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*Four Freedoms*, a series of 1943 paintings by Norman Rockwell honoring Franklin D. Roosevelt's Four Freedoms, meant to describe the freedoms for which allied nations fought in World War II.

Freedom is the power or right to speak, act and change as one wants without hindrance or restraint. Freedom is often associated with liberty and autonomy in the sense of "giving oneself one's own laws".^[1]

In one definition, something is "free" if it can change and is not constrained in its present state. Physicists and chemists use the word in this sense.^[2] In its origin, the English word "freedom" relates etymologically to the word "friend".^[2] Philosophy and religion sometimes associate it with free will, as an alternative to determinism or predestination.^[3]

In modern liberal nations, freedom is considered a right, especially freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom of the press.

Types

In political discourse, political freedom is often associated with liberty and autonomy, and a distinction is made between countries that are free of dictatorships. In the area of civil rights, a strong distinction is made between freedom and slavery and there is conflict between people who think all races, religions, genders, and social classes should be equally free and people who think freedom is the exclusive right of certain groups. Frequently discussed are freedom of assembly, freedom of association, freedom of choice, and freedom of speech.

Liberty

Sometimes the terms "freedom" and "liberty" tend to be used interchangeably.^[4]^[5] Sometimes subtle distinctions are made between "freedom" and "liberty"^[6] John Stuart Mill, for example, differentiated liberty from freedom in that freedom is primarily, if not exclusively, the ability to do as one wills and what one has the power to do, whereas liberty concerns the absence of arbitrary restraints and takes into account the rights of all involved. As such, the exercise of liberty is subject to capability and limited by the rights of others.^[7]

Isaiah Berlin made a distinction between "positive" freedom and "negative" freedom in his seminal 1958 lecture "Two concepts of liberty". Charles Taylor elaborates that negative liberty means an ability to do what one wants, without external obstacles and positive liberty is the ability to fulfill one's purposes.^[8]^[9] Another way to describe negative liberty is freedom from limiting forces (such as freedom from fear, freedom from want, and freedom from discrimination), but descriptions of freedom and liberty generally do not invoke having liberty from anything.^[5]

Wendy Hui Kyong Chun explains these differences in terms of their relation to institutions:

"Liberty is linked to human subjectivity; freedom is not. The Declaration of Independence, for example, describes men as having liberty and the nation as being free. Free will—the quality of being free from the control of fate or necessity—may first have been attributed to human will, but Newtonian physics attributes freedom—degrees of freedom, free bodies—to objects."^[10]

"Freedom differs from liberty as control differs from discipline. Liberty, like discipline, is linked to institutions and political parties, whether liberal or libertarian; freedom is not. Although freedom can work for or against institutions, it is not bound to them—it travels through unofficial networks. To have liberty is to be liberated from something; to be free is to be self-determining, autonomous. Freedom can or cannot exist within a state of liberty: one can be liberated yet unfree, or free yet enslaved (Orlando Patterson has argued in Freedom: Freedom in the Making of Western Culture that freedom arose from the yearnings of slaves)."^[10]

From domination

Freedom from domination was considered by Phillip Pettit, Quentin Skinner and John P. McCormick as a defining aspect of freedom.^[11] While operative control is the ability to direct ones actions on a day-to-day basis, that freedom can depend on the whim of another, also known as reserve control. Phillip Petit and Jamie Susskind argue that both operative and reserve control are needed for democracy and freedom.^[12]^[13]

References

^ Stevenson, Angus; Lindberg, Christine A., eds. (2010-01-01). "New Oxford American Dictionary". Oxford Reference. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195392883.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-539288-3. Archived from the original on 2020-03-12. Retrieved 2023-06-02.^{[clarification needed]}
^ ^a ^b "free". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^ Baumeister, Roy F.; Monroe, Andrew E. (2014). "Recent Research on Free Will". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 50. pp. 1–52. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-800284-1.00001-1. ISBN 978-0128002841.
^ See Bertrand Badie, Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Leonardo Morlino, International Encyclopedia of Political Science (2011), p. 1447: "Throughout this entry, incidentally, the terms freedom and liberty are used interchangeably".
^ ^a ^b Anna Wierzbicka, Understanding Cultures Through Their Key Words (1997), pp. 130–131: "Unfortunately... the English words freedom and liberty are used interchangeably. This is confusing because these two do not mean the same, and in fact what [Isaiah] Berlin calls "the notion of 'negative' freedom" has become largely incorporated in the word freedom, whereas the word liberty in its earlier meaning was much closer to the Latin libertas and in its current meaning reflects a different concept, which is a product of the Anglo-Saxon culture".
^ Wendy Hui Kyong Chun, Control and Freedom: Power and Paranoia in the Age of Fiber Optics (2008), p. 9: "Although used interchangeably, freedom and liberty have significantly different etymologies and histories. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the Old English frei (derived from Sanskrit) meant dear and described all those close or related to the head of the family (hence friends). Conversely in Latin, libertas denoted the legal state of freedom versus enslavement and was later extended to children (liberi), meaning literally the free members of the household. Those who are one's friends are free; those who are not are slaves".
^ Mill, John Stuart. [1859] 1869. On Liberty (4th ed.). London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer. pp. 21–22 Archived 17 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Taylor, Charles (1985). "What's Wrong With Negative Liberty". Philosophical Papers: Volume 2, Philosophy and the Human Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–229. ISBN 978-0521317498. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
^ Berlin, Isaiah. Four Essays on Liberty. 1969.
^ ^a ^b Wendy Hui Kyong Chun, Control and Freedom: Power and Paranoia in the Age of Fiber Optics (2008), p. 9.
^ Springborg, Patricia (December 2001). "Republicanism, Freedom from Domination, and the Cambridge Contextual Historians". Political Studies. 49 (5): 851–876. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.00344. ISSN 0032-3217.
^ Pettit, Philip (2014). Just freedom: a moral compass for a complex world. The Norton global ethics series (First ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 2–3, 221. ISBN 978-0-393-06397-4.
^ Susskind, Jamie (2022). "Ch. 2". The digital republic: on freedom and democracy in the 21st century (1st ed.). New York London: Pegasus Books. ISBN 978-1-64313-901-2.

External links

"Freedom", BBC Radio 4 discussion with John Keane, Bernard Williams & Annabel Brett (In Our Time, 4 July 2002)

[1] Stevenson, Angus; Lindberg, Christine A., eds. (2010-01-01). "New Oxford American Dictionary". Oxford Reference. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195392883.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-539288-3. Archived from the original on 2020-03-12. Retrieved 2023-06-02.^{[clarification needed]}

[auto-2] "free". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

[3] Baumeister, Roy F.; Monroe, Andrew E. (2014). "Recent Research on Free Will". Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 50. pp. 1–52. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-800284-1.00001-1. ISBN 978-0128002841.

[4] See Bertrand Badie, Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Leonardo Morlino, International Encyclopedia of Political Science (2011), p. 1447: "Throughout this entry, incidentally, the terms freedom and liberty are used interchangeably".

[Wierzbicka-5] Anna Wierzbicka, Understanding Cultures Through Their Key Words (1997), pp. 130–131: "Unfortunately... the English words freedom and liberty are used interchangeably. This is confusing because these two do not mean the same, and in fact what [Isaiah] Berlin calls "the notion of 'negative' freedom" has become largely incorporated in the word freedom, whereas the word liberty in its earlier meaning was much closer to the Latin libertas and in its current meaning reflects a different concept, which is a product of the Anglo-Saxon culture".

[6] Wendy Hui Kyong Chun, Control and Freedom: Power and Paranoia in the Age of Fiber Optics (2008), p. 9: "Although used interchangeably, freedom and liberty have significantly different etymologies and histories. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the Old English frei (derived from Sanskrit) meant dear and described all those close or related to the head of the family (hence friends). Conversely in Latin, libertas denoted the legal state of freedom versus enslavement and was later extended to children (liberi), meaning literally the free members of the household. Those who are one's friends are free; those who are not are slaves".

[7] Mill, John Stuart. [1859] 1869. On Liberty (4th ed.). London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer. pp. 21–22 Archived 17 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine.

[8] Taylor, Charles (1985). "What's Wrong With Negative Liberty". Philosophical Papers: Volume 2, Philosophy and the Human Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–229. ISBN 978-0521317498. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.

[9] Berlin, Isaiah. Four Essays on Liberty. 1969.

[Chun-10] Wendy Hui Kyong Chun, Control and Freedom: Power and Paranoia in the Age of Fiber Optics (2008), p. 9.

[11] Springborg, Patricia (December 2001). "Republicanism, Freedom from Domination, and the Cambridge Contextual Historians". Political Studies. 49 (5): 851–876. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.00344. ISSN 0032-3217.

[12] Pettit, Philip (2014). Just freedom: a moral compass for a complex world. The Norton global ethics series (First ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 2–3, 221. ISBN 978-0-393-06397-4.

[13] Susskind, Jamie (2022). "Ch. 2". The digital republic: on freedom and democracy in the 21st century (1st ed.). New York London: Pegasus Books. ISBN 978-1-64313-901-2.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{other uses|Freedom (disambiguation)}}
-{{More citations needed|date=March 2021}}
 {{short description|Ability to act or change without constraint}}
+[[File:Four-Freedoms-OWI-composite-poster-1943.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Four Freedoms (Norman Rockwell)|Four Freedoms]]'', a series of 1943 paintings by [[Norman Rockwell]] honoring [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s [[Four Freedoms]], meant to describe the freedoms for which allied nations fought in World War II.]]
 {{liberalism sidebar}}
-'''Freedom''' is the power or right to act, speak, and change as one wants without hindrance or restraint. Freedom is often associated with [[liberty]] and [[autonomy]] in the sense of "giving oneself one's own laws".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2010-01-01 |editor-last=Stevenson |editor-first=Angus |editor2-last=Lindberg |editor2-first=Christine A. |title=New Oxford American Dictionary |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195392883.001.0001 |website=Oxford Reference |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195392883.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-539288-3 |access-date=2023-06-02 |archive-date=2020-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312102208/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195392883.001.0001/acref-9780195392883 |url-status=live }}{{Clarify|date=October 2023}}</ref>
+'''Freedom''' is the power or right to speak, act and change as one wants without hindrance or restraint. Freedom is often associated with [[liberty]] and [[autonomy]] in the sense of "giving oneself one's own laws".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2010-01-01 |editor-last=Stevenson |editor-first=Angus |editor2-last=Lindberg |editor2-first=Christine A. |title=New Oxford American Dictionary |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195392883.001.0001 |website=Oxford Reference |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195392883.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-539288-3 |access-date=2023-06-02 |archive-date=2020-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312102208/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/978019539288.001.0001/acref-9780195392883 |url-status=live }}{{Clarify|date=October 2023}}</ref>
-In one definition, something is "free" if it can change and is not constrained in its present state. Physicists and chemists use the word in this sense.<ref>
+In one definition, something is "free" if it can change and is not constrained in its present state. Physicists and chemists use the word in this sense.<ref name="auto">
 {{oed | free}}
+</ref> In its origin, the [[English language|English]] word "freedom" relates etymologically to the word "friend".<ref name="auto" /> [[Philosophy]] and [[religion]] sometimes associate it with [[free will]], as an alternative to [[determinism]] or [[predestination]].<ref>Baumeister, Roy F.; Monroe, Andrew E. (2014). "Recent Research on Free Will". ''Advances in Experimental Social Psychology''. Vol. 50. pp. 1–52. {{doi|10.1016/B978-0-12-800284-1.00001-1}}. {{ISBN|978-0128002841}}.</ref>
-</ref>
+In modern [[Liberalism|liberal]] nations, freedom is considered a right, especially [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of religion]], and [[freedom of the press]].
-[[Philosophy]] and [[religion]] sometimes associate freedom with [[free will]], as distinct from [[predestination]].<ref>Baumeister, Roy F.; Monroe, Andrew E. (2014). Recent Research on Free Will. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 50. pp. 1–52. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-800284-1.00001-1. ISBN 9780128002841.</ref>
-In modern [[Liberalism|liberal]] nations, freedom is considered a right, especially freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom of the press.
-Many contemporary philosophers like [[Charles Taylor (philosopher) | Charles Taylor]] and [[Isaiah Berlin]] make a distinction between "positive freedom" and "negative freedom".
 ==Types==
+{{Main|Academic freedom|Artistic freedom|Intellectual freedom|Scientific freedom|Economic freedom|Political freedom|Civil liberties}}
-[[File:OURS TO FIGHT FOR. 4 FREEDOMS ON ONE SHEET - NARA - 513635.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Four Freedoms (Norman Rockwell)|Four Freedoms]]'', a series of 1943 paintings by [[Norman Rockwell]] honoring [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s [[Four Freedoms]], meant to describe the freedoms for which allied nations fought in World War II.]]
-{{Main|Academic freedom|Artistic freedom|Intellectual freedom|Scientific freedom|Economic freedom|Freedom of religion|Political freedom|Civil liberties|Liberty}}
-In political discourse, [[political freedom]] is often associated with [[liberty]] and [[autonomy]], and a distinction is made between countries that are free and [[dictatorships]]. In the area of [[civil rights]], a strong distinction is made between freedom and [[slavery]] and there is conflict between people who think all races, religions, genders, and social classes should be equally free and people who think freedom is the exclusive right of certain groups. Frequently discussed are [[freedom of assembly]], [[freedom of association]], [[freedom of choice]], and [[freedom of speech]].
+In political discourse, [[political freedom]] is often associated with liberty and autonomy, and a distinction is made between countries that are free of [[dictatorships]]. In the area of [[civil rights]], a strong distinction is made between freedom and [[slavery]] and there is conflict between people who think all races, religions, genders, and social classes should be equally free and people who think freedom is the exclusive right of certain groups. Frequently discussed are [[freedom of assembly]], [[freedom of association]], [[freedom of choice]], and freedom of speech.
+=== Liberty ===
-Sometimes the terms "freedom" and "liberty" tend to be used interchangeably.<ref>''See'' Bertrand Badie, Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Leonardo Morlino, ''International Encyclopedia of Political Science'' (2011), p. 1447: "Throughout this entry, incidentally, the terms freedom and liberty are used interchangeably".</ref><ref name="Wierzbicka">Anna Wierzbicka, ''Understanding Cultures Through Their Key Words'' (1997), p. 130-31: "Unfortunately... the English words freedom and [[liberty]] are used interchangeably. This is confusing because these two do not mean the same, and in fact what [Isaiah] Berlin calls "the notion of 'negative' freedom" has become largely incorporated in the word ''freedom'', whereas the word ''liberty'' in its earlier meaning was much closer to the Latin libertas and in its current meaning reflects a different concept, which is a product of the Anglo-Saxon culture".</ref> Sometimes subtle distinctions are made between "freedom" and "liberty"<ref>Wendy Hui Kyong Chun, ''Control and Freedom: Power and Paranoia in the Age of Fiber Optics'' (2008), p. 9: "Although used interchangeably, freedom and liberty have significantly different etymologies and histories. According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the Old English ''frei'' (derived from Sanskrit) meant dear and described all those close or related to the head of the family (hence friends). Conversely in Latin, ''libertas'' denoted the legal state of freedom versus enslavement and was later extended to children (''liberi''), meaning literally the free members of the household. Those who are one's friends are free; those who are not are slaves".</ref> [[John Stuart Mill]], for example, differentiated liberty from freedom in that freedom is primarily, if not exclusively, the ability to do as one wills and what one has the power to do, whereas liberty concerns the absence of arbitrary restraints and takes into account the rights of all involved. As such, the exercise of liberty is subject to capability and limited by the rights of others.<ref>Mill, John Stuart. [1859] 1869. On Liberty (4th ed.). London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer. pp. 21–22 Archived 17 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine.</ref>
+Sometimes the terms "freedom" and "liberty" tend to be used interchangeably.<ref>''See'' Bertrand Badie, Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Leonardo Morlino, ''International Encyclopedia of Political Science'' (2011), p. 1447: "Throughout this entry, incidentally, the terms freedom and liberty are used interchangeably".</ref><ref name="Wierzbicka">Anna Wierzbicka, ''Understanding Cultures Through Their Key Words'' (1997), pp. 130–131: "Unfortunately... the English words freedom and [[liberty]] are used interchangeably. This is confusing because these two do not mean the same, and in fact what [Isaiah] Berlin calls "the notion of 'negative' freedom" has become largely incorporated in the word ''freedom'', whereas the word ''liberty'' in its earlier meaning was much closer to the Latin libertas and in its current meaning reflects a different concept, which is a product of the Anglo-Saxon culture".</ref> Sometimes subtle distinctions are made between "freedom" and "liberty"<ref>Wendy Hui Kyong Chun, ''Control and Freedom: Power and Paranoia in the Age of Fiber Optics'' (2008), p. 9: "Although used interchangeably, freedom and liberty have significantly different etymologies and histories. According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the Old English ''frei'' (derived from Sanskrit) meant dear and described all those close or related to the head of the family (hence friends). Conversely in Latin, ''libertas'' denoted the legal state of freedom versus enslavement and was later extended to children (''liberi''), meaning literally the free members of the household. Those who are one's friends are free; those who are not are slaves".</ref> [[John Stuart Mill]], for example, differentiated liberty from freedom in that freedom is primarily, if not exclusively, the ability to do as one wills and what one has the power to do, whereas liberty concerns the absence of arbitrary restraints and takes into account the rights of all involved. As such, the exercise of liberty is subject to capability and limited by the rights of others.<ref>Mill, John Stuart. [1859] 1869. ''[[On Liberty]]'' (4th ed.). London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer. pp. 21–22 Archived 17 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine.</ref>
-[[Isaiah Berlin]] made a distinction between "positive" freedom and "negative" freedom in his seminal 1958 lecture [[Two Concepts of Liberty | "Two concepts of liberty"]]. [[Charles Taylor (philosopher)|Charles Taylor]] elaborates on this idea, claiming that it is undeniable that there are two such kinds of freedom. Negative liberty means an ability to do what one wants, without external obstacles; [[positive liberty]] is the ability to fulfill one's purposes.<ref>{{cite book
+[[Isaiah Berlin]] made a distinction between "positive" freedom and "negative" freedom in his seminal 1958 lecture [[Two Concepts of Liberty|"Two concepts of liberty"]]. [[Charles Taylor (philosopher)|Charles Taylor]] elaborates that [[negative liberty]] means an ability to do what one wants, without external obstacles and [[positive liberty]] is the ability to fulfill one's purposes.<ref>{{cite book
  |last1             = Taylor
  |first1            = Charles
  |author-link1      = Charles Taylor (philosopher)
- |date              = 28 March 1985
+ |date              = 1985
  |chapter           = What's Wrong With Negative Liberty
  |title             = Philosophical Papers: Volume 2, Philosophy and the Human Sciences
- |pages             = 211–29
+ |pages             = 211–229
  |url               = https://books.google.com/books?id=O5-azgEACAAJ
  |publication-place = Cambridge
- |publisher         = Cambridge University Press
+ |publisher         = [[Cambridge University Press]]
- |isbn              = 9780521317498
+ |isbn              = 978-0521317498
  |access-date       = 28 February 2023
  |archive-date      = 28 February 2023
  |archive-url       = https://web.archive.org/web/20230228035534/https://books.google.com/books?id=O5-azgEACAAJ
  |url-status        = live
+}}</ref><ref>Berlin, Isaiah. ''Four Essays on Liberty''. 1969.</ref> Another way to describe negative liberty is freedom ''from'' limiting forces (such as [[freedom from fear]], [[freedom from want]], and [[freedom from discrimination]]), but descriptions of freedom and liberty generally do not invoke having liberty ''from'' anything.<ref name="Wierzbicka" />
-}}</ref><ref>Berlin, Isaiah. ''Four Essays on Liberty''. 1969.</ref>
 Wendy Hui Kyong Chun explains these differences in terms of their relation to institutions:
@@ Line 46: / Line 41: @@
 {{quote|"Liberty is linked to human subjectivity; freedom is not. The Declaration of Independence, for example, describes men as having liberty and the nation as being free. Free will—''the quality of being free from the control of fate or necessity''—may first have been attributed to human will, but [[Newtonian physics]] attributes freedom—[[degrees of freedom]], [[free bodies]]—to objects."<ref name="Chun">Wendy Hui Kyong Chun, ''Control and Freedom: Power and Paranoia in the Age of Fiber Optics'' (2008), p. 9.</ref>}}
 {{quote|"Freedom differs from liberty as control differs from discipline. Liberty, like discipline, is linked to institutions and political parties, whether liberal or libertarian; freedom is not. Although freedom can work for or against institutions, it is not bound to them—it travels through unofficial networks. To have liberty is to be liberated from something; to be free is to be self-determining, autonomous. Freedom can or cannot exist within a state of liberty: one can be liberated yet ''unfree,'' or ''free'' yet enslaved (Orlando Patterson has argued in ''Freedom: Freedom in the Making of Western Culture'' that freedom arose from the yearnings of slaves)."<ref name="Chun"/>}}
+=== From domination ===
-Another distinction that some political theorists have deemed important is that people may aspire to have freedom ''from'' limiting forces (such as [[freedom from fear]], [[freedom from want]], and [[freedom from discrimination]]), but descriptions of freedom and liberty generally do not invoke having liberty ''from'' anything.<ref name="Wierzbicka"/> This is the concept of [[negative liberty]].<ref name="Wierzbicka"/>
+'''Freedom from domination''' was considered by [[Philip Pettit|Phillip Pettit]], [[Quentin Skinner]] and [[John P. McCormick]] as a defining aspect of freedom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Springborg |first=Patricia |date=December 2001 |title=Republicanism, Freedom from Domination, and the Cambridge Contextual Historians |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9248.00344 |journal=Political Studies |language=en |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=851–876 |doi=10.1111/1467-9248.00344 |issn=0032-3217}}</ref> While operative control is the ability to direct ones actions on a day-to-day basis, that freedom can depend on the whim of another, also known as '''reserve control.''' Phillip Petit and [[Jamie Susskind]] argue that both operative and reserve control are needed for democracy and freedom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pettit |first=Philip |url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL17846268W/Just_Freedom?edition=key%3A/books/OL27155937M |title=Just freedom: a moral compass for a complex world |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-393-06397-4 |edition=First |series=The Norton global ethics series |location=New York |pages=2–3, 221}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Susskind |first=Jamie |title=The digital republic: on freedom and democracy in the 21st century |title-link=Jamie Susskind#The Digital Republic: On Freedom and Democracy in the 21st Century |date=2022 |publisher=Pegasus Books |isbn=978-1-64313-901-2 |edition=1st |location=New York London |chapter=Ch. 2}}</ref>
-Other important fields in which freedom is an issue include [[economic freedom]], [[academic freedom]], [[intellectual freedom]], [[scientific freedom]], and [[political freedom]].
-In its origin, the [[English language | English]] word "freedom" relates etymologically to the word "friend".<ref>
-{{oed | free}}
-</ref>
 ==See also==
+{{Portal|Anarchism|Liberalism|Libertarianism}}
+* [[Freedom Riders]] – civil-rights activists
+* [[Freedom songs]]
+* [[Freedom of thought]]
+** [[Freethought]]
+* [[Harm principle]]
 * [[Internet freedom]]
+'''Works'''{{Relevant inline|date=June 2024}}
-* [[Freedom Riders]] - civil-rights activists
+* ''[[Statue of Freedom]]'', an 1863 sculpture by [[Thomas Crawford (sculptor)|Thomas Crawford]] atop the dome of the US Capitol
-* [[Freethought]]
+* ''[[Miss Freedom]]'', 1889 statue on the dome of the Georgia State Capitol (US)
-* [[Harm principle]]
+*  [[Freedom (Tibor)|''Freedom'']], 1985 statue by [[Alfred Tibor]] in Columbus, Ohio
-* [[Personal freedom]]
+* ''[[Freedom & Civilization]]'', 1944 book by Bronislaw Malinowski about freedom from anthropological perspective
-* [[Refusal of work]]
+* [[Real freedom|Real Freedom]], a term coined by political philosopher and economist [[Philippe Van Parijs|Phillippe Van Parijs]]
-* ''[[Statue of Freedom]]'', an 1863 sculpture by [[Thomas Crawford (sculptor) |Thomas Crawford]] atop the dome of the US Capitol
-* [[Statue of Liberty]] (''Liberty Enlightening the World''), 1886 statue by [[Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi]] in New York City
-* ''[[Goddess of Liberty (Texas State Capitol)| Goddess of Liberty]]'', an 1888 statue by [[Elijah E. Myers]] atop the [[Texas State Capitol]] dome, in [[Austin, Texas]]
-*''[[Miss Freedom]]'', 1889 statue on the dome of the Georgia State Capitol (US)
-* [[Freedom (Tibor)| ''Freedom'']], 1985 statue by [[Alfred Tibor]] in Columbus, Ohio
-* [[Freedom songs]]
-*''[[Freedom & Civilization]]'', 1944 book by Bronislaw Malinowski about freedom from anthropological perspective
 ==References==
@@ Line 75: / Line 65: @@
 ==External links==
-* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548hh "Freedom"], BBC Radio 4 discussion with John Keane, Bernard Williams & Annabel Brett (''In Our Time'', 4 July 2002)
 {{Wiktionary|freedom}}
 {{Wikiquote|Freedom}}
+* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548hh "Freedom"], BBC Radio 4 discussion with John Keane, Bernard Williams & Annabel Brett (''In Our Time'', 4 July 2002)
+{{Political philosophy}}
 [[Category:Social concepts]]
 [[Category:Rights]]
+[[Category:Concepts in political philosophy]]
+[[Category:Concepts in social philosophy]]