Ashéninka language: Difference between revisions

Ashéninka
Ashéninka
Campa
Native to	Peru, Brazil
Ethnicity	Ashéninka people
Native speakers	8,774 (2017)
Language family	Arawakan Southern Campa Ashéninka; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously:; prq – Perené; cpu – Pichis; cpc – Apurucayali; cpb – Ucayali-Yurúa; cjo – Pajonal; cpy – South Ucayali
Glottolog	asha1242
ELP	Ashéninka

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Ashéninka (Ashéninca, Ashéninga) is the name that some varieties included in the Ashéninka-Asháninka dialect complex have traditionally received. These varieties belong to the Campan branch of the Arawak family.^[2] Ethnologue distinguishes seven languages throughout the whole complex, while Pedrós^[2] proposes a division in three languages (Ashéninka, Asháninka and Northern Ashé-Ashá) based on the principle of mutual intelligibility. The varieties included in Ashéninka and Northern Ashé-Ashá have traditionally been called Ashéninka. Glottolog reflects Pedrós’ proposal, although considering the languages proposed by him as groupings of the languages that the Ethnologue distinguishes.

According to the indigenous peoples database of the Peruvian Ministry of Education,^[1] there are 15,281 people living in Ashéninka communities, of whom 8,774 (57%) claim to be able to speak the language. Ethnologue gives much higher figures for the different Ashéninka varieties.

The classification of the different varieties was first established by David Payne in his Apurucayali Axininca grammar,^[3] but he referred to them as dialects and not as different languages.^[3]^: 3–5

Ashéninka is a locally official language in Peru, as are all native Peruvian languages. It and its relatives are also known by the allegedly pejorative term Campa.

Alphabet

Ashéninka was recognized as a separate language from Asháninka in 2017, and the process to fix an alphabet finished in April 2019 with its approval by the Ministry of Education.^[4]

Phonology

Consonants

Pedrós (2023)^[5] shows the following consonant inventory for Ucayali-Pajonal (South Ucayali and Pajonal):


		Bilabial		Dental/ Alveolar		Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar		Glottal
		plain	pal.	plain	pal.	Post- alveolar	Palatal	plain	pal.	plain	pal.
Plosive	voiceless	p	pʲ	t			c	k	kʲ
Plosive	aspirated			tʰ
Affricate	voiceless			ts
Affricate	aspirated			tsʰ		tʃʰ
Fricative						ʃ				h	hʲ
Rhotic				ɾ	ɾʲ
Nasal		m	mʲ	n			ɲ
Approximant		w/β̞	β̞ʲ				j	ɰ

Judith Payne (1989)^[6] describes the following consonant inventory for Pichis:

		Bilabial		Apical	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar		Glottal	Unspecified
		plain	pal.	Apical	Post- alveolar	Palatal	plain	pal.	Glottal	Unspecified
Plosives	voiceless	p	pʲ	t			k	kʲ
Plosives	aspirated			tʰ
Affricates	voiceless			ts	tʃ
Affricates	aspirated			tsʰ	tʃʰ
Fricatives				s	ʃ	(ç)			h
Rhotics				r	rʲ
Nasals		m	mʲ	n		ɲ				N
Approximants		β̞	β̞ʲ			j	ɰ

David Payne (1981)^[3] shows the same inventory for the Apurucayali variety, but without the palatalized consonants /pʲ/, /kʲ/, /hʲ/, /mʲ/ and /β̞ʲ/ and with the palatal fricative /ç/.

Mihas^[7] shows a similar inventory for the Alto Perené variety with few differences. These are that Mihas does not include neither /tʰ/ nor /ç/; David Payne's contrast /t͡ʃ/-/t͡ʃʰ/ is considered /t͡ʃ/-/tʲ/ by Mihas, and she does not include any palatalized consonant because she considers them two-consonant clusters (Cj). These three varieties are included in Pedrós' Northern Ashé-Ashá group.^[2]

Vowels

Judith Payne,^[6] Mihas^[7] and Pedrós^[5] show a four-vowel system /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, while, in David Payne's Apurucayali,^[3] there are only three /a/, /i/, /o/. All varieties distinguish between long [Vː] and short vowels without any change in quality.

References

^ ^a ^b "Base de Datos Oficial de Pueblos Indígenas u Originarios". Base de Datos de Pueblos Indígenas u Originarios. Ministerio de Cultura del Perú. Archived from the original on 2021-09-23. Retrieved 2021-09-22.
^ ^a ^b ^c Pedrós, Toni (2018). "Ashéninka y asháninka: ¿de cuántas lenguas hablamos?". Cadernos de etnolingüística. 6 (1): 1–30. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Payne, David L. (1981). The Phonology and Morphology of Axininca Campa. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
^ "Ya es oficial el alfabeto de la lengua asheninka". Andina. Archived from the original on 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2019-07-30.
^ ^a ^b Pedrós, Toni (2023). A grammar of Ashéninka (Ucayali-Pajonal). Amsterdam: LOT. ISBN 978-94-6093-425-4. Archived from the original on 2023-05-29. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
^ ^a ^b Payne, Judith (1989). Lecciones para el aprendizaje del idioma ashéninca. Yarinacocha: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
^ ^a ^b Mihas, Elena (2015). A grammar of Alto Perené (Arawak). De Gruyter Mouton.

This Arawakan languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[BDPIO-1] "Base de Datos Oficial de Pueblos Indígenas u Originarios". Base de Datos de Pueblos Indígenas u Originarios. Ministerio de Cultura del Perú. Archived from the original on 2021-09-23. Retrieved 2021-09-22.

[Pedrós2018-2] Pedrós, Toni (2018). "Ashéninka y asháninka: ¿de cuántas lenguas hablamos?". Cadernos de etnolingüística. 6 (1): 1–30. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.

[Payne1981-3] Payne, David L. (1981). The Phonology and Morphology of Axininca Campa. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

[4] "Ya es oficial el alfabeto de la lengua asheninka". Andina. Archived from the original on 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2019-07-30.

[:0-5] Pedrós, Toni (2023). A grammar of Ashéninka (Ucayali-Pajonal). Amsterdam: LOT. ISBN 978-94-6093-425-4. Archived from the original on 2023-05-29. Retrieved 2023-06-15.

[Payne1989-6] Payne, Judith (1989). Lecciones para el aprendizaje del idioma ashéninca. Yarinacocha: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.

[:4-7] Mihas, Elena (2015). A grammar of Alto Perené (Arawak). De Gruyter Mouton.

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@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 |speakers=8,774
 |date = 2017
-|ref=<ref name=BDPIO>{{cite web |title=Base de Datos Oficial de Pueblos Indígenas u Originarios |url=https://bdpi.cultura.gob.pe/pueblos/asheninka |website=Base de Datos de Pueblos Indígenas u Originarios |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura del Perú}}</ref>
+|ref=<ref name=BDPIO>{{cite web |title=Base de Datos Oficial de Pueblos Indígenas u Originarios |url=https://bdpi.cultura.gob.pe/pueblos/asheninka |website=Base de Datos de Pueblos Indígenas u Originarios |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura del Perú |access-date=2021-09-22 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923174711/https://bdpi.cultura.gob.pe/pueblos/asheninka |url-status=live }}</ref>
 |familycolor=American
 |fam1=[[Arawakan languages|Arawakan]]
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 |glottorefname=Ashe-Asha
 }}
-'''Ashéninka''' (Ashéninca, Ashéninga) is the name that some [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] included in the Ashéninka-[[Asháninka language|Asháninka]] [[Dialect continuum|dialect complex]] have traditionally received. These varieties belong to the [[Campa languages|Campan]] branch of the [[Arawakan languages|Arawak]] family.<ref name=Pedrós2018>{{cite journal |last1=Pedrós |first1=Toni |title=Ashéninka y asháninka: ¿de cuántas lenguas hablamos? |journal=Cadernos de etnolingüística |date=2018 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–30 |url=http://www.etnolinguistica.org/article:vol6n1p1-30 |access-date=6 September 2018}}</ref> ''[[Ethnologue]]'' distinguishes seven languages throughout the whole complex, while Pedrós<ref name=Pedrós2018/> proposes a division in three languages (Ashéninka, Asháninka and Northern Ashé-Ashá) based on the principle of [[mutual intelligibility]]. The varieties included in Ashéninka and Northern Ashé-Ashá have traditionally been called ''Ashéninka''. [[Glottolog]] reflects Pedrós’ proposal, although considering the languages proposed by him as groupings of the languages that the ''Ethnologue'' distinguishes.
+'''Ashéninka''' (Ashéninca, Ashéninga) is the name that some [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] included in the Ashéninka-[[Asháninka language|Asháninka]] [[Dialect continuum|dialect complex]] have traditionally received. These varieties belong to the [[Campa languages|Campan]] branch of the [[Arawakan languages|Arawak]] family.<ref name=Pedrós2018>{{cite journal |last1=Pedrós |first1=Toni |title=Ashéninka y asháninka: ¿de cuántas lenguas hablamos? |journal=Cadernos de etnolingüística |date=2018 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–30 |url=http://www.etnolinguistica.org/article:vol6n1p1-30 |access-date=6 September 2018 |archive-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906195526/http://www.etnolinguistica.org/article:vol6n1p1-30 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Ethnologue]]'' distinguishes seven languages throughout the whole complex, while Pedrós<ref name=Pedrós2018/> proposes a division in three languages (Ashéninka, Asháninka and Northern Ashé-Ashá) based on the principle of [[mutual intelligibility]]. The varieties included in Ashéninka and Northern Ashé-Ashá have traditionally been called ''Ashéninka''. [[Glottolog]] reflects Pedrós’ proposal, although considering the languages proposed by him as groupings of the languages that the ''Ethnologue'' distinguishes.
 According to the indigenous peoples database of the [[Peruvian Ministry of Education]],<ref name=BDPIO/> there are 15,281 people living in Ashéninka communities, of whom 8,774 (57%) claim to be able to speak the language. ''Ethnologue'' gives much higher figures for the different Ashéninka varieties.
@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 == Alphabet ==
-Ashéninka was recognized as a separate language from Asháninka in 2017, and the process to fix an alphabet finished in April 2019 with its approval by the Ministry of Education.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-ya-es-oficial-alfabeto-de-lengua-asheninka-750276.aspx|title=Ya es oficial el alfabeto de la lengua asheninka|work=Andina}}</ref>
+Ashéninka was recognized as a separate language from Asháninka in 2017, and the process to fix an alphabet finished in April 2019 with its approval by the Ministry of Education.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-ya-es-oficial-alfabeto-de-lengua-asheninka-750276.aspx|title=Ya es oficial el alfabeto de la lengua asheninka|work=Andina|access-date=2019-07-30|archive-date=2019-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502174403/https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-ya-es-oficial-alfabeto-de-lengua-asheninka-750276.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
 == Phonology ==
 === Consonants ===
-Pedrós (2023)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Pedrós |first=Toni |url=https://www.lotpublications.nl/a-grammar-of-ash%C3%A9ninka-ucayali-pajonal |title=A grammar of Ashéninka (Ucayali-Pajonal) |publisher=LOT |year=2023 |isbn=978-94-6093-425-4 |location=Amsterdam |language=en}}</ref> shows the following consonant inventory for Ucayali-Pajonal (South Ucayali and Pajonal):
+Pedrós (2023)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Pedrós |first=Toni |url=https://www.lotpublications.nl/a-grammar-of-ash%C3%A9ninka-ucayali-pajonal |title=A grammar of Ashéninka (Ucayali-Pajonal) |publisher=LOT |year=2023 |isbn=978-94-6093-425-4 |location=Amsterdam |language=en |access-date=2023-06-15 |archive-date=2023-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529054838/https://www.lotpublications.nl/a-grammar-of-ash%c3%a9ninka-ucayali-pajonal |url-status=live }}</ref> shows the following consonant inventory for Ucayali-Pajonal (South Ucayali and Pajonal):
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"