d'Ivoire
 Gambia
 Ghana
 Guinea
 Guinea-Bissau
 Liberia
 Mali
 Mauritania
 Niger
 Nigeria
 Senegal
 Sierra Leone
 Togo 		6 February 2014 No No Economic Partnership Agreement[72]
East African Community members
 Burundi
 Kenya
 Rwanda
 Tanzania
 Uganda 		16 October 2014 No Ratified by  Rwanda and  Kenya Economic Partnership Agreement[73]
 China 30 December 2020[74] No No No Comprehensive Agreement on Investment
Mercosur
 Argentina
 Bolivia
 Brazil
 Paraguay
 Uruguay 		28 June 2019[75] No No No European Union–Mercosur free trade agreement. Part of an Association Agreement.
 Mexico 28 April 2020[76] No No No Updated Free Trade Agreement between Mexico and the European Union

Negotiating new agreements

[edit]
State New agreement being negotiated Status
 Australia Australia Agreement Negotiations launched in 2018[77]
 India Free Trade Agreement Negotiations from 2007 to 2013;[78] restarted in 2022[79][80]
 Indonesia Free Trade Agreement Negotiations launched in 2016[77]
 Niue Economic Partnership Agreements as part of the Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement Informed the EU of its intention to accede to the EPA.[81]
 Philippines Free Trade Agreement Negotiations launched in 2015[77]
 Timor-Leste Economic Partnership Agreements as part of the Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement Informed the EU of its intention to accede to the EPA.[81]
 Thailand Free Trade Agreement Negotiations started in 2013, paused in 2014, and resumed in 2023.[78]
 Tonga Economic Partnership Agreements as part of the Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement Informed the EU of its intention to accede to the EPA.[81]
 Tuvalu Economic Partnership Agreements as part of the Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement Informed the EU of its intention to accede to the EPA.[81]
 Vanuatu Economic Partnership Agreements as part of the Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement Informed the EU of its intention to accede to the EPA.[81]

Negotiations on hold

[edit]
Country or bloc Agreement being negotiated Status
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf States
 Bahrain
 Kuwait
 Oman
 Qatar
 Saudi Arabia
 United Arab Emirates 		Free Trade Agreement Negotiations started in 1990, suspended since 2008[78]
Central Africa
 Central African Republic
 Chad
 Republic of Congo
 Equatorial Guinea
 Gabon
 Democratic Republic of Congo
 São Tomé and Principe 		Economic Partnership Agreement Negotiations started in 2003, paused until further notice in 2011[78]
Eastern and Southern Africa States

 Ethiopia
 Djibouti
 Malawi
 Somalia
 Sudan
 Zambia

Economic Partnership Agreement Negotiations started in 2004, paused until further notice in 2011[78]
 Malaysia Free Trade Agreement Negotiations started in 2010, paused since 2012[78]
 Monaco European Union Association Agreement Negotiations launched in 2015, but halted in 2023[82]
 Morocco Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area Negotiations started in 2013, on hold since 2014 at Morocco’s request[83]
 Myanmar Investment protection agreement Negotiations launched in 2015[78]
 Tunisia Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area Negotiations launched in 2015, on hold since 2019[84]
 United States Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership Negotiations started in 2013, suspended since 2019[78]

Obsolete agreements

[edit]
Country or bloc Agreement Signed Active Obsolete
 Croatia SAA 29 October 2001 1 March 2001 1 July 2013[85]

Competence

[edit]

The European Court of Justice has held that investor-state arbitration provisions (including a dedicated tribunal planned by some free trade agreements) falls under competency shared between European Union and its member states and that for this reason, the ratification of such mixed agreements[86] should be approved by the EU as well as by each of the union's member states.[87] This court decision has resulted in a new architecture of external trade negotiations which will have two components:[88]

  • a free trade agreement - related exclusively to trade matters - which can be adopted at the EU level;
  • an investment agreement - containing investment, arbitration and other non-trade provisions - which needs to be ratified by the member states as well.

Impact to consumers

[edit]

One study found that the trade agreements that the EU implemented over the period 1993-2013 have, on average, increased the quality of imported goods by 7% and therefore "lowered quality-adjusted prices by close to 7%," without having much of an impact on the non-adjusted price.[89]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Excluding the EU and its member states
  2. ^ From 2021 under the provisions of the Brexit withdrawal agreement (Protocol relating to the sovereign base areas of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Cyprus)
  3. ^ a b c d e f Entry into force of Interim Agreement
  4. ^ Interim Agreement
  5. ^ Agreement on Trade, Development and Cooperation
  6. ^ Decision of the EC-Turkey Association Council
  7. ^ Includes Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man with regards to trade in goods and fisheries. For Northern Ireland, a more comprehensive arrangement is in place with regards to trade in goods based on the Withdrawal Agreement.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Negotiations and agreements". European Commission. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  2. ^ "Agreements". European Commission. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  3. ^ "EUR-Lex - 12003T/PRO/03 - EN". Official Journal L 236 , 23/09/2003 P. 0940 - 944. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  4. ^ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Albania, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  5. ^ "Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement between the European Community and its Members States, of the one part, and the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  6. ^ http://euobserver.com/9/32177 EU signs FTA
  7. ^ "Trade Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Colombia and Peru, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  8. ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  9. ^ http://en.mercopress.com/2013/08/03/eu-fta-agreements-with-colombia-and-central-america-became-effective-august-first EU FTA agreements with Colombia and Central America became effective August first
  10. ^ "EU Trade Policy with the Andean Community".
  11. ^ "Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Economic Community and the Principality of Andorra". Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  12. ^ "Sustainable Investment Facilitation Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Angola". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union.
  13. ^ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  14. ^ "Agreement establishing an Association between the European Union and its Member States, on the one hand, and Central America on the other". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  15. ^ "Agreement establishing an Association between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Chile, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  16. ^ "Interim Agreement on Trade between the European Union and the Republic of Chile". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union.
  17. ^ "Chile - Trade - European Commission". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  18. ^ "Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement between the European Communities and its Member States and the Arab Republic of Egypt". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  19. ^ "Agreement between the European Community, of the one part, and the Government of Denmark and the Home Government of the Faroe Islands, of the other part". Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  20. ^ "Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Georgia, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  21. ^ a b c "Agreement on the European Economic Area". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  22. ^ "Interim Agreement on trade and trade-related matters between the European Community and the European Coal and Steel Community, of the one part, and the State of Israel, on the other part". Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  23. ^ "Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the State of Israel, of the other part". Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  24. ^ "EU and Japan sign Economic Partnership Agreement". Trade - European Commission. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  25. ^ "EU-Japan trade agreement will enter into force on 1 February 2019". 21 December 2018. Today, the EU and Japan notified each other of the completion of their respective ratification procedures.
  26. ^ "Economic Partnership Agreement between the European Union and Japan". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union.
  27. ^ "Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  28. ^ "Information relating to the entry into force of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and Kosovo (*), of the other part". Europa.eu. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  29. ^ "Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Community and its Members States, of the one part, and the Republic of Lebanon, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  30. ^ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  31. ^ "Mexico - Trade - European Commission". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  32. ^ "Economic Partnership, Political Coordination and Cooperation Agreement between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the United Mexican States, of the other part". eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  33. ^ "Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  34. ^ "Monaco and the European Union". Gouvernement Princier. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  35. ^ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States of the one part, and the Republic of Montenegro, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  36. ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  37. ^ "Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and New Zealand". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  38. ^ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  39. ^ "Council Decision 2013/755/EU of 25 November 2013 on the association of the overseas countries and territories with the European Union". EUR-Lex. 19 December 2013.
  40. ^ "Council Decision 2001/822/EC of 27 November 2001 on the association of the overseas countries and territories with the European Community". EUR-Lex. 27 November 2001.
  41. ^ "Euro-Mediterranean Interim Association Agreement on Trade and Cooperation between the European Community, of the one part, and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) for the benefit of the Palestinian Authority of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  42. ^ "Agreement on Cooperation and Customs Union between the European Economic Community and the Republic of San Marino". Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  43. ^ "Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Serbia, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  44. ^ "Singapore, EU ink landmark free trade agreement". www.channelnewsasia.com. Archived from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2018. [...] the EU-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (EUSFTA) was signed by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong with European Commission president Jean-Claude Juncker, European Council president Donald Tusk and Austrian Chancellor Sebastian Kurz. [...] The leaders also witnessed the signing of the EU-Singapore Investment Protection Agreement (EUSIPA) – a pact that will replace 12 existing bilateral investment treaties between Singapore and EU member states to offer better investment protection – and the EU-Singapore Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (ESPCA).
  45. ^ "Council Decision on the conclusion of the Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Singapore". [...] the Agreement should enter into force on 21 November 2019 in agreement with the Singaporean side
  46. ^ "Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Singapore". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  47. ^ "Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the Community and South Africa, which provides for the provisional application of a portion of the Agreement on Trade, Development and Cooperation between the European Community and its Member States, on the one part, and the Republic of South Africa, on the other part". Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  48. ^ "Agreement on Trade, Development and Cooperation between the European Community and its Member States, on the one part, and the Republic of South Africa, on the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  49. ^ "Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Korea, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  50. ^ "EUR-Lex - L:2011:127:TOC - EN - EUR-Lex". eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  51. ^ "Trade agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  52. ^ "Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Tunisia, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  53. ^ "Delegation of the European Union to Türkiye | EEAS". www.eeas.europa.eu. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  54. ^ "Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  55. ^ "Agreement".
  56. ^ "EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement: Council adopts decision on the signing". Consilium. 29 December 2020.
  57. ^ "Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part". www.consilium.europa.eu. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  58. ^ "Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
  59. ^ "Vietnam - Trade - European Commission".
  60. ^ "Economic Partnership Agreement between the CARIFORUM States, of the one part, and the European Community and its Member States, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  61. ^ Did not sign
  62. ^ "Interim Agreement establishing a framework for an Economic Partnership Agreement between the Eastern and Southern Africa States, on the one part, and the European Community and its Member States, on the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  63. ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  64. ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  65. ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  66. ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  67. ^ a b "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  68. ^ "Canada, EU to provisionally apply CETA in September". CBC News. 8 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
  69. ^ "Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada, of the one part, and the European Union and its Member States, of the other part". Agreements Database, Council of the European Union.
  70. ^ "In Focus: EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement".
  71. ^ "Commission proposes Association Agreement with Andorra and San Marino to the Council". European Commission. 26 April 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  72. ^ "West Africa - Trade - European Commission". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  73. ^ "East African Community (EAC) - Trade - European Commission". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  74. ^ "EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment". Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  75. ^ "EU and Mercosur agree huge trade deal after 20-year talks". BBC News. 28 June 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  76. ^ "Press corner". European Commission - European Commission. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  77. ^ a b c "Agreements being negotiated". European Commission. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  78. ^ a b c d e f g h "Agreements on hold". European Commission. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  79. ^ Brzozowski, Alexandra; Allenbach-Ammann, János (10 June 2022). "EU and India to start trade negotiations, with 2024 target". www.euractiv.com. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  80. ^ Directorate-General for Trade (17 June 2022). "EU and India kick-start ambitious trade agenda". policy.trade.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  81. ^ a b c d e "OVERVIEW OF ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS".
  82. ^ "RECORDED HRVP Federica MOGHERINI host the ceremony on the occasion of the launching of the Association Agreement(s) negotiations with the Principality of Andorra, the Principality of Monaco and the Republic of San Marino". European Commission. 18 March 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  83. ^ "Countries and regions: Morocco". European Commission. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  84. ^ "Countries and regions: Tunisia". European Commission. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  85. ^ "EU - Croatia". World Trade Organization.
  86. ^ "EU Trade Agreements: To Mix or not to Mix, That is the Question" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2021.
  87. ^ "UE. Pas de traité commercial sans l'accord des parlements nationaux". 15 May 2017.
  88. ^ "EU trade agreements - New architecture of trade agreements". Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  89. ^ Berlingieri, Giuseppe; Breinlich, Holger; Dhingra, Swati (12 March 2018). "The consumer benefits of trade agreements: Evidence from the EU trade policy". VoxEU.org. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
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