Prostaglandin DP1 receptor: Difference between revisions
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==Mechanisms of cell activation== |
==Mechanisms of cell activation== |
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Among the 8 human prostanoid recptors, DP1, along with [[IP]], [[EP2]], and [[EP4]], are classified as relaxant prostanoid receptors; each, including DP1, is a [[G protein-coupled receptor]]s that works by activating [[Gs alpha subunit|G-S proteins]] which in turn raises cellular [[cyclic amp|cAMP]] levels thereby mobilizing [[Cyclic adenosine monophosphate]]-activated [[cell signaling]] pathways which regulate cell function.<ref name="pmid17767353"/><ref name="pmid26269890">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kobeissy FH, Doré S, Shafique Ahmad A | title = | journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | year = | pmid = 26269890 | doi = | url |
Among the 8 human prostanoid recptors, DP1, along with [[IP]], [[EP2]], and [[EP4]], are classified as relaxant prostanoid receptors; each, including DP1, is a [[G protein-coupled receptor]]s that works by activating [[Gs alpha subunit|G-S proteins]] which in turn raises cellular [[cyclic amp|cAMP]] levels thereby mobilizing [[Cyclic adenosine monophosphate]]-activated [[cell signaling]] pathways which regulate cell function.<ref name="pmid17767353"/><ref name="pmid26269890">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kobeissy FH, Doré S, Shafique Ahmad A | title = Cytoprotective Role of Prostaglandin D2 DP1 Receptor against Neuronal Injury Following Acute Excitotoxicity and Cerebral Ischemia.| journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | year = | pmid = 26269890 | doi = | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK299187/ }}</ref> DP1 activation also causes the mobilization of calcium in [[HEK293 cell]]s transfected with this receptor. It does so by a mechanism that is independent of [[Inositol trisphosphate]] signaling;<ref name="pmid25269616"/><ref name="pmid7642548"/> |
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==Activities== |
==Activities== |
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Revision as of 13:07, 30 December 2016
The Prostaglandin D2 receptor 1 (DP1), a G protein-coupled receptor encoded by the PTGDR1 gene (also termed PTGDR), is primarily a receptor for prostaglandin D2 (PGD2).[5] The Activation of DP1 by PGD2 or other cognate receptor ligands is associated with a variety of physiological and pathological responses.
Gene
The PTGDR1 gene is located on chromosome 14 at position q22.1, (i.e. 14q22.1), a chromosomal locus associated with asthma and other allergic disorders.[6] PTGDR1, which consists of 4 introns and 5 exons, encodes for a ~44 kilodalton protein but also multiple alternative spliced transcript variants (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5729).
Expression
DP1 is expressed primarily by cells involved in mediating allergic and inflammatory reactions, i.e. human and rodent mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils, Th2 cells, and dendritic cells, and by cells contributing to these reactions, i.e. human and/or rodent airway epithelial cells, vascular endothelium, mucus-secreting goblet cells in the nasal and colonic mucosa, and serous gland cells of the nose.[7][8] DP1 protein is expressed in mouse placenta and testes[9] and mRNA transcripts have also been detected in the meninges of the mouse brain by multiple reports and, by single reports, in the rat meninges as well as the mouse thalamus, hippocampus, cerebellum, brainstem, and retina.[10][11]
Ligands
Activating ligands
PGD2 binds to and activates DP1 at concentrations in the 0.5 to 1 nanomolar range. Relative potencies in binding to and activating DP1 for the following prostanoids are: D2>>PGE2>Prostaglandin F2alpha>PGI2=thromboxane A2 (http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=338). PDJ2, Δ12-PDJ2, and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2, which form in vitro and in vivo rapidly as non-enzymatic rearrangements of PGD2 (see Cyclopentenone prostaglandins), also bind to and activate DP1, with PDJ2 doing so almost as effectively as PDG2 and the latter two PGJs doing so 100-fold and 300-fold less potently than PDG2.[12][13] Other compounds, e.g. L-644,698, BW 245C, BW A868C, and ZK 110841, have been synthesized, found to be about as potent as PGD2 in binding to and stimulating DP1, and used to study the function of this receptor.[12] The drug Treprostinil is a high affinity ligand for and potent activator of not only DP1 but also two other prostanoid receptors, EP2 and IP.[14]
Inhibiting ligands
Asapiprant (S-555739) and Laropiprant are selective receptor antagonists of DP1 whereas Vidupiprant is a receptor antagonist for both DP1 and DP2.[15]
Mechanisms of cell activation
Among the 8 human prostanoid recptors, DP1, along with IP, EP2, and EP4, are classified as relaxant prostanoid receptors; each, including DP1, is a G protein-coupled receptors that works by activating G-S proteins which in turn raises cellular cAMP levels thereby mobilizing Cyclic adenosine monophosphate-activated cell signaling pathways which regulate cell function.[7][16] DP1 activation also causes the mobilization of calcium in HEK293 cells transfected with this receptor. It does so by a mechanism that is independent of Inositol trisphosphate signaling;[9][11]
Activities
Allergy
Tissue studies
Studies in mouse as well as human tissues and cells find that DP1 stimulation has numerous pro-allergic effects. DP1 activation blocks the production of interleukin 12 by dendritic cells; this biases the development of naïve T lymphocytes to Th-2 rather than Th-1 helper cells and thereby promotes allergic rather than non-allergic inflammatory responses (see T helper cell#Th1/Th2 Model for helper T cells and T helper cell#Limitations to the Th1/Th2 model. DH1 activation also promotes allergic reactions by suppressing the function of natural killer cells, prolonging the survival of eosinophils, and stimulation the maturation of dermal mast cell.[17][18]
Animal studies
Studies of experimentally-induced allergic responses in animals further implicate DP1 in allergy. DP1 gene knockout and/or DP1 inhibition by receptor antagonists markedly reduces airway inflammation, obstruction, hypersensitivity, and pro-allergic cytokine and chemokine production in a mouse model of ovalbumin-induced asthma as well as allergic symptoms in a guinea pig model of allergic conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and asthma.[7][8] The administration of PGD2 into the skin of rats or into the eyes of rabbits causes local symptoms of allery. These responses are thought, but not yet proved, to be mediated by DP1 activation.[8] In contrast to these results, however, activation of DP1 by intratrachael administration of a selective DP1 activator activated DP1 on dendritic cells to suppress airway allergic inflammation by increasing the number of Foxp3+ CD4+ ][regulatory T cell]s].[19] Furthermore, DP1 activation reduces eosinophilia in allergic inflammation and blocks antigen-presenting langerhans cell function in mice.[20] This results suggest that PD1 can promote or suppress allergic responses depending on the animal model tested and, perhaps, the type of allergic reaction investigated.
Human studies
Allergen inhalation challenge of humans produces rises in the PGD2 levels in their Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Furthermore, the administration of PGD2 into the nose or skin of human volunteers produces local symptoms of allergy and the inhallation of PGD2 into asthmatics causes constriction of the airways as well as the potentiation of airway constriction responses.[8] These reactions, similar to those produced in animal studies, may be mediated by DP1.
Central nervous system
PGD2 is the most abundant prostanoid in the brains of humans and other mammals and DP1 receptors are located on Arachnoid mater trabecular cells in mouse basal forebrain. The PGD2-DP1 pathway is involved in the regulation of non-rapid eye movement sleep in rodents: infusion of PGD2 into the lateral ventricle of mice or the brain of rats induces an increase in the amount of non-rapid eye movement sleep in wild-type (WT) but not DP1-deficient animals. This sleep-induction appears to involve the DP1-dependent stimulation of adenosine formation and subsequent simulation of the Adenosine A2A receptor by adenosine.[21][22] In humans, a genetic variant of ADA associated with the reduced metabolism of adenosine to inosine has been reported to deep sleep and SWA during sleep. These studies suggest that DP1 has a similar role in the sleep of humans.[22]
Pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary arterial hypertension, Who group 1 (see Pulmonary hypertension#Causes), in humans in commonly treated with specific pulmonary artery vasodilators that increase survival such as the prostacyclin I2 (PGI2) mimetics including Treprostinil, eporostanol, Iloprost, and beraprost. Recent studies find that DP1 as well as the PGI2 receptor protein are expressed in human pulmonary arteries and veins; that treprostinil but not iloprost caused pulmonary vein relaxation in part by acting through DP1 in insolated human pulmonary vascular preparations; and that the effect of treprostinil on DP1 in human pulmonary veins may contribute to its therapeutic efficacy in primary pulmonary hypertension.[23]
Reproduction
Studies in male mice indicate that DP1 activation induces the translocation of SOX9 into the nucleus thereby signaling for the maturation of Sertoli cells and embryonic gonads. Disruption of this DP1-activated circuit leads to disordered maturation of the male reproductive organs such as Cryptorchidism (i.e. failure of testes decent into the scrotum) in mice and, it is suggested, may also do so in humans.[9]
Genomics studies
Human Genomics studies have associated Single-nucleotide polymorphism variants with an increased incidence of allergic diseases. Studies in two different populations have replicated associations between -549T>C, -441C>T, and -197T>C variants and a study in a single population has associated the -613C>T variation with increased incidences of nasal polyposis, asthma, and/or aspirin sensitivity; the -197T>C and -613 C>T variants were also associated with increased incidences of allergic reactions to pollen and mites. A single population study associated the -731A>C variant and studies in two different population associated the 6651C>T variant with increased incidences of asthma and/or bronchial hyper-reactivity. The intrinsic variants rs17831675, rs17831682, and rs58004654 (now termed rs7709505) have been associated with an increased incidence of asthma in single population studies.[24] A metaanalasis −549 C/T, −441 C/T, and −197 C/T found that of these three variants, only −549 C/T conferred susceptibility to asthma in Europeans and that this susceptibility was limited to adults.[6]
See also
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000168229 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000071489 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: PTGDR prostaglandin D2 receptor (DP)".
- ^ a b Lee YH, Choi SJ, Ji JD, Song GG (2013). "PTGDR polymorphisms and susceptibility to asthma: a meta-analysis". Molecular Biology Reports. 40 (3): 2195–203. doi:10.1007/s11033-012-2280-x. PMID 23192614.
- ^ a b c Matsuoka T, Narumiya S (2007). "Prostaglandin receptor signaling in disease". TheScientificWorldJournal. 7: 1329–47. doi:10.1100/tsw.2007.182. PMID 17767353.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d Claar D, Hartert TV, Peebles RS (2015). "The role of prostaglandins in allergic lung inflammation and asthma". Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine. 9 (1): 55–72. doi:10.1586/17476348.2015.992783. PMC 4380345. PMID 25541289.
- ^ a b c Rossitto M, Ujjan S, Poulat F, Boizet-Bonhoure B (2015). "Multiple roles of the prostaglandin D2 signaling pathway in reproduction". Reproduction (Cambridge, England). 149 (1): R49–58. doi:10.1530/REP-14-0381. PMID 25269616.
- ^ Yagami T, Koma H, Yamamoto Y (2016). "Pathophysiological Roles of Cyclooxygenases and Prostaglandins in the Central Nervous System". Molecular Neurobiology. 53 (7): 4754–71. doi:10.1007/s12035-015-9355-3. PMID 26328537.
- ^ a b Boie Y, Sawyer N, Slipetz DM, Metters KM, Abramovitz M (1995). "Molecular cloning and characterization of the human prostanoid DP receptor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (32): 18910–6. PMID 7642548.
- ^ a b Wright DH, Metters KM, Abramovitz M, Ford-Hutchinson AW (1998). "Characterization of the recombinant human prostanoid DP receptor and identification of L-644,698, a novel selective DP agonist". British Journal of Pharmacology. 123 (7): 1317–24. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701708. PMC 1565289. PMID 9579725.
- ^ Straus DS, Glass CK (2001). "Cyclopentenone prostaglandins: new insights on biological activities and cellular targets". Medicinal Research Reviews. 21 (3): 185–210. PMID 11301410.
- ^ Kumar P, Thudium E, Laliberte K, Zaccardelli D, Nelsen A (2016). "A Comprehensive Review of Treprostinil Pharmacokinetics via Four Routes of Administration". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 55 (12): 1495–1505. doi:10.1007/s40262-016-0409-0. PMC 5107196. PMID 27286723.
- ^ Norman P (Jan 2014). "Update on the status of DP2 receptor antagonists; from proof of concept through clinical failures to promising new drugs". Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 23 (1): 55–66. doi:10.1517/13543784.2013.839658. PMID 24073896.
- ^ Kobeissy FH, Doré S, Shafique Ahmad A. "Cytoprotective Role of Prostaglandin D2 DP1 Receptor against Neuronal Injury Following Acute Excitotoxicity and Cerebral Ischemia". PMID 26269890.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Oguma T, Asano K, Ishizaka A (2008). "Role of prostaglandin D(2) and its receptors in the pathophysiology of asthma". Allergology International : Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Allergology. 57 (4): 307–12. doi:10.2332/allergolint.08-RAI-0033. PMID 18946232.
- ^ Hohjoh H, Inazumi T, Tsuchiya S, Sugimoto Y (2014). "Prostanoid receptors and acute inflammation in skin". Biochimie. 107 Pt A: 78–81. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2014.08.010. PMID 25179301.
- ^ Kagawa S, Fukunaga K, Oguma T, Suzuki Y, Shiomi T, Sayama K, Kimura T, Hirai H, Nagata K, Nakamura M, Asano K (2011). "Role of prostaglandin D2 receptor CRTH2 in sustained eosinophil accumulation in the airways of mice with chronic asthma". International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 155 Suppl 1: 6–11. doi:10.1159/000327257. PMID 21646789.
- ^ Ricciotti E, FitzGerald GA (2011). "Prostaglandins and inflammation". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 31 (5): 986–1000. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.207449. PMC 3081099. PMID 21508345.
- ^ Matsuoka T, Narumiya S (2008). "The roles of prostanoids in infection A2AR and sickness behaviors". Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 14 (4): 270–8. doi:10.1007/s10156-008-0622-3.
- ^ a b Huang ZL, Zhang Z, Qu WM (2014). "Roles of adenosine and its receptors in sleep-wake regulation". International Review of Neurobiology. 119: 349–71. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-801022-8.00014-3. PMID 25175972.
- ^ Benyahia C, Boukais K, Gomez I, Silverstein A, Clapp L, Fabre A, Danel C, Leséche G, Longrois D, Norel X (2013). "A comparative study of PGI2 mimetics used clinically on the vasorelaxation of human pulmonary arteries and veins, role of the DP-receptor". Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators. 107: 48–55. doi:10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.07.001. PMID 23850788.
- ^ Ferré S (2015). "The GPCR heterotetramer: challenging classical pharmacology". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 36 (3): 145–52. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2015.01.002. PMC 4357316. PMID 25704194.
External links
- "Prostanoid Receptors: DP1". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
Further reading
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.