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==Investigation and exoneration==
==Investigation and exoneration==
In 1986, Imanishi-Kari co-authored a scientific paper on [[immunology]] with [[David Baltimore]]. The paper, published in the scientific journal ''[[Cell (journal)|Cell]]'', showed [[V(D)J recombination|
In 1986, Imanishi-Kari co-authored a scientific paper on [[immunology]] with [[David Baltimore]]. The paper, published in the scientific journal ''[[Cell (journal)|Cell]]'', showed [[V(D)J recombination|
unexpected results]] on how the [[immune system]] rearranges its genes to produce [[antibody|antibodies]] against [[antigen]]s it encounters for the first time.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(86)90389-2 |vauthors=Weaver D, Reis MH, Albanese C, Costantini F, Baltimore D, Imanishi-Kari T |title=Altered repertoire of endogenous immunoglobulin gene expression in transgenic mice containing a rearranged mu heavy chain gene |journal=Cell |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=247–59 |date=April 1986 |pmid=3084104 |s2cid=26659281 }}{{Retracted paper|intentional=yes}}</ref> Margot O'Toole, a researcher in Imanishi-Kari's lab, claimed she could not reproduce some of the experiments in the paper and accused Imanishi-Kari of fabricating the data. Since the research had been funded by the [[U.S. federal government]] through the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH), the matter was taken up by the [[United States Congress]], where it was aggressively pursued by, among others, Representative [[John Dingell]]. Largely on the basis of these findings, NIH's fraud unit, then called the [[Office of Scientific Integrity]], accused Dr. Imanishi-Kari in 1991 of falsifying data and recommended she be barred from receiving research grants for 10 years.<ref name="HHS 1996" />
unexpected results]] on how the [[immune system]] rearranges its genes to produce [[antibody|antibodies]] against [[antigen]]s it encounters for the first time.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(86)90389-2 |vauthors=Weaver D, Reis MH, Albanese C, Costantini F, Baltimore D, Imanishi-Kari T |title=Altered repertoire of endogenous immunoglobulin gene expression in transgenic mice containing a rearranged mu heavy chain gene |journal=Cell |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=247–59 |date=April 1986 |pmid=3084104 |s2cid=26659281 }}{{Erratum|doi=10.1016/0092-8674(88)90210-3}}{{Retracted paper|intentional=yes}}</ref> Margot O'Toole, a researcher in Imanishi-Kari's lab, claimed she could not reproduce some of the experiments in the paper and accused Imanishi-Kari of fabricating the data. Since the research had been funded by the [[U.S. federal government]] through the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH), the matter was taken up by the [[United States Congress]], where it was aggressively pursued by, among others, Representative [[John Dingell]]. Largely on the basis of these findings, NIH's fraud unit, then called the [[Office of Scientific Integrity]], accused Dr. Imanishi-Kari in 1991 of falsifying data and recommended she be barred from receiving research grants for 10 years.<ref name="HHS 1996" />


In 1996, a newly constituted [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] (HHS) appeals panel reviewed the case again and dismissed all charges against Imanishi-Kari.<ref name="HHS 1996">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/dab/decisions/dab1582.html|title=Thereza Imanishi-Kari, Ph.D., DAB No. 1582 (1996)|date=1996-06-21|publisher=[[United States Department of Health and Human Services]]|access-date=2008-12-18}}</ref> In August 1996 she gained an official position as an assistant professor in the pathology department of the [[Tufts University School of Medicine]]. There was widespread criticism of the government's system for dealing with allegations of misconduct, and calls for review of the oversight procedures dealing with the integrity of biomedical research.<ref name="Multiple Investigations">{{cite web |url=http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/18009/title/Multiple-Investigations/ |title=Multiple Investigations |author= Billy Goodman |date= 19 August 1996 |publisher= [[The Scientist (magazine)|The Scientist]] Magazine |access-date=2015-01-02}}</ref> The case of alleged [[scientific misconduct]] and her exoneration was reported in ''[[Scientific American]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Beardsley T | year = 1996 | title = Profile: Thereza Imanishi-Kari &ndash; Starting With a Clean Slate | journal = [[Scientific American]] | volume = 275 | issue = 5| pages = 50–52 | doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1196-50}}</ref> A ''[[New York Times]]'' editorial at the time described the final result of the ten-year investigation as "embarrassment for the Federal Government and belated vindication for the accused scientist".<ref name="nyt">{{cite news|title=The Fraud Case That Evaporated|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/25/opinion/the-fraud-case-that-evaporated.html|access-date=4 August 2016|work=The New York Times|date=25 June 1996}}</ref>
In 1996, a newly constituted [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] (HHS) appeals panel reviewed the case again and dismissed all charges against Imanishi-Kari.<ref name="HHS 1996">{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/dab/decisions/dab1582.html|title=Thereza Imanishi-Kari, Ph.D., DAB No. 1582 (1996)|date=1996-06-21|publisher=[[United States Department of Health and Human Services]]|access-date=2008-12-18}}</ref> In August 1996 she gained an official position as an assistant professor in the pathology department of the [[Tufts University School of Medicine]]. There was widespread criticism of the government's system for dealing with allegations of misconduct, and calls for review of the oversight procedures dealing with the integrity of biomedical research.<ref name="Multiple Investigations">{{cite web |url=http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/18009/title/Multiple-Investigations/ |title=Multiple Investigations |author= Billy Goodman |date= 19 August 1996 |publisher= [[The Scientist (magazine)|The Scientist]] Magazine |access-date=2015-01-02}}</ref> The case of alleged [[scientific misconduct]] and her exoneration was reported in ''[[Scientific American]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Beardsley T | year = 1996 | title = Profile: Thereza Imanishi-Kari &ndash; Starting With a Clean Slate | journal = [[Scientific American]] | volume = 275 | issue = 5| pages = 50–52 | doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1196-50}}</ref> A ''[[New York Times]]'' editorial at the time described the final result of the ten-year investigation as "embarrassment for the Federal Government and belated vindication for the accused scientist".<ref name="nyt">{{cite news|title=The Fraud Case That Evaporated|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/25/opinion/the-fraud-case-that-evaporated.html|access-date=4 August 2016|work=The New York Times|date=25 June 1996}}</ref>

Revision as of 19:47, 5 July 2024

Thereza Imanishi-Kari is an associate professor of pathology at Tufts University. Her research focuses on the origins of autoimmune diseases, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus, studied using mice as model organisms.[1] Previously she had been a faculty member at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She is notable for her role in what became known as the "Baltimore affair", in which a 1986 paper she co-authored with David Baltimore was the subject of research misconduct allegations. Following a series of investigations, she was fully exonerated of the charges in 1996.

Early life and education

A native of Brazil, Thereza Imanishi-Kari earned a BS degree in biology from the University of São Paulo near her home town of Indaiatuba, Brazil. Subsequently, she studied at Kyoto University, in Kyoto, Japan, and the University of Helsinki in Finland, which awarded her a PhD in the field of immunogenetics.[2]

Research

Imanishi-Kari's research focuses on immunology, particularly on understanding the molecular and cell biology underlying the development of autoimmune disease. She studies systemic lupus erythematosus using mouse models[1] and has been funded for this work by the Lupus Research Institute and the National Institutes of Health.[3] Her interest in immunology was motivated in part by her sister's death due to lupus.[4]: 149 

Investigation and exoneration

In 1986, Imanishi-Kari co-authored a scientific paper on immunology with David Baltimore. The paper, published in the scientific journal Cell, showed unexpected results on how the immune system rearranges its genes to produce antibodies against antigens it encounters for the first time.[5] Margot O'Toole, a researcher in Imanishi-Kari's lab, claimed she could not reproduce some of the experiments in the paper and accused Imanishi-Kari of fabricating the data. Since the research had been funded by the U.S. federal government through the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the matter was taken up by the United States Congress, where it was aggressively pursued by, among others, Representative John Dingell. Largely on the basis of these findings, NIH's fraud unit, then called the Office of Scientific Integrity, accused Dr. Imanishi-Kari in 1991 of falsifying data and recommended she be barred from receiving research grants for 10 years.[6]

In 1996, a newly constituted U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) appeals panel reviewed the case again and dismissed all charges against Imanishi-Kari.[6] In August 1996 she gained an official position as an assistant professor in the pathology department of the Tufts University School of Medicine. There was widespread criticism of the government's system for dealing with allegations of misconduct, and calls for review of the oversight procedures dealing with the integrity of biomedical research.[7] The case of alleged scientific misconduct and her exoneration was reported in Scientific American.[8] A New York Times editorial at the time described the final result of the ten-year investigation as "embarrassment for the Federal Government and belated vindication for the accused scientist".[9]

The high profile of the case resulted in a great deal of published commentary on the matter. The New York Times published an account of the medical establishment's treatment of O’Toole on March 22, 1991.[10] The mathematician Serge Lang discussed the case in an article published in the journal Ethics and Behavior in January 1993.[11] Several books, including The Baltimore Case (1998) by Daniel Kevles of Yale University[12] and The Great Betrayal: Fraud in Science by science historian Horace Freeland Judson,[13] also covered the Baltimore affair.

References

  1. ^ a b "The Thereza Imanishi-Kari Lab". Tufts University. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  2. ^ "Thereza Imanishi-Kari". Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  3. ^ "Thereza Imanishi-Kari, PhD". Lupus Research Institute. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  4. ^ Crotty, Shane (2001). Ahead of the Curve David Baltimore's Life in Science. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520930261.
  5. ^ Weaver D, Reis MH, Albanese C, Costantini F, Baltimore D, Imanishi-Kari T (April 1986). "Altered repertoire of endogenous immunoglobulin gene expression in transgenic mice containing a rearranged mu heavy chain gene". Cell. 45 (2): 247–59. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90389-2. PMID 3084104. S2CID 26659281. (Erratum: doi:10.1016/0092-8674(88)90210-3. If the erratum has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace {{erratum|...}} with {{erratum|...|checked=yes}}.) (Retracted)
  6. ^ a b "Thereza Imanishi-Kari, Ph.D., DAB No. 1582 (1996)". United States Department of Health and Human Services. 21 June 1996. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
  7. ^ Billy Goodman (19 August 1996). "Multiple Investigations". The Scientist Magazine. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  8. ^ Beardsley T (1996). "Profile: Thereza Imanishi-Kari – Starting With a Clean Slate". Scientific American. 275 (5): 50–52. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1196-50.
  9. ^ "The Fraud Case That Evaporated". The New York Times. 25 June 1996. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  10. ^ Philip J. Hilts (22 March 1991). "Biologist Who Disputed a Study Paid Dearly". The New York Times.
  11. ^ Lang S (January 1993). "Questions of scientific responsibility: the Baltimore case". Ethics & Behavior. 3 (1): 3–72. doi:10.1207/s15327019eb0301_1. PMID 11653082.
  12. ^ Kevles, Daniel J. (2000). The Baltimore case : a trial of politics, science, and character (1st Norton paperpack ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0393319709.
  13. ^ Judson, Horace F. (2004). The Great Betrayal: Fraud in Science. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 978-0151008773.

Further reading

  • "The Assault on David Baltimore," Daniel J. Kevles, The New Yorker, 27 May 1996, pp. 94–109
  • Daniel J. Kevles; The Baltimore Case ISBN 0-393-04103-4
  • "Science On Trial: the Whistle Blower, the Accused, and the Nobel Laureate," Judy Sarasohn (NY: St. Martin's Pr., 1993).
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