Bengali–Assamese languages
Appearance
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Assamese-Bengali | |
---|---|
Gauda–Kamarupa | |
Geographic distribution | Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal |
Linguistic classification | Indo-European |
Early form | |
Glottolog | gaud1237 (Gauda–Kamrupa) |
![]() A map showing geographical distribution of the sub-branches of Assamese-Bengali languages according to the classification of Suniti Kumar Chatterji.[2] |
The Assamese-Bengali languages (also Gauda–Kamarupa languages) is a grouping of several languages in the eastern Indian subcontinent. This group belongs to the Eastern zone of Indo-Aryan languages. The languages in this group according to Glottolog includes Assamese, Bengali, Bishnupriya, Chakma, Chittagonian, Hajong, Kharia Thar, Kurmukar, Lodhi (also categorised as a Munda language), Mal Paharia, Noakhailla, Rajbangshi, Rohingya, Sylheti, Tangchangya and Surjapuri.
Languages
[edit]Language comparison chart
[edit]* = borrowed terms (including tatsamas, ardhatatsamas and other borrowings)
English | Assamese | Bengali | Chakma | Chittagonian | Hajong | Kamata | Rohingya | Sylheti |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
beautiful | dhunia, xundor | shundor | dol | dishar,šundor | cúndor*, hásin* | šundor*, kubsurot*, mayasurot | ||
big | daṅor/daṅar, bor | boṛo, ḍagor, ḍaṅor | đôñr | boro, daṅar | boro, ákbor*, kobira* | boṛo | ||
blood | tez, rokto* | rôkto*, khun*, lohu | lo | lou, rôktô | lou, hún*, kún* | lou, roxto*, kun* | ||
bread | ruti (flat), pau*ruti, luf*, bred* | pão*ruṭi, ruṭi (flat) | fõruţi | fiçá, luthi | ruṭi (flat), luf* | |||
brother | bhai (younger), kokai/kaka (elder), dada (elder)* | bhai, dada, bhaiya | bái, bôdda | bhai | bái | bái | ||
cat | mekuri, birali, biral | biṛal, beṛal, billi, bilai, biṛali | bilai,bilei | bilai | mekur, bilai | |||
dark | andhar, endhar | ãdhar, andhar, ondhokar* | ãdár | añdár, miyonda | andáir | |||
daughter | zi, mai, zhia | meye, konna*, jhi | zee, maifuā | beti | futúni, zíi | zi, fuṛi | ||
day | din, rüz*, bela | din, bêla, roz*, dibôš* | din | din | din | din, ruz* | ||
dog | kukur | kukur, kutta | kutto | kuñr | atu, kutta | |||
door | duar*, dorza*, dar | dôrza*, duar*, doja*, dôroza*, dôrwaza* | duōr, kebar | duar* | duar* | xeir, dorza*, duar* | ||
earth | bhũi, p(r)ithiwi/p(r)ithibi*, dunia* | duniya*, prithibi*, dhora, jahan* | duniye,fithibi, | duniyai* | duniai*, dunia*, zahan* | |||
egg | koni, dima | ḍim, anḍa, boida* | boda* | đim,anḍa | ḍima | andha, dhim | enḍa, ḍim, boida* | |
elephant | hati | hati | áti | hati | áñti, háñtih | átti | ||
eye | soku, sokhu, noyon* | chokh, chokkhu*, ãkhi, noyon* | sóg | suk | soku, uki, souk | |||
father | deuta*, bap, büpai/bapa, baba*, aba/abba/abu/abbu* | bap, abba, baba, waled*, abbu*, babaji, pita* | baf, ba,abba | abbá* | baf, bazi | |||
fear | bhoy, dor | bhôy*, ḍor | đôr | ḍor | ḍor | |||
finger | aṅuli | aṅgul, onguli* | ôuñl | ouñl | aṅguil | |||
fire | zui, aguni*, ogni* | agun, ogni*, nar*, atosh*, anol*, pabok*, dahon* | ôin* | ooin* | aguin*, nar*, atosh* | |||
fish | mas | machh | mas | mas | mas | mas, mai* | ||
food | khüabostu*, ahar*, khayddo*, khana* | khabar, khaon, khana*, khani*, khaddo*, ahar* | hána | hána, háñna | xani | |||
god | bhogowan*, issôr*, deu, khüda* | Khoda*, isshôr*, bhagôban*,allah* ,shrishtikarta*, Ishôr | khúda*,rôb, ūôr ôla | ila*, rob*, ixor* | mobud*, mola*, rob*, xoda*, bhogòban* | |||
good | bhal | bhalo | bála, gôm | bhala | bhal | gom | bála | |
grass | ghah, kher (hay) | ghaš, khôṛ (hay) | kér | ghaṣ | kérr | ga, gaš | ||
hand | hat | hat | át | hat | árt | át | ||
hand fan | bisoni | hat-pakha, biuni, bijoni | bisôin, bisein | bisoin, fanka | ||||
head | mur, matha, math | matha, shir*, kolla* | mata, hôlla | matá | sir*, xolla*, mata | |||
heart (emotion) | hia, ontor*, koliza/koilza, hidoy* | hridôy*, ôntor*, hiya, dil*, kolob*, kolija | dil*, hôilze, ridôy, ôntôr | dil* | dil*, hia | |||
heart (organ) | dil, amothu | hritpindo*,dil*, kolija | dil* | gurda | ||||
horse | ghüra | ghoṛa | gúṛa | gúñra, gúra | gúṛa | |||
house | ghor | ghôr, baṛi, basha, khana* | gór | gor, bari | gór, bari, xan* | |||
hunger | bhük | khudha*, khida*, khide*, bhuk | búk | búk | buk, feto(r) buk | |||
language | bhaxa*, mat (call), kotha*, raw | bhaša*, buli, joban* | hodá* | basha,zúban,buli | raw, bhaṣa* | zoban*, hodá* | mat, bul, rau, zoban*, basha* | |
laughter | hahi | haši | aši | haṣi | aši | |||
life | ziwon/zibon, ziu (soul), zindegi*, hayat* | jiu, jibôn*, zindegi*, hayat* | zibon,zindegi*,hayat* | zibon | zindegi*, hayat* | |||
moon | zün, san(d), sond(r)o* | chád, chôndro*,bôdôr*, shashôdhor*, chand | sãn | san | san | san(d), sondoni | ||
mother | ma, ai, mai, ammi/amma* | ma, amma*, ammu, waleda*, mata*, ai, mamoni | ma | maö, ai | mai, ai, maizi | |||
mouth | mukh* | mukh* | mukh* | muk* | muk* | |||
name | nam, naü | nam | nam | nam | nam | |||
night | rati, nixa*, ratri* | rat, ratri*, shob* | rait | rati | rait | rait, rati, nii, shob*, lailot* | ||
peace | xanti*, xokah | shanti*, aman*, salamôt* | šanti* | ṣanti* | niraii, shanti*, salamôt* | |||
place | thai, zega/zaga*, than | jayga*, ṭhai, sthan*, jaga* | ṭai, zāga* | zega*, tan | ||||
queen | rani | rani, shahbanu* | rani | rani | rani | rani, razbibi, sha(h)banu* | ||
rest | zironi, aram* | aram*, bisram*, jirano*, jiron* | dom*,zirôn,aram gôrôn | zirani, aram* | ||||
river | noi, gaṅ, nodi* | nôdi*, doriya*, ɡaṅg | dôijja*,dôirge | hál | ɡaṅg, nodi* | |||
road | bat, ali, rasta*, poth* | rasta*, shoṛok, pôth* | sorox, rah*, rasta*, ail, fot* | |||||
salt | nimokh*, lün, nun | lôbôn*, nun, nomok* | nun, lôbôn* | nimox*, nun, lobon* | ||||
sister | bhoni (younger), ba/bai (elder) | apa, bon, didi, apu, api, didimoni, bubu, boin | bóin,afa/bôbbu/dî/afu (elder) | bóin, buai | ||||
small | xoru | chhoṭo, pati | guro | huru, nii, kuṭimuti, gura, titkina, geda, suṭu | ||||
son | put, pü, putro/putto* | chhele, putro*, put, poa, bêṭa | (morod) fuā, fut | beṭa | fut | fut, fua | ||
soul | ziu, atma* | attã*, pran*, pôran*, ruh*,jiu | foran*, rû* | ru*, atma*, zaan* | ||||
sun | beli, xuruz*, xuydzo* | shurjo*, shuruj* | beil, šuroz* | beil | suruz*, shurzo* | |||
ten | doh, dos* | dosh | doš | doṣ | dosh, do | |||
three | tini | tin | tín | tin | tin | |||
village | gaü | gram*, gã, gão | geram | gau | ||||
waist | kokal, kakal | komor*, maja | keĩl | keñil | xomor*, xaxal | |||
water | pani | pani, jôl* | fani | pani | pani, zol* | faní | fani, ab*, tam | |
when | ketia, ketiyake | kôkhon, kobe, kon shomoy*, kon bêla | hótte | könbela | kunbala(n->m), kunomoy | |||
wind | botah/batah, hawa* | batash*, hawa*, ba, bayu*, bao, bat*, anil* | ába*, bataš* | boyar, batash*, hawa* | ||||
wolf | kukurnesia bagh, xial (jackal, fox) | nekṛe-bagh, sheyal/shiyal (jackal, fox) | neṛi kutta | atubag, hial (jackal, fox) | ||||
woman | maiki manuh, tiri*, tirüta, mohila* | mohila*, nari*, beṭi manush, ccheri | maiye fua,maifuā (soft) | beṭi saöa | beṭi, moíla* | |||
year | bosor, son* | bochhor, shal*, borsho* | bosor | bosor | fira, bosor, son*, shal* | |||
yes | hoy, o, ü̃, mm | hễ, ji*, agge, hã | ô, ôy | ô, ôy | óe, i, zi* óe | |||
no | nohoy, nai, ühü, na | na, nai, nay, noy, nei, non | nô, nôy | nô, nôy | na, nai, nay | |||
yesterday | kali, züa-kali | (goto*-)kal(-ke), (gelo-)kal(-ke),kal(-ke) | goto* hail, goto* halia | (gese-)xail(-ku), xail(-ku) | ||||
English | Assamese | Bengali | Chakma | Chittagonian | Hajong | Kamata | Rohingya | Sylheti |
* = borrowed terms (including tatsamas, ardhatatsamas and other borrowings)
Verbs
[edit]English | Assamese | Sylheti | Bengali | Chakma | Chittagonian | Kamata | Rohingya | Hajong |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ask | xudh-, xudhpus kor- (investigate) | zika-, fus-, zar- | jiggaśa kor-, puchh-, puch kor-, jiggesh kor-, jiga- | pũsar ɡor- | ||||
bite | kamur-, kamür mar- | xamṛa-, xamor mar- | kamoṛ mar-, kamṛa- | hõr- | ||||
blow | phu de-, phuk-, phu kor- | fu de-, hu de- | phu de- | |||||
breathe | uxah lo- | dom lo- | šãš ne-, šãš lo-, dôm ne-, dôm lo- | |||||
bring | an- | an- | an- | an- | ||||
can | par- | far- | par- | |||||
catch | dhor- | dór- | dhôr- | |||||
come | ah- | a- | aś- | a- | a- | ah- | ||
count | gon-, hisap kor-, gonti kor- | gon-, isab xor- | gon-, hišab kôr- | |||||
cry | kand-, kan- | xand-, xan- | kãd- | hãd- | ||||
cut | kat- | xaṭ- | kaṭ- | |||||
do | kor- | xor- | kôr- | gor- | ɡor- | |||
die | mor-, dhuka- | mor- | môr- | mor- | ||||
dig | khand- | kur-, kus- | khõṛ-, khõc- | |||||
drink | kha-, pi kha-, pi- | xa-, fia xa-, fi- | kha-, pan kor-, pi- | |||||
eat | kha- | xa- | kha- | há- | ||||
fall | por- | foṛ- | poṛ- | |||||
fear | bhoy kha-, dora- | ḍora- | bhoy pa-, ḍora- | |||||
fight | zũz-, maramari/moramori kor- | mair xor-, xaijja xor- | maramari kor-, jhogṛa kôr- | |||||
float | üpoṅ-, bhah- | bai-, bo- | bhaš- | |||||
flow | bo- | bo- | bo- | |||||
fly | ur- | uṛ- | uṛ- | ur- | ur- | |||
give | de-, di- | de-, di- | de- | |||||
go | za-, ɡo-/ge- | za-, ɡo-, ɡe- | ja-, ɡe- | za-, zo- | za-, zo- | |||
happen | ho- | ó- | ho- | ó- | ||||
hear | xun- | hun- | śun- | un- | ||||
hit | mar-, pit-, kila- | mar-, fiț-, kila- | mar-, kela- | |||||
kill | mar-, mari pela- | mar-, mari de- | mar-, mere fel-, mariya fal- | |||||
know | zan- | zan- | jan- | |||||
laugh | hah- | aś- | haś- | aś- | ||||
learn | xik-, xikh- | hik- | śekh-, śikh- | hik- | ||||
lie (in bed) | baɡor-, kati ho-, bisonat/bisnat por- | xait o-, hut- | shuye por- | |||||
live | thak-, zi(ai) thak-, tik-, basi thak- | tax-, zia-, basi tax- | thak-, jibito thak-, jinda thak-, bece thak-, bãchiya thak- | thah- | ||||
look | sa- | sa- | dekh-, ca-, taka- | sa- | ||||
open | khul- | kúa- | khol-, khul- | uid-, khúl- | ||||
play | khel- | xél- | khel- | |||||
pull | tan- | ṭan- | ṭan- | |||||
push | thel- | ṭel-, dekka- | ṭhel- | |||||
read | porh/poh/por- | foṛ- | poṛ- | foṛ- | ||||
run | dour-, daur- | douṛ- | douṛa-, choṭ-, chuṭ- | dũr- | ||||
say | ko-, mat-, bul- | xo-, mat- | bol-, ko- | ho- | ho- | |||
scratch | ãsür- | xawza-, xamsa- | ãcoṛ de-, ãcṛa-, khamca- | |||||
see | dekh- | dex- | dekh- | sa- | ||||
sew | xi-, sila-, bo- (weave) | sia- | śela-, śila | |||||
sing | ɡa-, gan ga- | ɡa- | ɡa-, gan ga- | |||||
sit | boh- | bo- | boś- | bo- | ||||
sleep | xu-, ɡhuma-, tüponi za/mar- | hut-, ɡúma- | ɡhuma-, śo-, śu- | ɡhum za- | ||||
smell | xuṅ- | huṅ(ɡ)- | śũk-, śõk- | ũ- | ||||
spit | thu pela-, pik-, pik pela- | sef fal-, fik fal- (betel nut/leaf) | thu phel-, thu phal- | |||||
split | phal- | atra- | bhag kor-, bhang- | |||||
squeeze | sep-, hẽs- | sif- | cap-, pesh-, cip- | |||||
stand | thio ho-, thia- | uba- | dãṛa-, khaṛa- | thio- | tía- | |||
stab | khũs-, han- | kus-, gauua- | ||||||
suck | suh-, sup-, xüh- | sua- | chosh-, chush- | |||||
swell | ful-, fit- | phuler | ||||||
swim | xatũr- | hatra- | śatar kor-, shatra- | |||||
think | bhab-, sinta kor-, sint- | bab-, sinta xor- | bhab-, cinta kôr-, mone kôr- | |||||
throw | dolia- | ița-, iṭa mar- | chõṛ-, ḍhêla mar-, dol- | |||||
tie | bandh- | ban(d)- | bãdh- | |||||
vomit | bomi kor- | bait xor- | bomi kor- | |||||
walk | khüz karh-, bul- | aṭ- | hãṭ- | ãd- | ||||
want | lag-, bisar- | maɡ-, sa- | ca- | sa- | ||||
wash | dhu- | dó- | dho- | dú- | ||||
wipe | mos-, müs- | fus-, mus- | moch-, much-, poch-, puch- | |||||
English | Assamese | Sylheti | Bengali | Chakma | Chittagonian | Kamata | Rohingya | Hajong |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Toulmin, Mathew W S (2006). Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan (PhD). The Australian National University. p. 305.
- ^ Suniti Kumar Chaterjee (1926). The origin and development of Bengali language. p. 140.
- ^ "Assamese". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ "Bengali". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ Kim, Amy; Kim, Seung. Bishnupriya (Manipuri) speakers in Bangladesh: a sociolinguistic survey (PDF). SIL INTERNATIONAL. p. 11. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
- ^ a b "Chakma". Ethnologue. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ^ "Chakma". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ "Chittagonian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ^ "Chittagonian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ Hajong, Phillips & Phillips (2008, p. 1)
- ^ "Hajong".
- ^ a b "Hajong". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ Minahan, James B. (30 August 2012). Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-660-7.
Generally, the Rajbongshi language is known as Rangpuri in Bangladesh and Kamta or Rajbangshi in India. The language is usually written in Bengali script in Bangladesh, while the Kamtapura script is favored in India. In Nepal, the language is Devanagari script which is also sometimes used by the Indian Rajbongshis.
- ^ a b "Rangpuri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ "As a ritual of purgation they are discarding the Bengali /r/ with a dot and the same is replaced with the original /r/ with a diagonal slash, as used in Assamese script despite the fact that the Rajbanshis in Bengal have been conditioned to use the Bengali /r/ owing to the long processes of forceful imposition of Bengali language upon them." (Pradhani 2012:52)
- ^ "Rohingya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ^ "Rohingya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ "Surjapuri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ a b "Sylheti". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ "Tangchangya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
Bibliography
[edit]- Hajong, Abonis; Phillips, D; Phillips, V (2008), Hajong–English Phrase Book (PDF), SIL International
- Pradhani, Jyotirmoy (2012). "Resonance of Identity in Rajbanshi Poetry" (PDF). The NEHU Journal. X (1).