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== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
Payne (1981) describes the following consonant inventory for Axininca aka Ashéninka Apurucayali:
Payne (1981) and Payne (1989) describe the following consonant inventory for Axininca (aka Ashéninka Apurucayali) and Pichis:
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Apical consonant|Apical]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Apical consonant|Apical]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]<br/>/[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-]][[Postalveolar consonant|alveolar]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
! Unspecified
! rowspan="2" | Unspecified
|-
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>pal.</small>
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>pal.</small>
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive consonant|Plosives]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive consonant|Plosives]]
! style="font-size: x-small;" | voiceless
! style="font-size: x-small;" | voiceless
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t}} || || {{IPA|k}} || ||
| {{IPA|p}}
|{{IPA|pʲ}}|| {{IPA|t}} ||
| || {{IPA|k}}
|{{IPA|kʲ}}|| ||
|-
|-
! style="font-size: x-small;"| [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]
! style="font-size: x-small;" | [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]
| || {{IPA|tʰ}} || || || ||
| colspan="2" | || {{IPA|tʰ}}||
| || colspan="2" | || ||
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricates]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricates]]
! style="font-size: x-small;" | voiceless
! style="font-size: x-small;" | voiceless
| || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || || ||
| colspan="2" | || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|tʃ}}
| || colspan="2" | || ||
|-
|-
! style="font-size: x-small;"| aspirated
! style="font-size: x-small;" | aspirated
| || {{IPA|tsʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || || ||
| colspan="2" | || {{IPA|tsʰ}}|| {{IPA|tʃʰ}}
| || colspan="2" | || ||
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricatives]]
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricatives]]
| || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|ç}} || || {{IPA|h}} ||
| colspan="2" | || {{IPA|s}}|| {{IPA|ʃ}}
|{{IPA|ç}}|| colspan="2" | || {{IPA|h}} ||
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal stop|Nasals]]
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal stop|Nasals]]
| {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ɲ}} || || || {{IPA|N}}
| {{IPA|m}}
|{{IPA|mʲ}}|| {{IPA|n}} ||
|{{IPA|ɲ}}|| colspan="2" | || || {{IPA|N}}
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Liquid consonant|Liquids]]
! colspan="2" | [[Liquid consonant|Liquids]]
| || {{IPA|r}} || {{IPA|rʲ}} || || ||
| colspan="2" | || {{IPA|r}}|| {{IPA|rʲ}}
| || colspan="2" | || ||
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Glide consonant|Glides]]
! colspan="2" | [[Glide consonant|Glides]]
| {{IPA|β̞ }} || || {{IPA|j}} || {{IPA|ɰ}} || ||
| {{IPA|β̞ }}
|{{IPA|β̞ʲ}}|| ||
|{{IPA|j}}|| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ɰ}} || ||
|}
|}
Judith Payne<ref name=":3">{{cite book |title=Lecciones para el aprendizaje del idioma ashéninca|last=Payne|first=Judith|publisher=Instituto Lingüístico de Verano|year=1989}}</ref> has the same inventory for the Pichis variety, but without /ç/, and she adds the palatalized consonants /pʲ/, /kʲ/, /hʲ/, /mʲ/ and /βʲ/.
Judith Payne<ref name=":3">{{cite book |title=Lecciones para el aprendizaje del idioma ashéninca|last=Payne|first=Judith|publisher=Instituto Lingüístico de Verano|year=1989}}</ref> has the same inventory for the Pichis variety as Payne (1981), although she adds the palatalized consonants /pʲ/, /kʲ/, /hʲ/, /mʲ/ and /β̞ʲ/.


Mihas<ref name=":4">{{cite book |title=A grammar of Alto Perené (Arawak)|last=Mihas|first=Elena|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|language=en|year=2015}}</ref> shows a similar inventory for the Alto Perené variety with few differences. These are that Mihas does not include neither /tʰ/ nor /ç/; David Payne's contrast /t͡ʃ/-/t͡ʃʰ/ is considered /t͡ʃ/-/tʲ/ by Mihas, and she does not include any palatalized consonant because she considers them two-consonant clusters (Cj).
Mihas<ref name=":4">{{cite book |title=A grammar of Alto Perené (Arawak)|last=Mihas|first=Elena|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|language=en|year=2015}}</ref> shows a similar inventory for the Alto Perené variety with few differences. These are that Mihas does not include neither /tʰ/ nor /ç/; David Payne's contrast /t͡ʃ/-/t͡ʃʰ/ is considered /t͡ʃ/-/tʲ/ by Mihas, and she does not include any palatalized consonant because she considers them two-consonant clusters (Cj).


Payne<ref name=":3" /> and Mihas<ref name=":4" /> show a four-vowel system (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/), while, in David Payne's Apurucayali, there are only three (/a/, /i/, /o/).
Payne<ref name=":3" /> and Mihas<ref name=":4" /> show a four-vowel system /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, with vowel length; while, in David Payne's Apurucayali, there are only three /a/, /i/, /o/.


These three varieties are included in Pedrós' Northern Ashé-Ashá group.<ref name=Pedrós2018/>
These three varieties are included in Pedrós' Northern Ashé-Ashá group.<ref name=Pedrós2018/>

Revision as of 01:37, 19 April 2023

Not to be confused with Asháninka language.
Ashéninka
Campa
Native toPeru, Brazil
EthnicityAshéninka people
Native speakers
8,774 (2017)[1]
Arawakan
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
prq – Perené
cpu – Pichis
cpc – Apurucayali
cpb – Ucayali-Yurúa
cjo – Pajonal
cpy – South Ucayali
Glottologasha1242
ELPAshéninka

Ashéninka (Ashéninca, Ashéninga) is the name that some varieties included in the Ashéninka-Asháninka dialect complex have traditionally received. These varieties belong to the Campan branch of the Arawak family.[2] Ethnologue distinguishes seven languages throughout the whole complex, while Pedrós[2] proposes a division in three languages (Ashéninka, Asháninka and Northern Ashé-Ashá) based on the principle of mutual intelligibility. The varieties included in Ashéninka and Northern Ashé-Ashá have traditionally been called Ashéninka. Glottolog reflects Pedrós’ proposal, although considering the languages proposed by him as groupings of the languages that the Ethnologue distinguishes.

According to the indigenous peoples database of the Peruvian Ministry of Education,[1] there are 15,281 people living in Ashéninka communities, of whom 8,774 (57%) claim to be able to speak the language. Ethnologue gives much higher figures for the different Ashéninka varieties.

The classification of the different varieties was first established by David Payne in his Apurucayali Axininca grammar,[3] but he referred to them as dialects and not as different languages.[3]: 3–5 

Ashéninka is a locally official language in Peru, as are all native Peruvian languages. It and its relatives are also known by the allegedly pejorative term Campa.

Alphabet

Ashéninka was recognized as a separate language from Asháninka 2017, and the process to fix an alphabet finished in April 2019 with its approval by the Ministry of Education.[4]

Phonology

Payne (1981) and Payne (1989) describe the following consonant inventory for Axininca (aka Ashéninka Apurucayali) and Pichis:

Bilabial Apical Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Unspecified
plain pal. plain pal.
Plosives voiceless p pʲ t k kʲ
aspirated tʰ
Affricates voiceless ts tʃ
aspirated tsʰ tʃʰ
Fricatives s ʃ ç h
Nasals m mʲ n ɲ N
Liquids r rʲ
Glides β̞ β̞ʲ j ɰ

Judith Payne[5] has the same inventory for the Pichis variety as Payne (1981), although she adds the palatalized consonants /pʲ/, /kʲ/, /hʲ/, /mʲ/ and /β̞ʲ/.

Mihas[6] shows a similar inventory for the Alto Perené variety with few differences. These are that Mihas does not include neither /tʰ/ nor /ç/; David Payne's contrast /t͡ʃ/-/t͡ʃʰ/ is considered /t͡ʃ/-/tʲ/ by Mihas, and she does not include any palatalized consonant because she considers them two-consonant clusters (Cj).

Payne[5] and Mihas[6] show a four-vowel system /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, with vowel length; while, in David Payne's Apurucayali, there are only three /a/, /i/, /o/.

These three varieties are included in Pedrós' Northern Ashé-Ashá group.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b "Base de Datos Oficial de Pueblos Indígenas u Originarios". Base de Datos de Pueblos Indígenas u Originarios. Ministerio de Cultura del Perú.
  2. ^ a b c Pedrós, Toni (2018). "Ashéninka y asháninka: ¿de cuántas lenguas hablamos?". Cadernos de etnolingüística. 6 (1): 1–30. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  3. ^ a b Payne, David L. (1981). The Phonology and Morphology of Axininca Campa. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  4. ^ "Ya es oficial el alfabeto de la lengua asheninka". Andina.
  5. ^ a b Payne, Judith (1989). Lecciones para el aprendizaje del idioma ashéninca. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
  6. ^ a b Mihas, Elena (2015). A grammar of Alto Perené (Arawak). De Gruyter Mouton.


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