Finland at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Finland at the 1908 Summer Olympics | |
---|---|
![]() The Grand Duchy of Finland had no official flag, the Russian flag was used for both countries in the Olympics. | |
IOC code | FIN |
NOC | Finnish Olympic Committee |
Website | sport |
in London | |
Competitors | 62 (62 men and 0 women) in 6 sports and 23 events |
Flag bearer | Bruno Zilliacus |
Medals Ranked 13th |
|
Summer Olympics appearances (overview) | |
Other related appearances | |
1906 Intercalated Games |
Finland competed at the Summer Olympic Games for the first time at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom. The Grand Duchy of Finland was a semi independent state ruled by the Russian Emperors at the time, this allowed Finland to become a sovereign member of the International Olympic Committee in 1907.
Medals
[edit]Verner Weckman became the first Finn to win an Olympic gold. He had also been the first Finn to win a gold at the 1906 Intercalated Games.[1]
Team
[edit]Sport | Men |
---|---|
Athletics | 15 |
Diving | 2 |
Gymnastics | 31 |
Shooting | 9 |
Swimming | 3 |
Wrestling | 4 |
Total | 62 |
Aarne Salovaara and Johan Kemp competed in two sports, among 46 athletes in the games who competed in multiple sports.[2]
No women competed from Finland. However, Valborg Florström performed in a diving exhibition, which made her the first Finnish woman in the Olympics.[3]
Including non-competitors, the Finnish team had 73 athletes and 6 officials. Chef de Mission was Reinhold Felix von Willebrand.[4] The Finnish Comité D'Honneur was Axel Fredrik Londen, Gösta Wasenius and Fred Hackman.[5]
Preparations
[edit]At the time, Grand Duchy of Finland was not an independent country, but an autonomous part of the Russian Empire. However, Finns were qualified to take part independently as a sporting nation, which was a category recently devised by Pierre de Coubertin, in an International Olympic Committee meeting in May 1907. Formal Finnish preparations for the 1908 Games had already began by then. In December, the Finnish Olympic Committee was established, which budgeted 48,000 Finnish markkas (equal to about 200,000 euros in 2018[6]) for a team of 80 to be sent. Half of it was applied from the Senate of Finland, who eventually granted only 8,000 markkas (€30,000 [6]). By June 1908, a further 22,000 markkas (€90,000 [6]) had been raised by various means.[7]
The Finnish Olympic team was mostly selected by trials arranged in the spring of 1908. A few had to be replaced, when gymnastics teachers were defined as professionals.[8]
Most of the Finnish team departed Helsinki aboard steamer Polaris on 7 July 1908. The shooting team had departed on 1 July, and wrestler Verner Weckman travelled independently from Berlin.[8]
Opening ceremony controversies
[edit]Polaris arrived in Hull on 13 July, the day of the opening ceremony, late due to a machine breakdown. A train took them to London, where they went directly from the station to the stadium. The hosts penalized the Finnish tardiness by having them enter the stadium last in the Parade of Nations, instead of their alphabetical position.[9]
A further problem was caused by their flag. There was no official flag of Finland at the time, but they had brought three options, one of which represented the coat of arms of Finland, the other two bearing the texts "Finlandia" and "Suomi-Finland". However, none of them was allowed, and the flag bearer Bruno Zilliacus carried a mere cardboard text plaque "Finland" that was borrowed from their dressing room door.[9]
Contemporary assessment
[edit]The popular opinion in Finland of the overall athletic success of their Olympic team was meager, considering its numbers.[9]
Finnish sports leaders judged the Olympic participation to have been merely an expensive excursion, and pointed out two principal problems. First was an undisciplined and immoral tourist mindset among the team, which manifested as partying, smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol. Second was a poor organization for the Games, which included a belated preparation only months in advance; minimal equipment for the team, such as bringing only one javelin; and having no professional coaching.[10]
Athletics
[edit]Finland's best result was Verner Järvinen's bronze medal in the Greek-style discus throw. The athletics team generally performed up to expectations. Only javelin throw was considered a let down.[11]
Unless otherwise specified, results are lifted from:
- Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. pp. 44–100. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
Track and road events
[edit]Athlete | Event | Heat | Semifinal | Final | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | ||
Kalle Nieminen | Men's marathon | — | 3:09:50.8 | 10 | |||
Lauri Pihkala | Men's 400 metres | did not start[12] | did not advance | ||||
Uuno Railo[Track 1] | Men's 100 metres | did not start[14] | did not advance | ||||
Men's 200 metres | did not start[15] | did not advance | |||||
Men's 400 metres | did not start[16] | did not advance | |||||
Ragnar Stenberg | Men's 100 metres | unknown | 5th in heat | did not advance | |||
Men's 200 metres | unknown | 3rd in heat[Track 2] | did not advance | ||||
Men's 400 metres | did not start[18] | did not advance | |||||
Men's 800 metres | did not start[19] | — | did not advance | ||||
Men's 110 metres hurdles | did not start[20] | did not advance | |||||
Men's 400 metres hurdles | did not start[21] | did not advance | |||||
Fredrik Svanström | Men's 800 metres | did not finish[Track 3] | — | did not advance | |||
Men's 1500 metres | 4:25.2 | 3rd in heat | — | did not advance | |||
unknown | Men's medley relay | did not start[23] | — | did not advance |
Notes:
Field events
[edit]Athlete | Event | Qualification | Final | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Result | Rank | Result | Rank | ||
Juho Halme | Men's triple jump | unknown | 18–20[Field 1] | did not advance | |
Men's shot put | unknown | 9–25 | did not advance | ||
Men's javelin throw | 44.96[Field 2] | 6 | did not advance | ||
Men's freestyle javelin throw | 39.88 | 9 | did not advance | ||
Men's discus throw | did not start[26] | did not advance | |||
Evert Jakobsson | Men's javelin throw | unknown | 8–16 | did not advance | |
Men's freestyle javelin throw | unknown | 10–33 | did not advance | ||
Men's shot put | did not start[27] | did not advance | |||
Jarl Jakobsson | Men's standing long jump | unknown[Field 3] | 8–25 | did not advance | |
Men's javelin throw | unknown | 8–16 | did not advance | ||
Men's freestyle javelin throw | unknown | 10–33 | did not advance | ||
Shot put | did not start[30] | did not advance | |||
Verner Järvinen | Men's shot put | unknown | 9–25 | did not advance | |
Men's discus throw | 39.43 | 4 | did not advance | ||
Men's Greek discus throw | 36.49 | 3 | 36.49 | ![]() | |
Men's freestyle javelin throw | unknown | 10–33 | did not advance | ||
Johan Kemp | Men's freestyle javelin throw | unknown | 10–33 | did not advance | |
Elmer Niklander | Men's shot put | unknown[Field 4] | 9–25 | did not advance | |
Men's discus throw | unknown[Field 5] | 12–42 | did not advance | ||
Men's Greek discus throw | 32.46 | 9 | did not advance | ||
Armas Pesonen | Men's javelin throw | 45.17 | 5 | did not advance | |
Men's freestyle javelin throw | 46.04 | 6 | did not advance | ||
Long jump | did not start[32] | did not advance | |||
Lauri Pihkala | Men's high jump | 5 feet 6 inches (168 cm) | 16 | did not advance | |
Men's discus throw | unknown | 12–42 | did not advance | ||
Men's shot put | did not start[33] | did not advance | |||
Uuno Railo[Field 6] | Men's triple jump | did not start[34] | did not advance | ||
Aarne Salovaara | Men's discus throw | unknown | 12–42 | did not advance | |
Men's javelin throw | 45.89 | 4 | did not advance | ||
Men's freestyle javelin throw | unknown | 10–33 | did not advance | ||
Jalmari Sauli | Men's shot put | 12.58 | 7 | did not advance | |
Men's discus throw | unknown | 12–42 | did not advance | ||
Men's javelin throw | unknown | 7 | did not advance | ||
Men's freestyle javelin throw | 43.30 | 8 | did not advance | ||
Men's Greek discus throw | did not start[35] | did not advance | |||
Lauri Wilskman | Men's high jump | did not start[Field 7] | did not advance | ||
Men's discus throw | unknown | 12–42 | did not advance | ||
Shot put | did not start[36] | did not advance | |||
Greek discus throw | did not start[37] | did not advance | |||
Bruno Zilliacus | Men's shot put | unknown | 9–25 | did not advance |
Notes:
- ^ From The Sportsman and The People. Many sources do not list him competing in this event.[24]
- ^ From New York Herald. His mark was not officially recorded.[25]
- ^ Two Finnish newspaper correspondents reported his result as 310, which would place him 8th.[28][29]
- ^ Result was circa 11 metres.[31]
- ^ Result was circa 36 metres.[31]
- ^ Could not compete due to a muscle strain.[13]
- ^ His qualification result was 5 feet 6 inches (168 cm). However, due to changing conditions, his qualification pool was declared void and to be re-jumped. He did not start the re-jump.
Diving
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Oskar_Wetzell_London_1908.png/220px-Oskar_Wetzell_London_1908.png)
The Finnish divers had low expectations, as they had previously competed in plain jumps only, and their scores suffered from low degrees of difficulty.[38] Valborg Florström performed a diving exhibition with Ebba Gisico of Sweden, which was the first appearance of women in the Olympic pool.[39]
Results are lifted from:
- Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. pp. 141–146. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
Athlete | Event | Round One | Semi-finals | Final | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Points | Rank | Points | Rank | Points | Rank | ||
Toivo Aro | Men's 10 metre platform | 69.50 | 2nd in pool | 62.70 | 3rd in pool | did not advance | |
Waldemar Ullström | Men's 10 metre platform | did not start[40] | did not advance | ||||
Oskar Wetzell | Men's 3 metre springboard | 70.83 | 2nd in pool | 70.10 | 6th in pool | did not advance | |
Men's 10 metre platform | 69.70 | 4th in pool | did not advance |
Gymnastics
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Finland_gymnastic_team_event_1908_olympics.png/220px-Finland_gymnastic_team_event_1908_olympics.png)
Three groups of gymnasts travelled to the Games from Finland. The 26-man main group took part in the team event and 5 men in the individual artistic event. Viipurin Reipas also sent an exhibition team. The Finnish overall result was considered satisfactory.[41]
Shooting
[edit]Rifle
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Finland_1908_Olympic_shooting_team.png/220px-Finland_1908_Olympic_shooting_team.png)
The Finnish shooting team performed poorly against expectations and returned in disgrace. The captain of the shooting team, Axel Fredrik Londen, explained in an article that the Finnish shooters could only afford an inferior number of practice shots and inferior gunpowder. There also was an import ban on modern bullets and rifles in Finland.[44] Lauri Kolho blamed the fiasco on antiquated gunpowder and bullets further impaired by a strong crosswind.[45]
Results are lifted from:
- Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. pp. 223–227. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
Trap
[edit]Shooter | Event | 1st stage | 2nd stage | 3rd stage | Total | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karl Fazer | Men's trap | did not start | ||||
Robert Huber | Men's trap | did not start | ||||
Axel Fredrik Londen | Men's trap | Eliminated | did not advance | unknown | 29–61 |
Sources differ on the Finnish participation in the trap event:
- In the Official Report of the 1908 Olympics (published in 1909), the three Finns are listed among 61 entrants to the trap event. It then details the results for 28 shooters that reached the second stage, implying the Finns were eliminated in the first stage.[46]
- Bill Mallon and Ian Buchanan in modern research of the 1908 Olympics (2000) argue that out of the 61 entrants, only about 31 started, all of whom were allowed to advance to the second stage, and the Finns never started the event.[47]
- In a contemporary article (1908), Londen describes himself being at the Games in team leader's form, the Finnish shooters entering rifle events only and never mentions Huber or Fazer.[48]
- The centennial history of the Finnish Olympic Committee (2007) lists Londen as a competitor who was eliminated in the first round without Fazer and Huber.[49]
- The centennial history of the Finnish Shooting Sport Federation (2019) considers Fazer and Huber to not have started the event and Londen eliminated in the first round.[50]
Swimming
[edit]The Finnish swimmers had low expectations and took the games as an excursion. They skipped the freestyle events and competed for the first time in backstroke. Also, they were used to a 25-metre track, but the Olympic pool was 100 metres long, which hindered them in their main event, the breaststroke.[51]
Unless otherwise specified, results are lifted from:
- Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. pp. 242–253. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
Athlete | Event | Heat | Semifinal | Final | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | ||
Herman Cederberg | Men's 100 metre backstroke | did not start[52] | did not advance | ||||
Men's 200 metre breaststroke | unknown | 4th–5th in heat | did not advance | ||||
Men's 1500 metre freestyle | did not start[53] | did not advance | |||||
John Henriksson | Men's 100 metre backstroke | unknown | 3rd in heat | did not advance | |||
Men's 200 metre breaststroke | unknown | 3rd in heat | did not advance | ||||
Hugo Jonsson | Men's 100 metre backstroke | unknown | 3rd in heat | did not advance | |||
Men's 200 metre breaststroke | did not finish | did not advance |
Wrestling
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Saarela_Weckman_London_1908.png/220px-Saarela_Weckman_London_1908.png)
Results are lifted from:
- Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. pp. 284–290. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
Athlete | Event | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinal | Semifinal | Final / Bronze | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Opposition Result |
Opposition Result |
Opposition Result |
Opposition Result |
Opposition Result (best out of three) | |||
Jussi Kivimäki | Men's Greco-Roman light heavyweight | Bye | ![]() L/p |
did not advance | 9 | ||
Arvo Lindén | Men's Greco-Roman lightweight | ![]() W/f |
![]() W/f |
![]() W/f |
![]() L/p |
![]() 2–0 W (W/f, W/f) |
![]() |
Yrjö Saarela | Men's Greco-Roman light heavyweight | ![]() W/f |
![]() W/f |
![]() W/f |
![]() W/f |
![]() 2–1 L (W/f, L/f, L/f) |
![]() |
Verner Weckman | Men's Greco-Roman light heavyweight | Bye | ![]() W/f |
![]() W/f |
![]() W/f |
![]() 2–1 W (L/f, W/f, W/f) |
![]() |
Ledend: W = win, L = loss, /f = by fall, /p by points
According to rumours, Weckman bribed Saarela to throw the light heavyweight final.[54] Modern sportswriters Arto Teronen and Jouko Vuolle consider that there is plenty of circumstantial evidence in favour.[55]
Sources
[edit]- Cook, Theodore Andrea (May 1909). The Fourth Olympiad London 1908 Official Report (PDF). London: British Olympic Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
References
[edit]- ^ Siukonen, Markku (2001). Urheilukunniamme puolustajat. Suomen olympiaedustajat 1906–2000. Suuri olympiateos (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: Graface. p. 369. ISBN 951-98673-1-7.
- ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
- ^ Siukonen, Markku (2001). Urheilukunniamme puolustajat. Suomen olympiaedustajat 1906–2000. Suuri olympiateos (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: Graface. p. 37. ISBN 951-98673-1-7.
- ^ Siukonen, Markku (2012). Olympiakisat 1896–2012. Suuri olympiateos (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: Docendo. p. 30. ISBN 978-952-5912-57-9.
- ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
- ^ a b c "Change in the value of money". Helsinki: Statistics Finland. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
- ^ Sjöblom, Kenth (2007). "Autonominen olympiamaa" [Sporting autonomy]. In Tikander, Vesa; et al. (eds.). Sadan vuoden olympiadi. Suomalaisen olympialiikkeen historia [Centennial history of the Finnish Olympic movement] (in Finnish). Helsinki: WSOY. pp. 21–27. ISBN 978-951-0-32429-5.
- ^ a b Sjöblom, Kenth (2007). "Autonominen olympiamaa" [Sporting autonomy]. In Tikander, Vesa; et al. (eds.). Sadan vuoden olympiadi. Suomalaisen olympialiikkeen historia [Centennial history of the Finnish Olympic movement] (in Finnish). Helsinki: WSOY. p. 27. ISBN 978-951-0-32429-5.
- ^ a b c Sjöblom, Kenth (2007). "Autonominen olympiamaa" [Sporting autonomy]. In Tikander, Vesa; et al. (eds.). Sadan vuoden olympiadi. Suomalaisen olympialiikkeen historia [Centennial history of the Finnish Olympic movement] (in Finnish). Helsinki: WSOY. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-951-0-32429-5.
- ^ Halmesvirta, Anssi (2012). "'Valmistusta' Tukholman olympialaisiin 1912". In Roiko-Jokela, Heikki; Sironen, Esa (eds.). Hannes ja Tukholma [Hannes and the Stockholm Olympics. The Yearbook of the Finnish Society for Sports History 2012]. Suomen urheiluhistoriallisen seuran vuosikirja (in Finnish). Vol. 2012. Jyväskylä: Suomen urheiluhistoriallinen seura. pp. 112–114. ISBN 9789526744025.
- ^ Pihkala, Lauri (1924). "Antiikkisen ajan urheilu sekä yleisurheilu nykyajan Olympialaisissa". In Pihkala, Lauri; Jukola, Martti (eds.). Olympialaiskisat ennen ja Pariisissa 1924 (in Finnish). Vol. I. Porvoo: Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. pp. 151–153.
- ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. p. 103, endnote 59. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
- ^ a b Siukonen, Markku (2001). Urheilukunniamme puolustajat. Suomen olympiaedustajat 1906–2000. Suuri olympiateos (in Finnish). Vol. 12. Jyväskylä: Graface. p. 264. ISBN 951-98673-1-7.
- ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. p. 101, endnote 23. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
- ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. p. 102, endnote 33. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
- ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. p. 102, endnote 54. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
- ^ a b Laitinen, Esa (1993). Suomen yleisurheilu 1908 (in Finnish). p. 1. ISBN 952-904620-0.
- ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. p. 102, endnote 47. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
- ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. p. 103, endnote 68. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
- ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. p. 106, endnote 122. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
- ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. p. 107, endnote 138. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
- ^ Hannus, Matti (1999). Kultaiset kentät. Suomen yleisurheilun vuosisata (in Finnish). Porvoo: WSOY. p. 92. ISBN 9510237035.
- ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. p. 107, endnote 159. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
- ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. p. 110, endnote 211. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
- ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. p. 115, endnote 314. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
- ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. p. 113, endnote 259. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
- ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. p. 112, endnote 242. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
- ^ Tahko (28 July 1908). "Olympialaiset kisat". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Helsinki. p. 4. ISSN 0355-2047. Retrieved 31 July 2017 – via Digi — National Library's Digital Collections.
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- ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. p. 112, endnote 243. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
- ^ a b Jukola, Martti (1952). Suuri olympiakirja (in Finnish). Porvoo: WSOY. pp. 40–41.
- ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. p. 109, endnote 197. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
- ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. p. 112, endnote 238. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
- ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. p. 110, endnote 210. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
- ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. p. 114, endnote 275. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
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- ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (February 2000). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 114, endnote 275. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
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- ^ Kolho, Lauri (15 February 1927). "Muistelmia suomalaisten ampujien ensimmäiseltä ulkomaanmatkalta". Ampujain lehti (in Finnish). pp. 54–55. ISSN 0001-1940. Retrieved 23 March 2021 – via Digital Collections of National Library of Finland.
- ^ Cook, Theodore Andrea (1909). The Fourth Olympiad London 1908 Official Report (PDF). London: British Olympic Association. p. 278. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2018 – via LA84 Foundation.
- ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. pp. 240–241, endnote 47. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
- ^ Londen, Ax. Fr. (December 1908). "Suomen osanotto Olympialaisten juhlien ampumakilpailuihin Lontoossa v. 1908". Suomen metsästyslehti (in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomen metsästysyhdistys. pp. 365–372. Retrieved 7 July 2020 – via Digital Collections of National Library of Finland.
- ^ Siukonen, Markku (2007). "Suomen olympiaedustajat 1906–2006". In Tikander, Vesa; et al. (eds.). Sadan vuoden olympiadi. Suomalaisen olympialiikkeen historia [Centennial history of the Finnish Olympic movement] (in Finnish). Helsinki: WSOY. pp. 354, 359, 375. ISBN 978-951-0-32429-5.
- ^ Virtapohja, Kalle (2019). Sata tarkkaa vuotta. Ampumaurheilun historia Suomessa. Suomen Ampumaurheiluliitto 1919–2019 [History of sport shooting in Finland] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomen Ampumaurheiluliitto. p. 34. ISBN 9789519699127.
- ^ Aro, Toivo (1924). "Uintikilpailuista Olympialaisissa kisoissa". In Pihkala, Lauri; Jukola, Martti (eds.). Olympialaiskisat ennen ja Pariisissa 1924 (in Finnish). Vol. I. Porvoo: Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. pp. 327–330.
- ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. p. 255, endnote 30. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
- ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2001). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. p. 254, endnote 21. ISBN 978-0-7864-0598-5.
- ^ Lintala, Esko (1984). Yrjö Saarela — painimattojen aristokraatti (in Finnish). Oulu: Lions Club Oulu-Oulujoki. pp. 45–46. ISBN 951-99570-3-0.
- ^ Teronen, Arto; Vuolle, Jouko (2013). Urheilun tunteita ja tarinoita. Kiveen hakatut (in Finnish). Helsinki: Kirjapaja. pp. 212–213. ISBN 978-952-247-437-7.
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