Pope Sixtus V: Difference between revisions

Papal styles of
**Pope Sixtus V**
Papal styles of; Pope Sixtus V
Reference style	His Holiness
Spoken style	Your Holiness
Religious style	Holy Father
Posthumous style	None

Pope

Sixtus V

O.F.M Conv
Pope; Sixtus V; O.F.M Conv
Bishop of Rome
	Sixtus V depicted in an anonymous 17th century painting, exhibited in the Albi Cathedral
Church	Catholic Church
Papacy began	24 April 1585
Papacy ended	27 August 1590
Predecessor	Gregory XIII
Successor	Urban VII
Previous post(s)	Bishop of Fermo (1571–1577); Bishop of Sant'Agata de' Goti (1566–1571); Cardinal-Priest of San Girolamo dei Croati (1570–1585);
Orders
Ordination	1547
Consecration	12 January 1567; by Antonio Lauro
Created cardinal	17 May 1570; by Pius V
Personal details
Born	Felice Piergentile, then Felice Peretti; 13 December 1521; Grottammare, Papal States
Died	27 August 1590 (aged 68); Rome, Papal States
Motto	Aqua et panis, vita canis (Water and bread are a dog’s life)
Signature
Coat of arms
	Other popes named Sixtus

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Pope Sixtus V (Italian: Sisto V; 13 December 1521 – 27 August 1590), born Felice Piergentile, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 April 1585 to his death, in August 1590. As a youth, he joined the Franciscan order, where he displayed talents as a scholar and preacher, and enjoyed the patronage of Pius V, who made him a cardinal. As a cardinal, he was known as Cardinal Montalto.

As Pope, he energetically rooted out corruption and lawlessness across Rome, and launched a far-sighted rebuilding programme that continues to provoke controversy, as it involved the destruction of antiquities. The cost of these works was met by heavy taxation which caused much suffering. His foreign policy was regarded as over-ambitious, and he excommunicated both Queen Elizabeth I of England and King Henry IV of France. He is recognized as a significant figure of the Counter-Reformation. He is the most recent pope to date to take on the pontifical name "Sixtus".

Early life

Felice Piergentile was born on 13 December 1521 at Grottammare, in the Papal States,^[2]^[3] to Francesco Piergentile (also known as Peretto di Montalto, from the city of origin Montalto delle Marche), and Mariana da Frontillo. His father had taken refuge in Grottammare to escape the oppression of the Duke of Urbino, finding there a job as a gardener. Felice later adopted Peretti as his family name in 1551, and as a cardinal was known as "Cardinal Montalto" (to reflect his affection for his homeland).^[4]

Franciscan

At the age of 9 years, Felice returned to Montalto to join his uncle in the Franciscan Convent of San Francesco delle Fratte. At the age of 12, he was initiated as a novice of the Franciscan Order, assuming the name of Fra Felice (Friar Felix) in 1535, maintaining his birth name. From this year, he started philosophical and theological studies, moving between different convents of the Order. He finally completed his studies in the Franciscan Magna Domus of Bologna on September 1544. Three years earlier he had been ordained as a deacon.

About 1552 he was noticed by Cardinal Rodolfo Pio da Carpi, Protector of the Franciscan order, Cardinal Ghislieri (later Pope Pius V) and Cardinal Caraffa (later Pope Paul IV), and from that time his advancement was assured. He was sent to Venice as inquisitor general of the Venetian Holy Inquisition,^[5] but was so severe and conducted matters in such a high-handed manner that he became embroiled in quarrels. In 1560, the Venetian government asked for his recall.

After a brief term as procurator of his order, he was attached in 1565 to the papal legation to Spain headed by Cardinal Ugo Boncampagni (later Pope Gregory XIII) which was sent to investigate a charge of heresy levelled against Bartolomé Carranza, Archbishop of Toledo. The violent dislike which Peretti conceived for Boncampagni had a marked influence on his subsequent actions. He hurried back to Rome upon the accession of Pius V, who made him apostolic vicar of his order and then, in 1570, cardinal.^[5]

Cardinal

During the pontificate of his political enemy Gregory XIII (1572–1585), Cardinal Montalto, as he was generally called, lived in enforced retirement, occupied with the care of his property,^[5] the Villa Montalto, erected by Domenico Fontana close to the cardinal's beloved church on the Esquiline Hill, overlooking the ancient Baths of Diocletian. The first phase (1576–1580) of the building was enlarged after Peretti became pope and was able to clear buildings to open four new streets in 1585–86. The villa contained two residences, the Palazzo Sistino or "Palazzo di Termini"^[6] and the casino, called the Palazzetto Montalto e Felice.

This clearance programme was an undoubted gain in the relief it brought to the congestion of the crowded medieval city. Clearly, however, Romans displaced by it were furious, and resentment was still felt centuries later until the decision was taken to build Roma Termini railway station, inaugurated by Pope Pius IX in 1863, on the site of the Villa, which became doomed to destruction.

Cardinal Montalto's other occupation at this period was with his studies, one of the fruits of which was an edition of the works of Ambrose.^[5] As pope he would personally supervise the printing of an improved edition of Jerome's Vulgate.

Papacy

Election as pope

Though not neglecting to follow the course of affairs, Felice carefully avoided every occasion of offence. This discretion contributed not a little to his election to the papacy on 24 April 1585, with the title of Sixtus V to honour Pope Sixtus IV, also a Franciscan like himself. One of the things that commended his candidacy to certain cardinals may have been his physical vigour, which seemed to promise a long pontificate.^[5] His papal coronation was held on 1 May 1585 and he was crowned by the protodeacon Ferdinando de' Medici.

Reforms in the city of Rome

The terrible condition in which Pope Gregory XIII had left the Papal States called for prompt and stern measures. Sixtus proceeded with an almost ferocious severity against the prevailing lawlessness. Thousands of brigands were brought to justice: within a short time, the country was again quiet and safe.^[5] It was claimed^[7] that there were more heads on spikes across the Ponte Sant'Angelo than melons for sale in the marketplace. And clergy and nuns were executed if they broke their vows of chastity.^[8]

Next Sixtus set to work to repair the finances. By the sale of offices, the establishment of a new "Monti" and by levying new taxes, he accumulated a vast surplus, which he stored up against certain specified emergencies, such as a crusade or the defence of the Holy See. Sixtus prided himself upon his hoard, but the method by which it had been amassed was financially unsound: some of the taxes proved ruinous, and the withdrawal of so much money from circulation could not fail to cause distress.^[5]

Immense sums were spent upon public works,^[5] in carrying through the comprehensive planning that had come to fruition during his retirement, bringing water to the waterless hills via his new aqueduct, the Acqua Felice which fed twenty-seven new fountains; laying out new arteries in Rome, which connected the great basilicas, even setting his engineer-architect Domenico Fontana to replan the Colosseum as a silk-spinning factory housing its workers.

Inspired by the ideal of the Renaissance city, Pope Sixtus V's ambitious urban reform programme transformed the old environment to emulate the "long straight streets, wide regular spaces, uniformity and repetitiveness of structures, lavish use of commemorative and ornamental elements, and maximum visibility from both linear and circular perspective."^[9] The Pope set no limit to his plans, and achieved much in his short pontificate, always carried through at top speed: the completion of the dome of St. Peter's; the loggia of Sixtus in the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano; the chapel of the Praesepe in Santa Maria Maggiore; additions or repairs to the Quirinal, Lateran and Vatican palaces; the erection of four obelisks, including that in Saint Peter's Square; the opening of six streets; the restoration of the aqueduct of Septimius Severus ("Acqua Felice");^[5] the integration of the Leonine City in Rome as XIV rione (Borgo).^[10]

Besides numerous roads and bridges,^[5] he improved the city's air by financing the reclamation of the Pontine Marshes. Good progress was made, with more than 9,500 acres (38 km²) reclaimed and opened to agriculture and manufacture. The project was abandoned upon his death.

Sixtus had no appreciation of antiquities, which were employed as raw material to serve his urbanistic and Christianising programs: Trajan's Column and the Column of Marcus Aurelius (at the time misidentified as the Column of Antoninus Pius) were made to serve as pedestals for the statues of SS Peter and Paul; the Minerva of the Capitol was converted into an emblem of Christian Rome; the Septizodium of Septimius Severus was demolished for building materials.^[5]

The spatial organization, monumental inscriptions and restorations throughout the city reinforced the control, surveillance, and authority that alluded to his power.^[11]

Church administration

The subsequent administrative system of the Catholic Church owed much to Sixtus. He limited the College of Cardinals to seventy. He doubled the number of the congregations and enlarged their functions, assigning to them the principal role in the transaction of business (1588). He regarded the Jesuits with disfavour and suspicion. He considered radical changes to their constitution, but death prevented the execution of his purpose.^[5]

In 1588, he established the 15 congregations by his constitution Immensa Aeterni Dei.^[12]

Sixtine Vulgate and Septuagint

In May 1587, the Sixtine Septuagint was published under the auspices of Sixtus V.^[13]

In May 1590 the Sixtine Vulgate was issued.^[14] The edition was preceded by the Bull Aeternus ille, in which the Pope declared the authenticity of the new Bible.^[15]^[16] The bull stipulated "that it was to be considered as the authentic edition recommended by the Council of Trent, that it should be taken as the standard of all future reprints, and that all copies should be corrected by it."^[17] "This edition was not to be reprinted for 10 years except at the Vatican, and after that any edition must be compared with the Vatican edition, so that "not even the smallest particle should be altered, added or removed" under pain of the "greater excommunication."^[15] Jaroslav Pelikan, without giving any more details, says that this edition "proved to be so defective that it was withdrawn".^[18]

Consistories

Sixtus V created 33 cardinals in eight consistories during his reign, which included his grandnephew Alessandro Peretti di Montalto and his future successor Ippolito Aldobrandini who would later become Pope Clement VIII.

Beatifications and canonizations

During his pontificate, Sixtus V beatified Ubaldesca Taccini (1587) and canonized one saint, Didacus of Alcalá (10 July 1588).

Roman Curia

In 1588, Sixtus V published the bull Immensa Aeterni Dei which reorganised the Roman Curia into departments.

Foreign relations

In his larger political relations, Sixtus entertained fantastic ambitions, such as the annihilation of the Turks, the conquest of Egypt, the transport of the Holy Sepulchre to Italy, and the accession of his nephew to the throne of France. The situation in which he found himself was difficult: he could not countenance the designs of those he considered as heretical princes, and yet he mistrusted King Philip II of Spain and viewed with apprehension any extension of his power.^[5]

Sixtus agreed to renew the excommunication of Queen Elizabeth I of England, and to grant a large subsidy to the Armada of Philip II, but, knowing the slowness of Spain, would give nothing until the expedition actually landed in England. This way, he saved a fortune that would otherwise have been lost in the failed campaign. Sixtus had Cardinal William Allen draw up the An Admonition to the Nobility and People of England and Ireland, a proclamation to be published in England if the invasion had been successful. The extant document comprised all that could be said against Elizabeth I, and the indictment is therefore fuller and more forcible than any other put forward by the religious exiles, who were generally reticent in their complaints. Allen carefully consigned his publication to the fire, and it is only known of through one of Elizabeth's spies, who had stolen a copy.^[19]

Sixtus excommunicated King Henry III of Navarre, who was the heir presumptive to the throne of France,^[20] and contributed to the Catholic League, but he chafed under his forced alliance with King Philip II of Spain, and looked for an escape. The victories of Henry and the prospect of his conversion to Catholicism raised Sixtus V's hopes, and to a corresponding degree determined Philip II to tighten his grip upon his wavering ally. The Pope's negotiations with Henry's representative evoked a bitter and menacing protest and a categorical demand for the performance of promises. Sixtus took refuge in evasion and temporised until his death on 27 August 1590.^[5]

Contraception, abortion, and adultery

Sixtus extended the penalty of excommunication relating to the Roman Catholic Church's teaching on contraception and on abortion. While the Church taught that abortion and contraception were gravely sinful actions, it did not apply to all mortal sins the additional penalty of excommunication.^{[citation needed]}

Some theologians argued that only after proof of the "quickening" (when the mother can feel the fetus's movement in her womb, usually about 20 weeks into gestation) that there was incontrovertible evidence that ensoulment had already occurred. Until Sixtus V, canon lawyers had applied the code from Gratian whereby excommunications were only given to abortions after the quickening. In 1588 the pope issued a papal bull, Effraenatam or Effrenatam ("Without Restraint"), which declared that the canonical penalty of excommunication would be levied for any form of contraception and for abortions at any stage in fetal development.^[21] The reasoning on the latter would be that the soul of the unborn child would be denied Heaven.^[22]

Sixtus also attempted in 1586 to introduce into the secular law in Rome the Old Testament penalty for adultery, which is death. The measure ultimately failed.^[23]

Death and legacy

Sixtus V died on 27 August 1590 from malaria. The pope became ill with a fever on 24 August which intensified the following day.

As Sixtus V lay on his deathbed, he was loathed by his political subjects, but history has recognized him as one of the most important popes. On the negative side, he could be impulsive, obstinate, severe, and autocratic. On the positive side, he was open to large ideas and threw himself into his undertakings with energy and determination; this often led to success. His pontificate saw great enterprises and great achievements.^[5]

About 5,000 bandits were executed by Sixtus V in the five years before his death in 1590, but there were reputedly 27,000 more at liberty throughout Central Italy.^[24]

References

^ "Sixtus V. S.A. Bent, comp. 1887. Familiar Short Sayings of Great Men". www.bartleby.com. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
^ Richard P. McBrien, Lives of the Pope, (HarperCollins, 2000), 292.
^ Name and date information sourced from Library of Congress Authorities data, via corresponding WorldCat Identities linked authority file (LAF).
^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church – Biographical Dictionary – Consistory of 17 May 1570".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Collier, Theodore Freylinghuysen (1911). "Sixtus". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ "Termini" was the name given to that district, derived in turn from the ruins of the immense Baths of Diocletian (in Latin, thermae)
^ Ludwig Pastor, History of the Popes, St. Louis, 1898/99, vol 21, p.83
^ Duffy, Eamon (2006). Saints & Sinners : a History of the Popes (Third ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 218–222. ISBN 978-0-300-17503-5.
^ Petrucci, Armando (1993). Public Lettering. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 36. ISBN 9780226663869.
^ Fontana, Domenico (1590). "Della trasportatione dell'obelisco Vaticano et delle fabriche di Nostro Signore Papa Sisto V, fatte dal caualier Domenico Fontana architetto di Sua Santita, In Roma, 1590". appresso Domenico Basa. doi:10.3931/e-rara-117. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Drucker, Johanna (2010). "Species of Espaces and other spurious concepts addressed to reading invisible features of signs within systems of relations". Design and Culture. 2 (2): 135–153. doi:10.2752/175470710X12696138525541. S2CID 144253902.
^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - The Roman Curia". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
^ Swete, H. B. (1914). "Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek. Additional Notes. CHAPTER VI. PRINTED TEXTS OF THE SEPTUAGINT". Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Archived from the original on 3 November 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
^ Metzger, Bruce M. (1977). The Early Versions of the New Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 348.
^ ^a ^b "Vulgate in the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia". International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
^ Hastings, James (2004) [1898]. "Vulgate". A Dictionary of the Bible. Vol. 4, part 2 (Shimrath - Zuzim). Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific. p. 881. ISBN 978-1-4102-1729-5.
^ Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose; Edward Miller (1894). A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament. Vol. 2 (4 ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. p. 64.
^ Pelikan, Jaroslav Jan (1996). "1 : Sacred Philology". The reformation of the Bible, the Bible of the Reformation. Dallas : Bridwell Library; Internet Archive. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 14. ISBN 9780300066678.
^ Catholic encyclopedia, "Spanish Armada".
^ R.J. Knecht, Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France, 1574-89, (Routledge, 2016), 238.
^ [1] Archived 18 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Effraenatam in English". Who will not detest such an abhorrent and evil act, by which are lost not only the bodies but also the souls? (Popes believe in the limbo of the little ones) Who will not condemn to a most grave punishment the impiety of him who will exclude a soul created in the image of God and for which Our Lord Jesus Christ has shed His precious Blood, and which is capable of eternal happiness and is destined to be in the company of angels, from the blessed vision of God, and who has impeded as much as he could the filling up of heavenly mansions (left vacant by the fallen angels), and has taken away the service to God by His creature?
^ Diarmuid MacCulloch, Reformation: Europe's House Divided 1490–1700 (London, 2008)
^ Ruggiero, Guido (2006). A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 143. ISBN 1-4051-5783-6.

Sources

Ott, Michael (1912). "Pope Sixtus V" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Leti, Gregorio; Farneworth, Ellis (1779). The Life of Pope Sixtus the Fifth. Dublin.
Tempesti, Casamiro (1754). Storia della vita e geste di Sisto quinto, vol. I. Rome.

External links

Works

Contra exercentes astrologiae iudiciariae artem (in Latin). Bologna: eredi Antonio Blado. 1586.
Latin text of Effraenatum perditissimorum

Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Gregory XIII	Pope 24 April 1585 – 27 August 1590	Succeeded by Urban VII

[1] "Sixtus V. S.A. Bent, comp. 1887. Familiar Short Sayings of Great Men". www.bartleby.com. Retrieved 15 February 2022.

[2] Richard P. McBrien, Lives of the Pope, (HarperCollins, 2000), 292.

[3] Name and date information sourced from Library of Congress Authorities data, via corresponding WorldCat Identities linked authority file (LAF).

[Peretti-4] "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church – Biographical Dictionary – Consistory of 17 May 1570".

[EB1911-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Collier, Theodore Freylinghuysen (1911). "Sixtus". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

[6] "Termini" was the name given to that district, derived in turn from the ruins of the immense Baths of Diocletian (in Latin, thermae)

[7] Ludwig Pastor, History of the Popes, St. Louis, 1898/99, vol 21, p.83

[8] Duffy, Eamon (2006). Saints & Sinners : a History of the Popes (Third ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 218–222. ISBN 978-0-300-17503-5.

[9] Petrucci, Armando (1993). Public Lettering. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 36. ISBN 9780226663869.

[10] Fontana, Domenico (1590). "Della trasportatione dell'obelisco Vaticano et delle fabriche di Nostro Signore Papa Sisto V, fatte dal caualier Domenico Fontana architetto di Sua Santita, In Roma, 1590". appresso Domenico Basa. doi:10.3931/e-rara-117. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[11] Drucker, Johanna (2010). "Species of Espaces and other spurious concepts addressed to reading invisible features of signs within systems of relations". Design and Culture. 2 (2): 135–153. doi:10.2752/175470710X12696138525541. S2CID 144253902.

[12] "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - The Roman Curia". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved 11 October 2021.

[13] Swete, H. B. (1914). "Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek. Additional Notes. CHAPTER VI. PRINTED TEXTS OF THE SEPTUAGINT". Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Archived from the original on 3 November 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2019.

[:1-14] Metzger, Bruce M. (1977). The Early Versions of the New Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 348.

[:5-15] "Vulgate in the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia". International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 17 September 2019.

[:6-16] Hastings, James (2004) [1898]. "Vulgate". A Dictionary of the Bible. Vol. 4, part 2 (Shimrath - Zuzim). Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific. p. 881. ISBN 978-1-4102-1729-5.

[:3-17] Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose; Edward Miller (1894). A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament. Vol. 2 (4 ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. p. 64.

[:7-18] Pelikan, Jaroslav Jan (1996). "1 : Sacred Philology". The reformation of the Bible, the Bible of the Reformation. Dallas : Bridwell Library; Internet Archive. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 14. ISBN 9780300066678.

[19] Catholic encyclopedia, "Spanish Armada".

[20] R.J. Knecht, Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France, 1574-89, (Routledge, 2016), 238.

[faculty.cua.edu-21] [1] Archived 18 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine

[22] "Effraenatam in English". Who will not detest such an abhorrent and evil act, by which are lost not only the bodies but also the souls? (Popes believe in the limbo of the little ones) Who will not condemn to a most grave punishment the impiety of him who will exclude a soul created in the image of God and for which Our Lord Jesus Christ has shed His precious Blood, and which is capable of eternal happiness and is destined to be in the company of angels, from the blessed vision of God, and who has impeded as much as he could the filling up of heavenly mansions (left vacant by the fallen angels), and has taken away the service to God by His creature?

[23] Diarmuid MacCulloch, Reformation: Europe's House Divided 1490–1700 (London, 2008)

[24] Ruggiero, Guido (2006). A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 143. ISBN 1-4051-5783-6.

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 {{Use British English|date=August 2010}}
 {{Infobox Christian leader
-|type             = Pope
+| type = Pope
-|honorific-prefix = [[List of popes|Pope]]
+| honorific-prefix = [[List of popes|Pope]]
-|name             = Sixtus V
+| name = Sixtus V
-|title            = [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]
+| title = [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]]
-|image            = (Albi) Cathédrale Sainte-Cécile - Trèsor - Portrait du pape Sixte V - PalissyIM81001477.jpg
+| image = (Albi) Cathédrale Sainte-Cécile - Trèsor - Portrait du pape Sixte V - PalissyIM81001477.jpg
-|caption          = Sixtus V depicted in an anonymous 17th century painting, exhibited in the [[Albi Cathedral]]
+| caption = Sixtus V depicted in an anonymous 17th century painting, exhibited in the [[Albi Cathedral]]
-|birth_name       = Felice Piergentile, then Felice Peretti
+| birth_name = Felice Piergentile, then Felice Peretti
-|church           = [[Catholic Church]]
+| church = [[Catholic Church]]
-|term_start       = 24 April 1585
+| term_start = 24 April 1585
-|term_end         = 27 August 1590
+| term_end = 27 August 1590
-|predecessor      = [[Pope Gregory XIII|Gregory XIII]]
+| predecessor = [[Gregory XIII]]
-|successor        = [[Pope Urban VII|Urban VII]]
+| successor = [[Urban VII]]
-|ordination       = 1547
+| ordination = 1547
-|ordinated_by     =
+| ordinated_by =
-|consecration     = 12 January 1567
+| consecration = 12 January 1567
-|consecrated_by   = [[Antonio Lauro (bishop)|Antonio Lauro]]
+| consecrated_by = [[Antonio Lauro (bishop)|Antonio Lauro]]
-|cardinal         = 17 May 1570
+| cardinal = 17 May 1570
-|created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Pius V|Pius V]]
+| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Pius V|Pius V]]
-|birth_date       = {{birth date|1521|12|13|df=y}}
+| birth_date = {{birth date|1521|12|13|df=y}}
-|birth_place      = [[Grottammare]], [[Papal States]]
+| birth_place = [[Grottammare]], [[Papal States]]
-|death_date       = {{death date and age|1590|8|27|1521|12|13|df=y}}
+| death_date = {{death date and age|1590|8|27|1521|12|13|df=y}}
-|death_place      = [[Rome]], Papal States
+| death_place = [[Rome]], Papal States
+| honorific_suffix = [[Order of Friars Minor Conventual|O.F.M Conv]]
-|other            = Sixtus
+| other = Sixtus
-|previous_post    = {{unbulleted list|Bishop of [[Fermo]] (1571–1577)|Bishop of [[Sant'Agata de' Goti]] (1566–1571)|[[Cardinal-Priest]] of [[San Girolamo dei Croati]] (1570–1585)}}
+| previous_post = {{Indented plainlist|
-|motto            = ''Aqua et panis, vita canis'' (Water and bread are a dog’s life)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sixtus V. S.A. Bent, comp. 1887. Familiar Short Sayings of Great Men|url=https://www.bartleby.com/344/365.html|access-date=2022-02-15|website=www.bartleby.com}}</ref>
+* Bishop of [[Fermo]] (1571–1577)
-|coat_of_arms     = Coat of arms of Pope Sixtus V Peretti.svg
+* Bishop of [[Sant'Agata de' Goti]] (1566–1571)
+* [[Cardinal-Priest]] of [[San Girolamo dei Croati]] (1570–1585)
 }}
+| motto = ''Aqua et panis, vita canis'' (Water and bread are a dog’s life)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sixtus V. S.A. Bent, comp. 1887. Familiar Short Sayings of Great Men|url=https://www.bartleby.com/344/365.html|access-date=2022-02-15|website=www.bartleby.com}}</ref>
-'''Pope Sixtus V''' ({{lang-it|Sisto V}}; 13 December 1521 – 27 August 1590), born '''Felice Piergentile''', was head of the [[Catholic Church]] and ruler of the [[Papal States]] from 24 April 1585 to his death in  August 1590. As a youth, he joined the [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] order, where he displayed talents as a scholar and preacher, and enjoyed the patronage of [[Pope Pius V|Pius V]], who made him a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]]. As a cardinal, he was known as '''Cardinal Montalto'''.
+| coat_of_arms = C o a Sixtus V.svg
+| signature = Signature of Pope Sixtus V.svg
+}}
+{{Infobox popestyles
+|image            = C o a Sixtus V.svg
+|dipstyle         = [[His Holiness]]
+|offstyle         = Your Holiness
+|relstyle         = Holy Father
+|deathstyle       = None
+}}
+'''Pope Sixtus V''' ({{langx|it|Sisto V}}; 13 December 1521 – 27 August 1590), born '''Felice Piergentile''', was head of the [[Catholic Church]] and ruler of the [[Papal States]] from 24 April 1585 to his death, in August 1590. As a youth, he joined the [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] order, where he displayed talents as a scholar and preacher, and enjoyed the patronage of [[Pope Pius V|Pius V]], who made him a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]]. As a cardinal, he was known as '''Cardinal Montalto'''.
-As Pope, he energetically rooted out corruption and lawlessness across Rome, and launched a far-sighted rebuilding programme that continues to provoke controversy, as it involved the destruction of antiquities. The cost of these works was met by heavy taxation that caused much suffering. His foreign policy was regarded as over-ambitious, and he excommunicated both Queen [[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth I of England]] and King [[Henry IV of France]]. He is recognized as a significant figure of the [[Counter-Reformation]]. He is the most recent pope to date to take on the [[pontifical name]] "Sixtus".
+As Pope, he energetically rooted out corruption and lawlessness across Rome, and launched a far-sighted rebuilding programme that continues to provoke controversy, as it involved the destruction of antiquities. The cost of these works was met by heavy taxation which caused much suffering. His foreign policy was regarded as over-ambitious, and he excommunicated both Queen [[Elizabeth I]] of England and King [[Henry IV of France]]. He is recognized as a significant figure of the [[Counter-Reformation]]. He is the most recent pope to date to take on the [[pontifical name]] "Sixtus".
 ==Early life==
-Felice Piergentile was born on 13 December 1521 at [[Grottammare]], in the [[Papal States]],<ref>Richard P. McBrien, ''Lives of the Pope'', (HarperCollins, 2000), 292.</ref><ref>{{cite linked authority file|id=n80-49584|text=Name and date|access-date=20 August 2009}}</ref> to Francesco Piergentile (also known as Peretto di Montalto, from the city of origin [[Montalto delle Marche]]), and Mariana da Frontillo. His father had taken refuge in Grottammare to escape the oppression of the [[Duke of Urbino]], finding there a job as a gardener. Felice later adopted ''Peretti'' as his family name in 1551, and as a [[cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]] was known as "Cardinal Montalto" (to reflect his affection to his homeland).<ref name="Peretti">{{cite web|title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church – Biographical Dictionary – Consistory of 17 May 1570|url=http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1570.htm#Peretti}}</ref>
+Felice Piergentile was born on 13 December 1521 at [[Grottammare]], in the [[Papal States]],<ref>Richard P. McBrien, ''Lives of the Pope'', (HarperCollins, 2000), 292.</ref><ref>{{cite linked authority file|id=n80-49584|text=Name and date|access-date=20 August 2009}}</ref> to Francesco Piergentile (also known as Peretto di Montalto, from the city of origin [[Montalto delle Marche]]), and Mariana da Frontillo. His father had taken refuge in Grottammare to escape the oppression of the [[Duke of Urbino]], finding there a job as a gardener. Felice later adopted ''Peretti'' as his family name in 1551, and as a [[cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]] was known as "Cardinal Montalto" (to reflect his affection for his homeland).<ref name="Peretti">{{cite web|title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church – Biographical Dictionary – Consistory of 17 May 1570|url=http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1570.htm#Peretti}}</ref>
 ===Franciscan===
 At the age of 9 years, Felice returned to [[Montalto delle Marche|Montalto]] to join his uncle in the [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] Convent of San Francesco delle Fratte. At the age of 12, he was initiated as a novice of the [[Franciscan Order]], assuming the name of Fra Felice (Friar Felix) in 1535, maintaining his birth name. From this year, he started philosophical and theological studies, moving between different convents of the Order. He finally completed his studies in the Franciscan Magna Domus of [[Bologna]] on September 1544. Three years earlier he had been ordained as a deacon.
-About 1552 he was noticed by [[Cardinal Rodolfo Pio da Carpi]], Protector of the [[Franciscan order]], Cardinal Ghislieri (later [[Pope Pius V]]) and Cardinal Caraffa (later [[Pope Paul IV]]), and from that time his advancement was assured. He was sent to [[Venice]] as [[Inquisition|inquisitor general]] of the [[Venetian Holy Inquisition]],<ref name="EB1911" /> but was so severe and conducted matters in such a high-handed manner that he became embroiled in quarrels. In 1560, the Venetian government asked for his recall.
+About 1552 he was noticed by Cardinal [[Rodolfo Pio da Carpi]], Protector of the [[Franciscan order]], Cardinal Ghislieri (later [[Pope Pius V]]) and Cardinal Caraffa (later [[Pope Paul IV]]), and from that time his advancement was assured. He was sent to [[Venice]] as [[Inquisition|inquisitor general]] of the [[Venetian Holy Inquisition]],<ref name="EB1911" /> but was so severe and conducted matters in such a high-handed manner that he became embroiled in quarrels. In 1560, the Venetian government asked for his recall.
-After a brief term as [[wikt:procurator|procurator]] of his order, he was attached in 1565 to the papal legation to Spain headed by Cardinal Ugo Boncampagni (later [[Pope Gregory XIII]]) which was sent to investigate a charge of [[heresy]] levelled against [[Bartolomé Carranza]], [[Archbishop of Toledo]]. The violent dislike which Peretti conceived for Boncampagni had a marked influence upon his subsequent actions. He hurried back to Rome upon the accession of Pius V, who made him [[apostolic vicar]] of his order, and, later (1570), [[cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]].<ref name=EB1911/>
+After a brief term as [[Procurator (Catholic canon law)|procurator]] of his order, he was attached in 1565 to the papal legation to [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]] headed by Cardinal Ugo Boncampagni (later [[Pope Gregory XIII]]) which was sent to investigate a charge of [[heresy]] levelled against [[Bartolomé Carranza]], [[Archbishop of Toledo]]. The violent dislike which Peretti conceived for Boncampagni had a marked influence on his subsequent actions. He hurried back to Rome upon the accession of Pius V, who made him [[apostolic vicar]] of his order and then, in 1570, [[cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]].<ref name=EB1911/>
 ===Cardinal===
-During the pontificate of his political enemy Gregory XIII (1572–1585), Cardinal Montalto, as he was generally called, lived in enforced retirement, occupied with the care of his property,<ref name=EB1911/> the Villa Montalto, erected by [[Domenico Fontana]] close to the cardinal's beloved church on the [[Esquiline Hill]], overlooking the ancient [[Baths of Diocletian]]. The first phase (1576–1580) of building was enlarged after Peretti became pope and was able to [[Urban renewal|clear buildings to open four new streets]] in 1585–86. The villa contained two residences, the ''Palazzo Sistino'' or "Palazzo di Termini"<ref>"Termini" was the name given to that district, derived in turn from the ruins of the immense [[Baths of Diocletian]] (in [[Latin language|Latin]], ''[[thermae]]'')</ref> and the casino, called the ''Palazzetto Montalto e Felice''.
+During the pontificate of his political enemy Gregory XIII (1572–1585), Cardinal Montalto, as he was generally called, lived in enforced retirement, occupied with the care of his property,<ref name=EB1911/> the Villa Montalto, erected by [[Domenico Fontana]] close to the cardinal's beloved church on the [[Esquiline Hill]], overlooking the ancient [[Baths of Diocletian]]. The first phase (1576–1580) of the building was enlarged after Peretti became pope and was able to [[Urban renewal|clear buildings to open four new streets]] in 1585–86. The villa contained two residences, the ''Palazzo Sistino'' or "Palazzo di Termini"<ref>"Termini" was the name given to that district, derived in turn from the ruins of the immense [[Baths of Diocletian]] (in [[Latin language|Latin]], ''[[thermae]]'')</ref> and the casino, called the ''Palazzetto Montalto e Felice''.
-This clearance programme was an undoubted gain in the relief it brought to the congestion of the crowded medieval city. Clearly, however, Romans displaced by it were furious, and resentment was still felt centuries later, until the decision was taken to build the [[Roma Termini railway station|central railroad station]], inaugurated by [[Pope Pius IX]] in 1863, the chosen site being the area of the Villa, which became doomed to destruction.
+This clearance programme was an undoubted gain in the relief it brought to the congestion of the crowded medieval city. Clearly, however, Romans displaced by it were furious, and resentment was still felt centuries later until the decision was taken to build [[Roma Termini railway station]], inaugurated by [[Pope Pius IX]] in 1863, on the site of the Villa, which became doomed to destruction.
 Cardinal Montalto's other occupation at this period was with his studies, one of the fruits of which was an edition of the works of [[Ambrose]].<ref name=EB1911/> As pope he would personally supervise the printing of an improved edition of Jerome's [[Vulgate]].
@@ Line 54: / Line 69: @@
 ===Election as pope===
 {{main|1585 papal conclave}}
-[[File:His Holiness Pope Sixtus V unidentified artist.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Portrait of Sixtus V in the [[Vatican Museums]]]]
+[[File:His Holiness Pope Sixtus V Pietro Fachetti.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Portrait of Sixtus V in the [[Vatican Museums]]]]
-Though not neglecting to follow the course of affairs, Felice carefully avoided every occasion of offence. This discretion contributed not a little to his election to the papacy on 24 April 1585, with the title of Sixtus V to honor [[Pope Sixtus IV]], also a Franciscan like himself. One of the things that commended his candidacy to certain cardinals may have been his physical vigour, which seemed to promise a long pontificate.<ref name=EB1911/> His [[papal coronation]] was held on 1 May 1585 and he was crowned by the [[protodeacon]] [[Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Ferdinando de' Medici]].
+Though not neglecting to follow the course of affairs, Felice carefully avoided every occasion of offence. This discretion contributed not a little to his election to the papacy on 24 April 1585, with the title of Sixtus V to honour [[Pope Sixtus IV]], also a Franciscan like himself. One of the things that commended his candidacy to certain cardinals may have been his physical vigour, which seemed to promise a long pontificate.<ref name=EB1911/> His [[papal coronation]] was held on 1 May 1585 and he was crowned by the [[protodeacon]] [[Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Ferdinando de' Medici]].
 ===Reforms in the city of Rome===
-The terrible condition in which [[Pope Gregory XIII]] had left the [[Papal States]] called for prompt and stern measures. Sixtus proceeded with an almost ferocious severity against the prevailing lawlessness. Thousands of [[brigand]]s were brought to justice: within a short time the country was again quiet and safe.<ref name=EB1911/> It was claimed<ref>Ludwig Pastor, ''History of the Popes'', St. Louis, 1898/99, vol 21, p.83</ref> that there were more heads on spikes across the Ponte Sant'Angelo than melons for sale in the marketplace. And clergy and nuns were executed if they broke their vows of chastity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Duffy |first=Eamon |url=https://archive.org/details/00book1593273669/mode/1up |title=Saints & Sinners : a History of the Popes |date=2006 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-17503-5 |edition=Third|location=New Haven |pages=218–222}}</ref>
+The terrible condition in which [[Pope Gregory XIII]] had left the [[Papal States]] called for prompt and stern measures. Sixtus proceeded with an almost ferocious severity against the prevailing lawlessness. Thousands of [[brigand]]s were brought to justice: within a short time, the country was again quiet and safe.<ref name=EB1911/> It was claimed<ref>Ludwig Pastor, ''History of the Popes'', St. Louis, 1898/99, vol 21, p.83</ref> that there were more heads on spikes across the [[Ponte Sant'Angelo]] than melons for sale in the marketplace. And clergy and nuns were executed if they broke their vows of chastity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Duffy |first=Eamon |url=https://archive.org/details/00book1593273669/mode/1up |title=Saints & Sinners : a History of the Popes |date=2006 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-17503-5 |edition=Third|location=New Haven |pages=218–222}}</ref>
-Next Sixtus set to work to repair the finances. By the sale of offices, the establishment of new "Monti" and by levying new taxes, he accumulated a vast surplus, which he stored up against certain specified emergencies, such as a [[crusade]] or the defence of the [[Holy See]]. Sixtus prided himself upon his hoard, but the method by which it had been amassed was financially unsound: some of the taxes proved ruinous, and the withdrawal of so much money from circulation could not fail to cause distress.<ref name=EB1911/>
+Next Sixtus set to work to repair the finances. By the sale of offices, the establishment of a new "Monti" and by levying new taxes, he accumulated a vast surplus, which he stored up against certain specified emergencies, such as a [[crusade]] or the defence of the [[Holy See]]. Sixtus prided himself upon his hoard, but the method by which it had been amassed was financially unsound: some of the taxes proved ruinous, and the withdrawal of so much money from circulation could not fail to cause distress.<ref name=EB1911/>
-Immense sums were spent upon public works,<ref name=EB1911/> in carrying through the comprehensive planning that had come to fruition during his retirement, bringing water to the waterless hills in the [[Acqua Felice]], feeding twenty-seven new fountains; laying out new arteries in Rome, which connected the great basilicas, even setting his engineer-architect Domenico Fontana to replan the [[Colosseum]] as a silk-spinning factory housing its workers.
+Immense sums were spent upon public works,<ref name=EB1911/> in carrying through the comprehensive planning that had come to fruition during his retirement, bringing water to the waterless hills via his new [[Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]], the [[Acqua Felice]] which fed twenty-seven new fountains; laying out new arteries in Rome, which connected the great basilicas, even setting his engineer-architect [[Domenico Fontana]] to replan the [[Colosseum]] as a silk-spinning factory housing its workers.
-Inspired by the ideal of the Renaissance city, Pope Sixtus V's ambitious urban reform programme transformed the old environment to emulate the "long straight streets, wide regular spaces, uniformity and repetitiveness of structures, lavish use of commemorative and ornamental elements, and maximum visibility from both linear and circular perspective."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Public Lettering|url=https://archive.org/details/publicletterings0000petr|url-access=registration|last=Petrucci|first=Armando|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1993|location=Chicago|page=[https://archive.org/details/publicletterings0000petr/page/36 36]|isbn=9780226663869 }}</ref> The Pope set no limit to his plans, and achieved much in his short pontificate, always carried through at top speed: the completion of the dome of [[St. Peter's Basilica|St. Peter's]]; the [[loggia]] of Sixtus in the [[Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano]]; the chapel of the Praesepe in [[Santa Maria Maggiore]]; additions or repairs to the [[Quirinal]], [[Lateran]] and [[Vatican City|Vatican]] palaces; the erection of four [[obelisk]]s, including that in [[Saint Peter's Square]]; the opening of six streets; the restoration of the [[Roman aqueduct|aqueduct]] of [[Septimius Severus]] ("[[Acqua Felice]]");<ref name=EB1911/> the integration of the [[Leonine City]] in Rome as XIV [[rione]] ([[Borgo (rione of Rome)|Borgo]]).<ref>{{cite journal| url = https://dx.doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-117| title = Della trasportatione dell'obelisco Vaticano et delle fabriche di Nostro Signore Papa Sisto V, fatte dal caualier Domenico Fontana architetto di Sua Santita, In Roma, 1590| year = 1590| doi = 10.3931/e-rara-117| last1 = Fontana| first1 = Domenico| publisher = appresso Domenico Basa}}</ref>
+Inspired by the ideal of the Renaissance city, Pope Sixtus V's ambitious urban reform programme transformed the old environment to emulate the "long straight streets, wide regular spaces, uniformity and repetitiveness of structures, lavish use of commemorative and ornamental elements, and maximum visibility from both linear and circular perspective."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Public Lettering|url=https://archive.org/details/publicletterings0000petr|url-access=registration|last=Petrucci|first=Armando|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1993|location=Chicago|page=[https://archive.org/details/publicletterings0000petr/page/36 36]|isbn=9780226663869 }}</ref> The Pope set no limit to his plans, and achieved much in his short pontificate, always carried through at top speed: the completion of the dome of [[St. Peter's Basilica|St. Peter's]]; the [[loggia]] of Sixtus in the [[Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano]]; the chapel of the Praesepe in [[Santa Maria Maggiore]]; additions or repairs to the [[Quirinal Palace|Quirinal]], [[Lateran Palace|Lateran]] and [[Apostolic Palace|Vatican]] palaces; the erection of four [[List of obelisks in Rome|obelisk]]s, including that in [[Saint Peter's Square]]; the opening of six streets; the restoration of the [[Roman aqueduct|aqueduct]] of [[Septimius Severus]] ("[[Acqua Felice]]");<ref name=EB1911/> the integration of the [[Leonine City]] in Rome as XIV [[rione]] ([[Borgo (rione of Rome)|Borgo]]).<ref>{{cite journal| url = https://dx.doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-117| title = Della trasportatione dell'obelisco Vaticano et delle fabriche di Nostro Signore Papa Sisto V, fatte dal caualier Domenico Fontana architetto di Sua Santita, In Roma, 1590| year = 1590| doi = 10.3931/e-rara-117| last1 = Fontana| first1 = Domenico| publisher = appresso Domenico Basa}}</ref>
-Besides numerous roads and bridges,<ref name=EB1911/> he sweetened the city air by financing the reclamation of the [[Pontine Marshes]]. Consequently, the spatial organization, monumental inscriptions and restorations throughout the city reinforced the control, surveillance, and authority that alluded to the power of Pope Sixtus&nbsp;V.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Drucker|first=Johanna|year=2010|title=Species of Espaces and other spurious concepts addressed to reading invisible features of signs within systems of relations|journal=Design and Culture|volume=2|issue=2|pages=135–153|doi=10.2752/175470710X12696138525541|s2cid=144253902}}</ref> Good progress was made, with more than {{convert|9500|acre|km2}} reclaimed and opened to agriculture and manufacture. The project was abandoned upon his death.
+Besides numerous roads and bridges,<ref name=EB1911/> he improved the city's air by financing the reclamation of the [[Pontine Marshes]]. Good progress was made, with more than {{convert|9500|acre|km2}} reclaimed and opened to agriculture and manufacture. The project was abandoned upon his death.
+[[Image:Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae- The Septizodium MET DP870380.jpg|thumb|A fragment of the Septizonium is shown in this engraving dating to 1582.]]
+[[File:Stourhead_PopesCabinet_NT_CCBYSA_open.jpg|thumb|Pope's Cabinet at Stourhead, built for Sixtus V]]
-Sixtus had no appreciation of antiquities, which were employed as raw material to serve his urbanistic and Christianising programs: [[Trajan's Column]] and the [[Column of Marcus Aurelius]] (at the time misidentified as the [[Column of Antoninus Pius]]) were made to serve as pedestals for the statues of SS Peter and Paul; the [[Minerva]] of the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]] was converted into an emblem of ''Christian Rome''; the [[Septizodium]] of [[Septimius Severus]] was demolished for its building materials.<ref name=EB1911/>
+Sixtus had no appreciation of antiquities, which were employed as raw material to serve his urbanistic and Christianising programs: [[Trajan's Column]] and the [[Column of Marcus Aurelius]] (at the time misidentified as the [[Column of Antoninus Pius]]) were made to serve as pedestals for the statues of SS Peter and Paul; the [[Minerva]] of the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]] was converted into an emblem of ''Christian Rome''; the [[Septizodium]] of [[Septimius Severus]] was demolished for building materials.<ref name=EB1911/>
+The spatial organization, monumental inscriptions and restorations throughout the city reinforced the control, surveillance, and authority that alluded to his power.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Drucker|first=Johanna|year=2010|title=Species of Espaces and other spurious concepts addressed to reading invisible features of signs within systems of relations|journal=Design and Culture|volume=2|issue=2|pages=135–153|doi=10.2752/175470710X12696138525541|s2cid=144253902}}</ref>
 ===Church administration===
-The subsequent administrative system of the Catholic Church owed much to Sixtus. He limited the [[College of Cardinals]] to seventy. He doubled the number of the congregations and enlarged their functions, assigning to them the principal role in the transaction of business (1588). He regarded the [[Jesuits]] with disfavour and suspicion. He mediated radical changes to their constitution, but death prevented the execution of his purpose.<ref name=EB1911/>
+The subsequent administrative system of the Catholic Church owed much to Sixtus. He limited the [[College of Cardinals]] to seventy. He doubled the number of the congregations and enlarged their functions, assigning to them the principal role in the transaction of business (1588). He regarded the [[Jesuits]] with disfavour and suspicion. He considered radical changes to their constitution, but death prevented the execution of his purpose.<ref name=EB1911/>
 In 1588, he established the 15 [[Congregation (Roman Curia)|congregations]] by his constitution ''[[Immensa Aeterni Dei]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - The Roman Curia|url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/curia.htm|access-date=2021-10-11|website=cardinals.fiu.edu}}</ref>
@@ Line 78: / Line 97: @@
 {{Main|Sixtine Vulgate|Roman Septuagint}}
 {{See also|Sixto-Clementine Vulgate|Nova Vulgata}}
-In May 1587, the [[Sixtine Septuagint]] was published under the auspices of Sixtus V.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ftp.ccel.org/ccel/swete/greekot.iii.vi.html|title=Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek. Additional Notes. CHAPTER VI. PRINTED TEXTS OF THE SEPTUAGINT.|last=Swete|first=H. B.|author-link=Henry Barclay Swete|date=1914|website=Christian Classics Ethereal Library|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103215554/http://ftp.ccel.org/ccel/swete/greekot.iii.vi.html|archive-date=3 November 2019|access-date=2019-11-03}}</ref>
+In May 1587, the Sixtine Septuagint was published under the auspices of Sixtus V.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ftp.ccel.org/ccel/swete/greekot.iii.vi.html|title=Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek. Additional Notes. CHAPTER VI. PRINTED TEXTS OF THE SEPTUAGINT.|last=Swete|first=H. B.|author-link=Henry Barclay Swete|date=1914|website=Christian Classics Ethereal Library|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103215554/http://ftp.ccel.org/ccel/swete/greekot.iii.vi.html|archive-date=3 November 2019|access-date=2019-11-03}}</ref>
-In May 1590 the [[Sixtine Vulgate]] was issued.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The Early Versions of the New Testament|last=Metzger|first=Bruce M.|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1977|location=Oxford|pages=348|author-link=Bruce M. Metzger}}</ref>
-The edition was preceded by the Bull ''[https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Aeternus_Ille Aeternus ille]'', in which the Pope declared the authenticity of the new Bible.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.internationalstandardbible.com/V/vulgate.html|title=Vulgate in the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia.|website=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online|language=en|access-date=17 September 2019}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yk1CKgPRKtAC&pg=PA881|title=A Dictionary of the Bible|last=Hastings|first=James|date=2004|publisher=University Press of the Pacific|isbn=978-1-4102-1729-5|volume=4, part 2 (Shimrath - Zuzim)|location=Honolulu, Hawaii|page=881|language=en|chapter=Vulgate|author-link=James Hastings|orig-year=1898}}</ref> The bull stipulated "that it was to be considered as the authentic edition recommended by the [[Council of Trent]], that it should be taken as the standard of all future reprints, and that all copies should be corrected by it."<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament|last=Scrivener|first=Frederick Henry Ambrose|author2=Edward Miller|publisher=[[George Bell & Sons]]|year=1894|edition=4|volume=2|location=London|page=64|author-link=Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener|title-link=A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament}}</ref> "This edition was not to be reprinted for 10 years except at the Vatican, and after that any edition must be compared with the Vatican edition, so that 'not even the smallest particle should be altered, added or removed' under pain of the 'greater [[Excommunication (Catholic Church)|excommunication]].{{' "}}<ref name=":5" />
-[[Jaroslav Pelikan]], without giving any more details, says that this edition "proved to be so defective that it was [[Sixto-Clementine Vulgate|withdrawn]]".<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://archive.org/details/reformationofbib0000peli|title=The reformation of the Bible, the Bible of the Reformation|last=Pelikan|first=Jaroslav Jan|date=1996|publisher=Yale University Press|others=Dallas : Bridwell Library; Internet Archive|location=New Haven|pages=14|chapter=1 : Sacred Philology|isbn=9780300066678 |author-link=Jaroslav Pelikan}}</ref>
+In May 1590 the Sixtine Vulgate was issued.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The Early Versions of the New Testament|last=Metzger|first=Bruce M.|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1977|location=Oxford|pages=348|author-link=Bruce M. Metzger}}</ref> The edition was preceded by the Bull ''Aeternus ille'', in which the Pope declared the authenticity of the new Bible.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.internationalstandardbible.com/V/vulgate.html|title=Vulgate in the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia.|website=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online|language=en|access-date=17 September 2019}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yk1CKgPRKtAC&pg=PA881|title=A Dictionary of the Bible|last=Hastings|first=James|date=2004|publisher=University Press of the Pacific|isbn=978-1-4102-1729-5|volume=4, part 2 (Shimrath - Zuzim)|location=Honolulu, Hawaii|page=881|language=en|chapter=Vulgate|author-link=James Hastings|orig-year=1898}}</ref> The bull stipulated "that it was to be considered as the authentic edition recommended by the [[Council of Trent]], that it should be taken as the standard of all future reprints, and that all copies should be corrected by it."<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament|last=Scrivener|first=Frederick Henry Ambrose|author2=Edward Miller|publisher=[[George Bell & Sons]]|year=1894|edition=4|volume=2|location=London|page=64|author-link=Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener|title-link=A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament}}</ref> "This edition was not to be reprinted for 10 years except at the Vatican, and after that any edition must be compared with the Vatican edition, so that "not even the smallest particle should be altered, added or removed" under pain of the "greater [[Excommunication (Catholic Church)|excommunication]]."<ref name=":5" /> [[Jaroslav Pelikan]], without giving any more details, says that this edition "proved to be so defective that it was withdrawn".<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://archive.org/details/reformationofbib0000peli|title=The reformation of the Bible, the Bible of the Reformation|last=Pelikan|first=Jaroslav Jan|date=1996|publisher=Yale University Press|others=Dallas : Bridwell Library; Internet Archive|location=New Haven|pages=14|chapter=1 : Sacred Philology|isbn=9780300066678 |author-link=Jaroslav Pelikan}}</ref>
 ===Consistories===
 {{main|Cardinals created by Sixtus V}}
-Sixtus V created 33 cardinals in eight consistories during his reign, which included his grandnephew [[Alessandro Peretti di Montalto]] and his future successor [[Pope Clement VIII|Ippolito Aldobrandini]] who would later become Pope Clement VIII.
+Sixtus V created 33 cardinals in eight [[Papal consistory|consistories]] during his reign, which included his grandnephew [[Alessandro Peretti di Montalto]] and his future successor [[Pope Clement VIII|Ippolito Aldobrandini]] who would later become Pope Clement VIII.
 ===Beatifications and canonizations===
-During his pontificate, Sixtus V beatified [[Saint Ubaldesca Taccini|Ubaldesca Taccini]] (1587) and canonized one saint, [[Didacus of Alcalá]] (10 July 1588).
+During his pontificate, Sixtus V [[beatified]] [[Saint Ubaldesca Taccini|Ubaldesca Taccini]] (1587) and [[canonized]] one saint, [[Didacus of Alcalá]] (10 July 1588).
 === Roman Curia ===
-In 1588, Sixtus V published the bull ''[[Immensa Aeterni Dei]]'' which reorganised the Roman Curia into departments.
+In 1588, Sixtus V published the [[Papal bull|bull]] ''[[Immensa Aeterni Dei]]'' which reorganised the [[Roman Curia]] into departments.
 ===Foreign relations===
 [[File:Portrait of Pope Sixtus V Met DP885760.jpg|thumb|Sixtus V in an engraving of [[Pietro Facchetti]] (1585)]]
-In his larger political relations, Sixtus entertained fantastic ambitions, such as the annihilation of the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]], the conquest of [[Egypt]], the transport of the [[Holy Sepulchre]] to Italy, and the accession of his nephew to the throne of France. The situation in which he found himself was difficult: he could not countenance the designs of those he considered as heretical princes, and yet he mistrusted King [[Philip II of Spain]] and viewed with apprehension any extension of his power.<ref name=EB1911/>
+In his larger political relations, Sixtus entertained fantastic ambitions, such as the annihilation of the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]], the conquest of [[Ottoman Egypt|Egypt]], the transport of the [[Holy Sepulchre]] to Italy, and the accession of his nephew to the throne of France. The situation in which he found himself was difficult: he could not countenance the designs of those he considered as [[Heresy in the Catholic Church|heretical]] princes, and yet he mistrusted King [[Philip II of Spain]] and viewed with apprehension any extension of his power.<ref name=EB1911/>
-Sixtus agreed to renew the [[excommunication]] of Queen [[Elizabeth I of England]], and to grant a large subsidy to the [[Spanish Armada|Armada]] of Philip II, but, knowing the slowness of Spain, would give nothing until the expedition actually landed in England. This way, he saved a fortune that would otherwise have been lost in the failed campaign. Sixtus had Cardinal [[William Allen (cardinal)|William Allen]] draw up the ''[[An Admonition to the Nobility and People of England and Ireland]]'', a proclamation to be published in England if the invasion had been successful. The extant document comprised all that could be said against Elizabeth I, and the indictment is therefore fuller and more forcible than any other put forward by the religious exiles, who were generally reticent in their complaints. Allen carefully consigned his publication to the fire, and it is only known of through one of Elizabeth's spies, who had stolen a copy.<ref>''Catholic encyclopedia'', "[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01727c.htm Spanish Armada]".</ref>
+Sixtus agreed to renew the [[Excommunication in the Catholic Church|excommunication]] of Queen [[Elizabeth I of England]], and to grant a large subsidy to the [[Spanish Armada|Armada]] of Philip II, but, knowing the slowness of Spain, would give nothing until the expedition actually landed in England. This way, he saved a fortune that would otherwise have been lost in the failed campaign. Sixtus had Cardinal [[William Allen (cardinal)|William Allen]] draw up the ''[[An Admonition to the Nobility and People of England and Ireland]]'', a proclamation to be published in England if the invasion had been successful. The extant document comprised all that could be said against Elizabeth I, and the indictment is therefore fuller and more forcible than any other put forward by the religious exiles, who were generally reticent in their complaints. Allen carefully consigned his publication to the fire, and it is only known of through one of Elizabeth's spies, who had stolen a copy.<ref>''Catholic encyclopedia'', "[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01727c.htm Spanish Armada]".</ref>
-Sixtus excommunicated King [[Henry III of Navarre]], who was the [[heir presumptive]] to the throne of France,<ref>R.J. Knecht, ''Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France, 1574-89'', (Routledge, 2016), 238.</ref> and contributed to the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic League]], but he chafed under his forced alliance with King Philip II of Spain, and looked for escape. The victories of Henry and the prospect of his conversion to Catholicism raised Sixtus V's hopes, and in corresponding degree determined Philip II to tighten his grip upon his wavering ally. The Pope's negotiations with Henry's representative evoked a bitter and menacing protest and a categorical demand for the performance of promises. Sixtus took refuge in evasion, and temporised until his death on 27 August 1590.<ref name=EB1911/>
+Sixtus excommunicated King [[Henry III of Navarre]], who was the [[heir presumptive]] to the throne of France,<ref>R.J. Knecht, ''Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France, 1574-89'', (Routledge, 2016), 238.</ref> and contributed to the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic League]], but he chafed under his forced alliance with King Philip II of Spain, and looked for an escape. The victories of Henry and the prospect of his conversion to Catholicism raised Sixtus V's hopes, and to a corresponding degree determined Philip II to tighten his grip upon his wavering ally. The Pope's negotiations with Henry's representative evoked a bitter and menacing protest and a categorical demand for the performance of promises. Sixtus took refuge in evasion and temporised until his death on 27 August 1590.<ref name=EB1911/>
 ===Contraception, abortion, and adultery===
-Sixtus extended the penalty of excommunication relating to the Roman Catholic Church's teaching on contraception and abortion. While the Church taught that abortion and contraception were gravely sinful actions ("mortal sins"), it did not apply to all mortal sins the additional penalty of [[excommunication]]{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}. Although homicide had always required this penalty, contraception had not. Patristic and medieval theologians and physicians had long speculated and debated over the exact moment the fertilised egg became a human being.
+Sixtus extended the penalty of excommunication relating to the Roman Catholic Church's teaching [[Christian views on birth control#Roman Catholicism|on contraception]] and [[Catholic Church and abortion|on abortion]]. While the Church taught that abortion and contraception were gravely sinful actions, it did not apply to all mortal sins the additional penalty of [[Excommunication in the Catholic Church|excommunication]].{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}
+Some theologians argued that only after proof of the "quickening" (when the mother can feel the fetus's movement in her womb, usually about 20 weeks into gestation) that there was incontrovertible evidence that ensoulment had already occurred. Until Sixtus V, canon lawyers had applied the code from [[Gratian]] whereby excommunications were only given to abortions after the quickening. In 1588 the pope issued a papal bull, ''Effraenatam'' or ''Effrenatam'' ("Without Restraint"), which declared that the canonical penalty of excommunication would be levied for any form of contraception and for abortions at any stage in fetal development.<ref name="faculty.cua.edu">[http://faculty.cua.edu/Pennington/Law111/CatholicHistory.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218195040/http://faculty.cua.edu/Pennington/Law111/CatholicHistory.htm|date=18 February 2012}}</ref> The reasoning on the latter would be that the soul of the unborn child would be denied Heaven.<ref>{{cite web|title=Effraenatam in English|url=http://iteadjmj.com/aborto/eng-prn.html|quote=Who will not detest such an abhorrent and evil act, by which are lost not only the bodies but also the souls? (Popes believe in the limbo of the little ones) Who will not condemn to a most grave punishment the impiety of him who will exclude a soul created in the image of God and for which Our Lord Jesus Christ has shed His precious Blood, and which is capable of eternal happiness and is destined to be in the company of angels, from the blessed vision of God, and who has impeded as much as he could the filling up of heavenly mansions (left vacant by the fallen angels), and has taken away the service to God by His creature?}}</ref>
-While there was broad agreement among them that life was present at conception and that it could only become a human being, the thinking was that this did not necessarily mean God had infused the rational, immortal soul into the body at conception. Following [[Aristotle]], many in the West had theorized that the matter had to be prepared to a certain point before this could happen and, prior to then, there was only a vegetative or sensitive soul, but not a human soul. This meant that killing an organism before the human soul is infused would still be a grave sin of abortion (or at least contraception), but that it was not properly a homicide and, thus, did not require excommunication{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}.
-Some theologians argued that only after proof of the "quickening" (when the mother can feel the fetus's movement in her womb, usually about 20 weeks into gestation) that there was incontrovertible evidence that ensoulment had already occurred. Until Sixtus V, canon lawyers had applied the code from [[Gratian]] whereby excommunications were only given to abortions after the quickening. In 1588 the pope issued a papal bull, ''Effraenatam'' or ''Effrenatam'' ("Without Restraint"), which declared that the canonical penalty of excommunication would be levied for any form of contraception and for abortions at any stage in fetal development.<ref name="faculty.cua.edu">[http://faculty.cua.edu/Pennington/Law111/CatholicHistory.htm] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218195040/http://faculty.cua.edu/Pennington/Law111/CatholicHistory.htm |date=18 February 2012 }}</ref> The reasoning on the latter would be that the soul of the unborn child would be denied Heaven.<ref>{{cite web|title=Effraenatam in English|url=http://iteadjmj.com/aborto/eng-prn.html|quote=Who will not detest such an abhorrent and evil act, by which are lost not only the bodies but also the souls? (Popes believe in the limbo of the little ones) Who will not condemn to a most grave punishment the impiety of him who will exclude a soul created in the image of God and for which Our Lord Jesus Christ has shed His precious Blood, and which is capable of eternal happiness and is destined to be in the company of angels, from the blessed vision of God, and who has impeded as much as he could the filling up of heavenly mansions (left vacant by the fallen angels), and has taken away the service to God by His creature?}}</ref>
 Sixtus also attempted in 1586 to introduce into the secular law in Rome the [[Old Testament]] penalty for [[adultery]], which is death. The measure ultimately failed.<ref>Diarmuid MacCulloch, ''Reformation: Europe's House Divided 1490–1700'' (London, 2008)</ref>
 ===Death and legacy===
-Sixtus V died on 27 August 1590 from [[malaria]]. The pope became ill with a fever on 24 August; it intensified the following day.
+Sixtus V died on 27 August 1590 from [[malaria]]. The pope became ill with a fever on 24 August which intensified the following day.
 As Sixtus V lay on his deathbed, he was loathed by his political subjects, but history has recognized him as one of the most important popes. On the negative side, he could be impulsive, obstinate, severe, and autocratic. On the positive side, he was open to large ideas and threw himself into his undertakings with energy and determination; this often led to success. His pontificate saw great enterprises and great achievements.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911 |wstitle=Sixtus |volume=25|first=Theodore Freylinghuysen |last=Collier |inline=1}}</ref>
-The changes wrought by Sixtus on the street plan of Rome were documented in a film, ''Rome: Impact of an Idea'', featuring [[Edmund N. Bacon]] and based on sections of his book ''[[Design of Cities]]''.
 About 5,000 [[Brigandage|bandits]] were executed by Sixtus V in the five years before his death in 1590, but there were reputedly 27,000 more at liberty throughout [[Central Italy]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ruggiero |first=Guido |author-link=Guido Ruggiero |year=2006 |title=A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |page=143 |isbn=1-4051-5783-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NfCn4RwVUssC&pg=PA143}}</ref>
+== See also ==
-He was the last pope to date to use the name Sixtus.
+* [[Cardinals created by Sixtus V]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 160: / Line 172: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Sixtus 5}}
+{{Portalbar|Biography|Catholicism|Christianity|History|Italy|Politics}}
 [[Category:Pope Sixtus V| ]]
 [[Category:1521 births]]

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