Urak Lawoiʼ language: Difference between revisions
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* {{IPA|/ər/}} are [[compensatory lengthening|compensatorily lengthened]] to phonetically long {{IPA|[əː]}}. In stressed positions, the vowel cluster fluctuates between {{IPA|[ɽ], [ər], [rə]}}. |
* {{IPA|/ər/}} are [[compensatory lengthening|compensatorily lengthened]] to phonetically long {{IPA|[əː]}}. In stressed positions, the vowel cluster fluctuates between {{IPA|[ɽ], [ər], [rə]}}. |
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* The coda stop {{IPA|/k/}} after a front vowel becomes {{IPA|[kx]}} ({{IPA|/ˈkamek/}} {{IPA|[ˈkaːmekx]}} "sheep"). |
* The coda stop {{IPA|/k/}} after a front vowel becomes {{IPA|[kx]}} ({{IPA|/ˈkamek/}} {{IPA|[ˈkaːmekx]}} "sheep"). |
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* The stops {{IPA|/p/, /b/}} initially in a syllable with a back vowel and the coda {{IPA|/c/}} labialized {{IPA|/pw/}} and {{IPA|/bw/}}, respectively ({{IPA|/səˈboc/}} {{IPA|[ |
* The stops {{IPA|/p/, /b/}} initially in a syllable with a back vowel and the coda {{IPA|/c/}} labialized {{IPA|/pw/}} and {{IPA|/bw/}}, respectively ({{IPA|/səˈboc/}} {{IPA|[səˈbwʊjʔ]}} "to utter"). |
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Revision as of 15:18, 26 September 2021
Urak Lawoi’ | |
---|---|
อูรักลาโวยจ | |
Native to | Thailand |
Region | Phuket, Langta islands |
Ethnicity | Urak Lawoi’ |
Native speakers | 5,000 (2012)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
Thai script (usually oral) | |
Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
Regulated by | Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia, Mahidol University |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | urk |
Glottolog | urak1238 |
ELP | Urak Lawoi' |
Urak Lawoi’ or Urak Lawoc (Urak Lawoi': อูรักลาโวยจ, IPA: [ˈurʌk ˈlawʊjʔ]) is an Aboriginal Malay language of southern Thailand.
The Orang (Suku) Laut who live between Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula speak divergent Malayic lects, which bear some intriguing connections to various Sumatran Malay varieties.[2]
Phonology and orthography
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | /i/ | /u/ | |
Mid | /e/ | /ə/~[ɯ] | /o/ |
Low | /ɛ/ | /a/ | /ɔ/ |
- In closed syllables, some vowels change their quality:
- /a/ becomes [ʌ] (/ˈrawak/ [ˈraːwʌk] "space").
- /i/ becomes [ɪ] (/ˈbaliʔ/ [ˈbaːlɪʔ] "return").
- /o/ becomes [ʊ] (/ˈproc/ [ˈprʊiʔ] "stomach").
- Epenthetic /j/ and /w/ were added after high vowels /i/, /u/, respectively (/ˈsijak/ "light", /ˈbuwak/ "to throw away").
- Vowels are lengthened in stressed open syllables allophonically.
Thai (long & short) | Latin | IPA | |
---|---|---|---|
◌า | ◌ั | a | /a/ |
แ◌ | แ◌ | ä | /ɛ/ |
เ◌อ | not happened | e | /ə/~[ɯ] |
เ◌ | เ◌ | ë | /e/ |
◌ี | ◌ิ | i | /i/ |
โ◌ | โ◌ or absent | o | /o/ |
◌อ | ◌อ | ö | /ɔ/ |
◌ู | ◌ุ | u | /u/ |
Notes: In the Thai script, the left column represents diacritics for open syllables, while the right one for closed syllables. For syllables with vowel ö, before consonants k, m, n, ng, p, and t, the vowel is not reflected. Similarly, the diacritic for a is not used before q. Any vowels with separate closed syllable diacritics have inherent value of /-ʔ/ when not used with succeeding consonant.
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Alveolo-palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stop | Aspirated | /pʰ/ พ | /tʰ/ ท | /cʰ/~[t͡ɕʰ] ช | /kʰ/ ค | |
Voiceless | /p/ ป | /t/ ต | /c/~[t͡ɕ] จ | /k/ ก | /ʔ/ อ | |
Voiced | /b/ บ | /d/ ด | /ɟ/~[d͡ʒ] ยฺ | /ɡ/ กฺ | ||
Fricative | /f/ ฟ | /s/ ซ | /h/ ฮ | |||
Nasal | /m/ ม | /n/ น | /ɲ/ ญ | /ŋ/ ง | ||
Lateral | /l/ ล | |||||
Semivowel | /w/ ว | /r/ ร | /j/ ย |
- [t͡ɕ] and [t͡ɕʰ] allophones are influenced by Thai, whereas [d͡ʒ] is influenced by Malay.
- Aspirated consonants and /f/ only appear in loanwords (that are mostly from Thai).
- Phonetically, /-c/ and /-s/ is pronounced [-jʔ], and [-jh] (after back vowels and /a/) or [-h] (after front vowels), respectively, in syllable finals.
- /l/ becomes [l] after /i/, /ə/, otherwise [ɭ] in syllable-final positions (/ˈlihəl/ [ˈliːhəl] "space" vs. /ˈbumɔl/ [ˈbuːmɔɭ] "doctor").
- /ər/ are compensatorily lengthened to phonetically long [əː]. In stressed positions, the vowel cluster fluctuates between [ɽ], [ər], [rə].
- The coda stop /k/ after a front vowel becomes [kx] (/ˈkamek/ [ˈkaːmekx] "sheep").
- The stops /p/, /b/ initially in a syllable with a back vowel and the coda /c/ labialized /pw/ and /bw/, respectively (/səˈboc/ [səˈbwʊjʔ] "to utter").
IPA | /-k̚/ | /-ŋ/ | /-t̚/ | /-n/ | /-p̚/ | /-m/ | /-j/ | /-c/~[-jʔ] | /-s/~[-jh] | /-w/ | /-h/ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thai | -ก | -ง | -ด | -น | -บ | -ม | -ย | -ยจ | -ยฮ | -ว | -ฮ |
Latin | -k | -ng | -t | -n | -p | -m | -y | -c | -s | -w | -h |
- /-j/ and /-w/ could be treated as a part of diphthongs or triphthongs.
Stress and Intonation
Urak Lawoi' language does not have tones. But words usually have the stress at the last syllable, resulting they sound like high tone. Urak Lawoi' also has the intonation for the whole sentence. For example, the interrogative sentences have raising intonation, and the negative sentences have lower-pitch intonation.
References
- ^ Urak Lawoi’ at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Anderbeck, Karl (2012). Notes on Malayic Suku Laut Dialectology (abstract) (PDF). ISMIL 16 conference presentation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-02.
- ^ Hogan 1988, p. 21
- ^ Hogan 1988, p. 13
- ^ de Groot 2012, p. 19
Further reading
- Saengmani, Amon (1979). Phonology of the Urak Lawoi' Language: Adang Island (PDF) (MA thesis). Mahidol University.
- Hogan, David W. (1976). "Urak Lawoi' (Orang Laut)". In Smalley, William A. (ed.). Phonemes and Orthography: Language Planning in Ten Minority Languages of Thailand. Pacific Linguistics C – 43. Canberra: The Australian National University. pp. 283–302. doi:10.15144/PL-C43. hdl:1885/146593. ISBN 0-85883-144-9.
- Hogan, David W. (1988). Urak Lawoi': Basic Structures and a Dictionary. Pacific Linguistics Series C No. 109. Canberra: The Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-C109. hdl:1885/146628. ISBN 0-85883-385-9.
- de Groot, Jacob Y. (2012). Urak Lawoi’: Language and Social History. Phuket: Prince of Songkla University, Phuket Campus.