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Chitrakar

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Painting of Buddhist goddess Green Tara by Prithvi Man Chitrakari done in 1947.
Paubha painting showing Vishnu Mandala (15th century).

Chitrakar (Devanagari: चित्रकार) is a caste within the Newar community of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. The Newar caste system is divided according to profession. Accordingly, Chitrakars were painters and mask makers.[1]

In Nepal Bhasa (the language of the Newar community), this caste is called "pun" (पुं).[2] or "puna".[3]

The literal translation of the word "chitrakar" from Sanskrit is ‘image maker’, where "chitrá" in Sanskrit means ‘an image‘’, and "kara" ‘the maker’.[4]

Traditional occupation

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The Pun or Chitrakar paint paubhas used in prayer rooms and murals in temples, make masks used for ritual dances, paintings on ceramics and woodblock prints used during festivals.[5] The craft is handed down from father to son according to the division of labour laid down from ancient times. Women generally play a secondary role in the artistic ventures.

Ethnically, Chitrakars like other Newar communities are of diverse origin including various Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman tribes. So, one may infer that Chitrakars are heterogeneous groups rather that a kin or ethnically homogeneous group. Although the caste system is eroding in Kathmandu, there are still some Pun/Chitrakar families following their traditional role as artists. The Puns/Chitrakars practice both Buddhism and Hinduism with an emphasis on Tantrism.

In the French scholar Gerard Toffin's work on the painter Chitrakars, he focuses on their two main guthis (See Guthi and Desla Guthi), kinship and marriage patterns and, of course, their art, which sometimes functions as medicine. Toffin describes how they treat Jwanakai, which is thought to be caused by snakes, by painting two lions on the sides of the affected area.

The word "Pun" seems to have been derived from Pali/Sanskrit word "puantra"/"patta" or "scrolls/fabric". The religious painting called "Paubhas" is also a derivative of the "Puantra/Patta". These paintings are normally done over fabric/cotton gessoed with animal glue and clay.

Notable Chitrakars

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  • Rubina Chitrakar: Award-winning poet and highly accomplished mental health clinician and researcher, based in both Sydney, Australia and Paris, France.
  • Jayateja Puna (circa early 15th century): He is mentioned in the dedicatory inscription in the 1420AD Vishnu Mandala as having rendered that painting.
  • Adyayaraja Puna and Udrayarama Puna (Circa late 15th century): Painted famous painting of Gagansimh, a high-ranking military officer from Dolakha, with his two wives.
  • Indraraja Chitrakara and Jogideva Chitrakara (Circa 17th century): Mentioned in 17th century model-book (thayasafoo).
  • Raj Man Singh Chitrakar (1797-1865): Introduced watercolor painting in Nepal, official artist to British Resident Brian Houghton Hodgson.
  • Bhaju Man Chitrakar: Artist/court painter, travelled with Prime Minister Jang Bahadur Rana to England and France in 1850.[6][7]
  • Dirgha Man Chitrakar: Court photographer, one of the first Nepalese photographers, he used large format cameras and wet plates. Accompanied Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher to England in 1908.[8]
  • Ganesh Man Chitrakar: Photographer, the first aerial photographs of Nepal were taken by him.[1] Archived 2019-09-15 at the Wayback Machine
  • Kazi Krishna Lal Chitrakar: Worked for King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah and attained the position of Kazi, which was one of the highest civil rankings at that time.
  • Tej Bahadur Chitrakar (1898-1971): Famous painter, Head of Juddha Art School, Initiated 'Chitrakala Udhyog Sangh' (now defunct). Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana sponsored his training at Government Art School in Kolkata heralding a change in Nepalese art scene from traditional religious art to modern Western-style paintings.[9][10]
  • Amar Chitrakar: Artist, life member of the Royal Nepal Academy, his paintings are in museums and private collections.
  • Dil Bahadur Chitrakar: Artist.
  • Manik Man Chitrakar: Paubha Artist
  • Prithvi Man Chitrakar: Artist
  • Dhana Bahadur Chitrakar: Artist
  • Manoharman Puna (Manoharman Chitrakar) (1914-1990): Artist
  • Madan Chitrakar: Artist, Art Writer
  • Lok Chitrakar : Artist, Art Teacher
  • Sujan Chitrakar : Artist, Art Activist and BFA Program Coordinator at Kathmandu University, School of Art, Center for Art and Design
  • Prem Man Chitrakar:He was veteran Nepalese Paubha artist, poet and writer.

Organizations

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  • Chitrakar Samaj/The Chitrakar Society
  • The Chitrakar Society and Himalasia Foundation

References

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  1. ^ The Newar Caste System According to Hierarchical Position (Gurung, 2000:39)
  2. ^ von der Heide, Susanne (December 1997). "The Past in the Present: Cultural Development in the Kathmandu Valley and the Significance of the Chitrakars as Painters" (PDF). Changing Faces of Nepal - The Glory of Asia's Past. Ratna Pustak Bhandar for the UNESCO Division of Cultural Heritage and HimalAsia. Retrieved 24 June 2012. Page 13.
  3. ^ P. Pal, Art of Nepal: A Catalogue of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art Collection, University of California Press
  4. ^ Meaning of the word citrá-kara.
    See the entry -kara in line 25-27, second column, on page 396 of the book Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1899), written by Monier Monier-Williams.
    This "kara" is related (cognate) to the Sanskrit word "karma" (activity).
  5. ^ Chitrakar, Madan (2012). "Paubha Art". Nepali Art. Kathmandu: Teba-Chi Studies Centre. pp. 35–52. ISBN 978-9937-2-4933-1.
  6. ^ Chitrakar, Madan. "Bhaju Man Chitrakar (1817 – 1874C)". Praxis. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  7. ^ Newar, Naresh (1–7 October 2004). "Giving their art and soul: The Chitrakars have dominated Nepal's art scene for three centuries". Nepali Times. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
  8. ^ Newar, Naresh (1–7 October 2004). "Giving their art and soul: The Chitrakars have dominated Nepal's art scene for three centuries". Nepali Times. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
  9. ^ Chitrakar, Madan (2004), Tej Bahadur Chitrakar: Icon of a Transition, Kathmandu: Teba-Chi (TBC) Studies Centre. ISBN 999338797-5.
  10. ^ Bajracharya, Saroj (September–October 2009). "The Post-Modern Tendency in Nepali Contemporary Art". Spaces. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
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